1、大家論壇職稱英語 /forum-109-1.html 大家論壇職稱英語版塊/forum-109-1.html2011年職稱英語教材（理工類C）幺建華押題班第一位閱讀理解第236篇WORD【第一位】第二篇 （新增）World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第三篇 Citizen Scientists第六篇（新增）Weaving with Light【第一位】第二篇World Crude Oil Productio

2、n May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict In a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014. This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictionsTheir study is in ACS EnergyFuels1 Ibr

3、ahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting peak oilPeak oil is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the dat

4、e at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2. It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3. A related concept is that4 of Peak Oil. The term Peal Oil indicates the moment in which world wide production Will peak, afterwards to star

5、t on irreversible decline The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970. The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 mo

6、re complex oil production cycles of some countriesThose cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say. The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production foreca

7、stUsing the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries, which supply most of the worlds conventional crude oil6 They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier than anticipated. The scientists als

8、o showed that the worlds oil reserves7 arebeing reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.詞匯：Conserve v 保護(hù)，保存crude oil原油spark v閃耀；激發(fā)；鼓舞curve n曲線irreversible adj不可逆的，不可改變的insufficient adj.充分的，不足的注釋：1ACS Ene

9、rgy & Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美國化學(xué)學(xué)會)的縮寫。該學(xué)會成立于l876年，現(xiàn)已成為世界最大的科技協(xié)會。多年來，ACS一直致力于為全球化學(xué)研究機(jī)構(gòu)、企業(yè)及個(gè)人提供高品質(zhì)的文獻(xiàn)資訊及服務(wù)。ACS出版的期刊有34種，這些期刊在化學(xué)領(lǐng)域中是被引用次數(shù)最多的化學(xué)期刊，EnergyFuels即是其中一本。2the Hubbert model：赫伯特模型是美國地質(zhì)學(xué)家MKing Hubbert于1956年創(chuàng)建的，這是一個(gè)隨時(shí)間增長的模型，Hubbert將其引入油氣田開發(fā)，經(jīng)推導(dǎo)使其成為一個(gè)可以預(yù)測油氣田累積產(chǎn)量、瞬時(shí)產(chǎn)量、年產(chǎn)量和可采儲量等多項(xiàng)開發(fā)指標(biāo)

10、的多功能預(yù)測模型。3a bell shaped curve：鐘形曲線4that of peak oil：that指代concept。5account for：說明，解釋6conventional crude oil：常規(guī)原油7oil reserves：石油儲量。通常使用復(fù)數(shù)形式reserves。練習(xí)：1Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word sparked appearing in paragraph 2?AflashedBstimulatedCchangedDended2The term a bell shaped c

11、urve appearing in paragraph 2 indicates that global oil production willAtake the shape of a flat curveBkeep growingCkeep decliningDstart to decline after global oil production peaks3Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model?AIt successfully predicted that oil production peaked in the U

12、Sin l 970BIt has been used to predict oil production in many countriesCIt is insufficient to explain oil production cycles in some countriesDIt provides a very realistic and accurate oil production4What is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph?AIt predicts global oil

13、 production will peak in 2014BIt predicts oil production will decline in 47 countriesCIt confirms further the effectiveness of the Hubbert modelDIt discovers a new trend of Worldwide oil production5Who develop the new version of the Hubbert model?AAmerican scientistsBKuwaiti scientistsCBritish scien

14、tistsDScientists of 47 major oil-producing countries答案與題解：1B spark一詞做及物動詞使用時(shí)有發(fā)動、激發(fā)的意思，在此意為stimulated，即引發(fā)，這個(gè)句子的意思是：全球石油消費(fèi)的快速增長已引發(fā)了對石油峰值預(yù)測的興趣。2D此句接下來的句子中所提到的a related concept即是與a bell shaped curve相關(guān)的概念，也就是說，接下來的這個(gè)句子對a bell shaped curve做了解釋，即世界石油生產(chǎn)達(dá)到最大峰值后將下降。3D 文章的第三段告訴我們，Hubbert預(yù)測模型精確地預(yù)測到美國石油生產(chǎn)于1970年將

