1、定語從句,The Attributive Clause,Complex sentence 復(fù)合句：,由連詞連接兩個或多個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，其中一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是句子 的主要部分（主句），另一個或一個以上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)只在句子中作 某個成分（如主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、同位語）。,復(fù)合句 =,主句,+,定語從句,一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是句子 的主要部分（主句）,另一個或一個以上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu) 只在句子中作某個成分（定語）,The students (who do not study hard )will not pass the exam.,主句主語,從句主語,從句謂語結(jié)構(gòu),主句謂語結(jié)構(gòu),在句子中作定語，修飾名詞或

2、代詞的從句。這種從句由關(guān)系代詞 或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，并作句子成分。 定語從句還叫做嵌入句， 因形容詞作定語，所以又稱之為形容詞性從句。,Attributive clause:,定語從句的位置：通常在先行詞（在主句中）后。,定 語 從 句 的 引 導(dǎo) 詞,關(guān)系 代詞,關(guān)系 副詞,指人,指物,who(主語、賓語)，whom(賓語)， that(主語、賓語), whose(定語),that(主語、賓語),which(主語、賓語) whose(定語),where (地點(diǎn)狀語),when (時間狀語),why (原因狀語),Attributive clause:,限制性定語從句 restrictive,非限

3、制性定語從句non-restrictive,是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語， 如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。這種從 句和主句關(guān)系十分密切， 寫時不用逗號分開。,和主句關(guān)系不很密切，只是對先行詞作些附加說明， 如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。這種從句， 寫時往往逗號分開。,I was the only person who was invited in my office.,Jenny, with whom I played table tennis yesterday, lives in my next room.,The man who came here yesterday has

4、 come again.,That is Mr. Wang, whose daughter teaches English at a middle school.,注意：引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞不可用that，指人時用who(主語),whom(賓語)，指物時須用which.,考點(diǎn)一:如何判定用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞,1、找出定語從句中是否主語和賓語都齊全。如齊全用關(guān)系副詞。 用什么關(guān)系副詞看先行詞。,I will never forget the days (_ I stayed with you).,when,_,_,Jurassic Park is about a park _ (a

5、 very rich man keeps different kinds of dinosaurs).,_,_,where,1958 was the year _ (Spielberg made his first real film).,_,_,Please give me the reason _ (you made such a great success).,_,_,when,why,Morning is the best time _ (you practise reading aloud).,_,_,when,Do you remember the lake _ (you firs

6、t met your girlfriend.）,_,_,where,2、如定語從句中缺賓語，確定定語從句的謂語動詞是不是及物 動詞，如是，用關(guān)系代詞，如不是，用關(guān)系副詞。,考點(diǎn)一:如何判定用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞,Yesterday we went to visit the house _ (the great writer used to live).,_,_,where,in which,The house _ (they built in 1987) stayed up in the earthquake.,which that /,_,_,Luckily none of the peo

7、ple _ ( I know) were killed in the earthquake.,who whom that /,_,_,My father was born in the year _(the Second World War broke out).,_,_,in which,when,3、如定語從句中謂語結(jié)構(gòu)是被動結(jié)構(gòu)，有主語，則用關(guān)系副詞。,Kunming is a beautiful place _ ( flowers are seen all the year round).,where,October 1st is the day _ ( new China was f

8、ounded).,when,The window ( _ was opened this morning) has been broken.,which that,The meeting ( _ will be held next week) is very important.,which that,考點(diǎn)一:如何判定用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞,考點(diǎn)二：that和which的選擇,(1) that指物時一般可以與which互換，但在下列情況引導(dǎo)詞只用that，不用which。,當(dāng)先行詞為all, much, little, few, none, something, anything, ever

9、ything, nothing等不定代詞時，如： a. All that can be done has been done. b. I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow. c. There is little (that) the enemy can do besides surrender., 先行詞被all, every, no, some, any, little, much修飾時：,Ive read all the books (that) you gave me.,考點(diǎn)二：that和which的選擇,先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容

10、詞最高級修飾時。,This is the best book (that) Ive ever read.,This is the first composition (that) he has written in English.,先行詞被the only, the very, the last 修飾時。,That white flower is the only one (that) I really like. This is the very book (that) I want to find., 當(dāng)有兩個或兩個以上分別表示人和物的先行詞時，這個定語從句要用that而不用who (w

11、hom)和which引導(dǎo)。如：,He talked about the teachers and schools （that） he had visited.,Which可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，可用于介詞后，其先行詞可是一個詞,也可是整個主句或主句的某一部分。 1. She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth. A. it B. which C. this D. that 2. The weather turned out to be good, _ was more than we could expect.