15、達(dá)到峰值。這一模型自受到公認(rèn)后，已用于預(yù)測世界石油生產(chǎn)。第四段說，這一模型對于某些國家更加復(fù)雜的石油生產(chǎn)周期而言，其計(jì)算尚不充分。這些生產(chǎn)周期受到技術(shù)的改變、政策和其他因素的很大影響。所以，A、B和C都是對Hubbert模型的正確說明。4A選項(xiàng)8、C和D所述內(nèi)容均未在文章中提到。最后一段告訴我們，科學(xué)家使用新的模型評估了47個(gè)主要的產(chǎn)油國家的石油生產(chǎn)趨勢，并預(yù)計(jì)全球常規(guī)原油生產(chǎn)到2014年將達(dá)最高峰值。所以，A是答案。5B 短文第一段的第一個(gè)句子提供了答案。第二篇世界原油產(chǎn)量可能提前十年達(dá)到峰值科威特科學(xué)家預(yù)測世界常規(guī)原油產(chǎn)量將在2014年達(dá)到峰值，這一發(fā)現(xiàn)可能會促進(jìn)儲存石油的 努力。這一預(yù)測

16、比其他預(yù)測提前了將近十年，已經(jīng)發(fā)表在美國化學(xué)學(xué)會能量與燃料雜志上。伊布赫姆納夏威和同事們指出，全球石油消耗的快速增長使人們對“石油峰值”預(yù)測的興 趣越來越濃?！笆头逯怠敝傅氖鞘彤a(chǎn)量達(dá)到最大值然后開始下降的時(shí)間點(diǎn)?？茖W(xué)家已經(jīng)構(gòu)建 了幾個(gè)模型來預(yù)測這一時(shí)間，有些模型認(rèn)為這一時(shí)間在2020年或更晚。其中最著名的預(yù)測模型之 一是赫伯特模型。赫伯特模型認(rèn)為世界石油產(chǎn)量呈鐘型曲線，與此相關(guān)的概念是“石油峰值”。 這一術(shù)語指的是世界石油產(chǎn)量達(dá)到峰值的那一刻，之后將呈現(xiàn)無法逆轉(zhuǎn)的下降趨勢。赫伯特模型精確地預(yù)測到美國石油產(chǎn)量于1970年達(dá)到峰值。這一模型從此受到歡迎，已經(jīng)用 于預(yù)測世界石油生產(chǎn)。.但是，最近

17、研究表明，這一模型不足以解釋某些國家更加復(fù)雜的石油生產(chǎn)周期。科學(xué)家稱， 這些生產(chǎn)周期受到技術(shù)變化、政策和其他因素的很大影響。最新研究描述了赫伯特模型的新版本，提供了更加實(shí)際、更加準(zhǔn)確的石油生產(chǎn)預(yù)測?？茖W(xué)家 使用新模型評估了 47個(gè)主要產(chǎn)油國家的石油生產(chǎn)趨勢，這47個(gè)國家是世界常規(guī)原油的主要提供 者?？茖W(xué)家預(yù)計(jì)全球常規(guī)原油產(chǎn)量將于2014年達(dá)到峰值，比之前預(yù)計(jì)的要早很多年。科學(xué)家還指 出，世界石油儲量正在以2.1%的速度逐年減少，他們認(rèn)為新模型會幫助做出與能源相關(guān)的決定， 幫助進(jìn)行國家政策辯論。第三篇Citizen ScientistsUnderstanding how nature respo

18、nds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1 events 一 flowering, the appearance of leaves , the first frog calls of the spring all around the world. But ecologists cant be everywhere so theyre turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.Climate scientist

19、s are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, theyre asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific resear

20、ch interest birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping

21、large publications cover a hyper-local beat2，citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All thats needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it3 in.A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the Nationa

22、l Phenology4 Network. Phenology is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.One of the groups first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project BudBurst, collects life cycle da

23、ta on a variety of common plants from across the United States. People participating in the project which is Qpen to everyone 一 record their observations on the Project BudBurst website.People dont have to be plant experts -they just have to look around and see whats in their neighborhood, says Jenn

24、ifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. As we collect this data, well be able to make an estimate of how plants and communities5 of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes. ”詞匯：frog /frog/ n.蛙業(yè)的；n.職業(yè)選手，專業(yè)人員ecologist/|i:kDbd3ist/ n.生態(tài)學(xué)家phenology /finDbdgi/ n.物候?qū)Wbud/bAd

25、/v.發(fā)芽，萌芽；芽，花蕾neighbor(u)rhood /neibohud/ n.近鄰；鄰近 database /deitgbeis/ n.數(shù)據(jù)庫 地區(qū) professional /prg (u) fejgnsl/ adj.專業(yè)的，職注釋：life cycle：生命周期，即生物發(fā)展過程的系列變化。hyper-local beat： beat在此做名詞用，意思是:某類新聞報(bào)道，如，a business beat:商業(yè)專題報(bào)道。這是近年來出現(xiàn)的新詞。hyper-local beat即hyper-local news,指的是被傳統(tǒng)新聞報(bào)道方 式所忽略的小型社區(qū)或居民居住區(qū)里發(fā)生的相關(guān)信息報(bào)道。在

26、美國由此而誕生了 hyper- local news websites，專門對主流媒體沒有覆蓋的地區(qū)所發(fā)生的事件進(jìn)行報(bào)道，其形式多以網(wǎng) 民，即短文中所提及的citizen journalists，上傳所在社區(qū)發(fā)生的事件報(bào)道、照片或視頻為主。 這是網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)代產(chǎn)生的又一種新生事物。data是復(fù)數(shù)形式，但常用做單數(shù)，所以這里的代詞是it。另參見最后一段“As we collect this data. ”。這里的data也用做單數(shù)。phenology:物候?qū)W或生物氣候?qū)W，是氣候?qū)W和生態(tài)學(xué)的邊緣學(xué)科，主要研究氣候環(huán)境對生物 的影響。communities：生態(tài)學(xué)詞匯：生物群落，即在比較相似的環(huán)境條件下在

27、特定自然區(qū)域或環(huán)境中生活和相互影響的一群植物和動物。練習(xí)：、Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need them A to provide their personal life cycles.B to observe the life cycle of plants. C to collect data of the life cycle of living things. D to teach children knowledge about climate change.What are cit

28、izen scientists asked to do?A To develop a specific research interest and become professional scientists. B To send their research observations to a professional database. C To increase their knowledge about climate change. D To keep a record of their research observations.In All thats needed to bec

29、ome one (paragraph2)，what does the Word “one” stands for? A a citizen journalist.B a citizen scientist. C a scientist. D a citizen.What is NOT true of Project BudBurst? A Only experts can participate in it.B Everybody can participate in it.C It collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants.

30、D It has its own website.What is the final purpose of Project BudBurst?A To study when plants will have their first buds. B To find out the types of plants in the neighborhood.C To collect life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States. D To investigate how plants and an

31、imals will respond as the climate changes.答案與題解：C第一和第二段的第一句告訴我們，要在世界范圍觀察氣候?qū)Υ笞匀恢猩锏纳芷?的影響，數(shù)量有限的科學(xué)家不可能足跡遍及天下，為此科學(xué)家求助于普通公民的參與。所以 C是正確選擇。B 第二段第三句中 encourage ordinary people to observe 的主語是 The citizen scientist movement，即公民參與科學(xué)觀察的運(yùn)動。所以D不是正確選擇。A和C不符合文章的句 意，因此也不是正確的選擇。這個(gè)句子的大意是:這一運(yùn)動鼓勵普通公民根據(jù)自己的興趣愛 好進(jìn)行科學(xué)觀察