12、 A. what B. which C. that D. it,考點(diǎn)二：that和which的選擇,（2）只用which的情況,B,B,考點(diǎn)三：as與which引導(dǎo)的定語從句,對這兩個詞作如下歸納：,1、如果定語放主句后，即引用as也可以用which. He failed to the exam, as (=which) is natural. Grammar is not a dead rule, which (=as) I have said before.,2、如果從句在主句前，這時要用as而不用which引導(dǎo) 定語從句。如：,As we all know, his parents we

13、re killed in the war.,As we all know, the earth is round.,3.用于the sameas,suchas，asas, soas中，一般用as。 e.g. Such books as you tell me are interesting. This is the same book as I lent you yesterday.,4.as代表前面主句意思時，有“正如”之意，而which沒有此意思，從句中的動詞常是expect, know, see, think, want, suppose等。,He won the match, as w

14、e had expected. He agreed to the plan, as was to be expected. The police were looking for him, as he thought.,考點(diǎn)三：as與which引導(dǎo)的定語從句,Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.,5. as在從句中作主語時，后面常接行為動詞的被動語態(tài)，如be known，be said，be reported等， e.g. She has been late again, as was expected.,6.如果從句的內(nèi)容對主句內(nèi)容起著消極作用

15、，或者說導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果，則用which.,a. He cheated his friend of much money, which was very disgraceful. b. He came back late, which made his mother worried.,考點(diǎn)三：as與which引導(dǎo)的定語從句,考點(diǎn)四：關(guān)系代詞前介詞的確定,如何選定介詞:,1.根據(jù)從句中動詞與先行詞的邏輯關(guān)系，請?bào)w會： e.g. Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles? 2. 根據(jù)從句中動詞或形容詞的習(xí)慣搭配，如： e.g. Ca

16、n you explain to me how to use these idioms about which Im not sure. 3. 根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配習(xí)慣，請?bào)w會： e.g. 1949 was the year in which the P.R.C. was founded.,4.非限制性定與從句中，要表示先行詞的一部分時，可用“數(shù)詞/代詞 + of + 關(guān)系代詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，如： e.g. There are 60 students in our class, two-thirds of whom have been to Beijing.,5. Whose從句可轉(zhuǎn)換為“ of

17、+關(guān)系代詞”型，如： e.g. They live in a house, whose door opens to the south.,They lived in a house, of which the door opens to the south. They lived in a house, the door of which open to the south.,關(guān)系副詞when, where, why可以用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~+which來替代。如：when=in/on/at+which, where=in/on/at+which, why=for+which 介詞的位置非常靈活，有時放

18、在關(guān)系代詞之前，有時放在動詞之后。 eg. 1. I wont forget the date when( on which) I was born. 2. This is the room where (in which) I lived. = This is the room which I lived in. 3. I dont know the reason why (for which) he havent come today. 4. Tom still remembers the days when (in which) they lived in Tianjin.,考點(diǎn)四：關(guān)系

19、代詞前介詞的確定,思考？,是否所有的介詞+關(guān)系代詞都能用關(guān)系副詞代替?,The painting (_ I looked) was painted by me.,at which,The book (_ I heard) was written twenty years ago.,about which,The pen (_ she wrote that book) can now be seen in a museum.,with which,Kunming is a beautiful place _ ( flowers are seen all the year round).,wher

20、e/in which,I will never forgot the day _ I first met you on the ship.,on which/when,during which,The film (_I fell asleep) was very boring.,結(jié)論：只有當(dāng)介詞+關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語、時間狀語或原因狀語 時，才能用關(guān)系副詞代替。,Correct the sentences:,1. Im using the pen which he bought it yesterday. 3. The man whom I spoke is from Canada. 4. J

21、uly 1,1999 is the day when well never forget.,(去掉),_,to,_,which,5. The students and things which you spoke of are known to us.,_,that,5.Einstein is such a great scientist that we must learn from. 6. The student whos book I had borrowed didnt come to school today. 7. Who is the worker who took some p

22、ictures of the factory. 8.The third place which we are going to visit is Hangzhou 9.Which is known to all, many satellite are going around in the sky.,_,as,_,whose,that,_,_,that,_,As,練習(xí)題,1、All_ is useful to us is good.,A、which B、what C、that D、whether,3、She will never forget the day_ she spent in Bei

23、jing.,A、when B、what C、which D、why,4、This is the school _ my father worked 20 years ago.,A、that B、when C、which D、where,5、This is the very factory _we visited last year.,A、that B、which C、what D、the one,6、The text is one of the most interesting stories_learnt in the past three days.,A、that have B、that

24、have been C、which has D、which has been,7、The college wont take anyone _ eyesight is weak.,A、who B、whose C、of whom D、which,8、Let me think of a proper situation _ this sentence can be used.,A、where B、that C、of whom D、which,9、The man _ you are talking is in the next room.,A、to whom B、about whom C、about who D、whom,10、This is the last factory _ he used to work at, many workers of _ still have a good relationship with him.,A、that; it B、which; whom C、that; which D、which; that,11、Those _ to take part in the game write down your names.,A、who B、who want C、