32、，并將觀察結(jié)果送交數(shù)據(jù)庫，讓專門領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家作進(jìn)一步的觀察。B正確表達(dá)了這個(gè)意思。B one在這里是一個(gè)代詞，其前置詞是citizen scientists，而不是citizen journalists，這里的 one指的是one of citizen scientists。所以A、C和D都不是正確選擇。這個(gè)句子的意思是，只 要每天或每星期花上幾分鐘收集數(shù)據(jù)并發(fā)送出去，就能成為一個(gè)公民科學(xué)家。A文章最后一段說，這個(gè)計(jì)劃向所有的人開放（open to everyone),所以應(yīng)選擇A。B，C，D 所述內(nèi)容都在該段中提到。D C表述的內(nèi)容是Project BudBurst所要做的工作，但其最終目的

33、不僅僅是收集數(shù)據(jù)，而是 研究氣候變化對生物生命周期的影響。因此，D才是正確選擇。公民科學(xué)家理解大自然對氣候變化有怎樣的反應(yīng)需要監(jiān)視世界各個(gè)角落的關(guān)鍵生命周期事件花開、 葉子的出現(xiàn)、第一只青蛙叫出春天的到來。但是生態(tài)學(xué)家不可能去到世界的各個(gè)角落，所以他們 向非科學(xué)家求助，這些非科學(xué)家有時(shí)也被稱作公民科學(xué)家。氣象科學(xué)家不可能足跡遍及天下。因?yàn)樵谑澜缟嫌腥绱硕嗟牡胤?，沒有足夠的科學(xué)家來觀察它 們。所以他們請求你來幫助觀察全世界氣候變化的跡象。公民科學(xué)家運(yùn)動鼓勵普通人根據(jù)自己的興 趣來觀察某一個(gè)特定的方面鳥兒、樹木、花開等等并把他們的觀察結(jié)果發(fā)送到一個(gè)巨大的 數(shù)據(jù)庫來供專業(yè)科學(xué)家研究。這有助于數(shù)量有限

34、的科學(xué)家得到如果只靠他們自己根本收集不到的巨 大數(shù)據(jù)。就像公民記者幫助報(bào)道傳統(tǒng)新聞報(bào)道方式所忽略的小型社區(qū)的相關(guān)信息一樣，公民科學(xué)家 也對他們所居住的環(huán)境很熟悉。所需要的就是每天或每周留出幾分鐘來搜集數(shù)據(jù)并發(fā)送過來。一群科學(xué)家和教育家在去年發(fā)起了一個(gè)叫做紐約國家物候?qū)W的組織?！拔锖?qū)W”就是科學(xué)家 們所說的在自然中研究每個(gè)事件的時(shí)間。其中一個(gè)小組的首要嘗試就是依靠科學(xué)家和非科學(xué)家來收集關(guān)于每年植物開花和長葉子的數(shù) 據(jù)。這一項(xiàng)目叫做花季追蹤計(jì)劃，它收集遍布美國的各種各樣的植物生長周期的數(shù)據(jù)。參與這一 項(xiàng)目的人們這一計(jì)劃對所有人開放把他們的觀察記錄在花季追蹤計(jì)劃網(wǎng)站上?！叭藗儾恍枰侵参飳W(xué)家他們僅僅

35、需要環(huán)視四周看看周圍有什么。” Jennifer Schwartz說， 她是這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的教育顧問。“通過收集數(shù)據(jù)，我們就能夠估算出氣候變化對植物和生物群落會有 怎樣的影響?！钡诹猈aving With Light In the Sierra Madre mountain range of west central Mexico1, the native Huichol people2 live much the way their ancestors did-without electricity. Thats because its too expensive to string power

36、 lines3 to the remote mountain areas where they live. To help support themselves, the Huichol create beautiful artwork. They sell their art in cities hundreds of miles away from their villages. And without electricity-at home or on the road, they can only work during daylight hours. When it gets dar

37、k, they must stop whatever theyre doing. Now, a team of scientists, designers, and architects is using4 new technologies to provide the Huichol with light after the sun setsThe scientists technique involves weaving tiny electronic crystals into fabrics that can be made into clothes, bags, or other i

38、tems. By collecting the suns energy during the day, these lightweight fabrics provide bright white light at nightTheir inventors have named the fabrics “Portable Lights.” Portable Lights have the potential to transform the lives of people without electricity around the world, says project leader She

39、ila KennedyOur invention, Kennedy says, came from seeing how we could transform technology we saw every day in the United States and move it into new markets for people who didnt have a lot of moneyAt the core of Portable Light technology are devices called high-brightness light-emitting diodes，or H

40、B LEDs6These tiny lights appear in digital clocks，televisions，and streetlightsLEDs are completely different from the light bulbsMost of those glass bulbs belong to a type called incandescent lightsInside，electricity heats a metal coil to about 2，200 degrees CelsiusAt that temperature，bulbs give off

41、light we can seeNinety percent of energy produced by incandescent lights, however, is heatand invisibleWith all that wasted energy, bulbs burn out quicklyThey are also easily brokenLEDs，on the other hand，are like tiny pieces of rock made up of molecules that are arranged in a crystal structureWhen a

42、n electric current passes through an LED，the crystal structure produces lightUnlike incandescent bulbs, they Can produce light of various colorsWithin an LED, the type of molecules and their particular arrangement determines what color is produced詞匯：Portable adj輕便的，手提式的lightemitting diode(LED) 發(fā)光二極管

43、bulb n燈泡；球狀物incandescent adj白灼的coil n線圈，卷，圈molecule n分子注釋： 1Sierra Madre mountain range of west central Mexico：墨西哥中西部的馬德雷山脈o Sierra；一詞在西班牙語中本身就包含了“山脈”的意思，確切地說是“呈齒狀起伏的山脈”，因?yàn)樵谖靼嘌勒Z中Sierra有“鋸子”的意思。2Huichol people：維克人。他們是居住在墨西哥中西部地區(qū)馬德雷山脈的土著印地安人。該地區(qū)山路崎嶇，所以西班牙人未涉足于此，墨西哥文化也沒能影響維克人的土著文化。據(jù)估計(jì)，維克印地安人現(xiàn)僅存約一萬人。3st

44、ring power lines：架設(shè)輸電線。4Now，a team of scientistsis usin9：a team of scientists可以視作單數(shù)，也可以視作復(fù)數(shù)。本句用作單數(shù)，所以后接的謂語動詞是is。5At the core of：此處the core of意為the basic or most important part of(最重要的部分)。6At the core of Portable Light technology are devices called highbrightness lightemitting diodes, or HB LEDs：本句是倒

45、裝句，主語是“devices called highbrightness lightemitting diodes，or HB LEDs”，謂語動詞是“are”。highbrightness lightemitting diodes可譯為“高亮度發(fā)光二極管。練習(xí)：1To make a living, the Huichol create artwork and Asell it to tourists in their villages Bsell it in cities far away from their villages Cdisplay it in their village mu

46、seum Dkeep it in their homes to attract tourists2Why can Portable Lights emit light? AElectronic crystals are woven into fabrics BItems such as clothes and bags are used to carry lights CThe suns energy is collected during the day DAll of the above3What does Sheila Kennedy say about Portable Lights?

47、 AThis invention can change the lives of people，both rich and poor BThey are widely used in the United States CPortable Lights can help poor people around the world to get light DThey are expensive to make but easy to carry4What is the most important part of the Portable Light technology? AHB LEDs BGlass Bulb