1、Chapter 10,Monetary Policy Goals, Strategy and Tactics,The Price Stability Goal,Low and stable inflation Inflation Creates uncertainty and difficulty in planning for the future Lowers economic growth Strains social fabric Nominal anchor to contain inflation expectations Time-inconsistency problem,Ot

2、her Goals of Monetary Policy,High employment Economic growth Stability of financial markets Interest-rate stability Foreign exchange market stability,Should Price Stability be the Primary Goal?,In the long run there is no conflict between the goals In the short run it can conflict with the goals of

3、high employment and interest-rate stability Hierarchical mandate Dual mandate,Monetary Targeting I,United States Fed began to announce publicly targets for money supply growth in 1975. Paul Volker (1979) focused more in nonborrowed reserves Greenspan announced in July 1993 that the Fed would not use

4、 any monetary aggregates as a guide for conducting monetary policy,Monetary Targeting II,Japan In 1978 the Bank of Japan began to announce “forecasts” for M2 + CDs Bank of Japans monetary performance was much better than the Feds during 1978-1987. In 1989 the Bank of Japan switched to a tighter mone

5、tary policy and was partially blamed for the “l(fā)ost decade”,Monetary Targeting III,Germany The Bundesbank focused on “central bank money” in the early 1970s. A monetary targeting regime can restrain inflation in the longer run, even when targets are missed. The reason of the relative success despite

6、missing targets relies on clearly stated monetary policy objectives and central bank engagement in communication with the public.,Monetary Targeting,Flexible, transparent, accountable Advantages Almost immediate signals help fix inflation expectations and produce less inflation Almost immediate acco

7、untability Disadvantages Must be a strong and reliable relationship between the goal variable and the targeted monetary aggregate,Inflation Targeting I,Public announcement of medium-term numerical target for inflation Institutional commitment to price stability as the primary, long-run goal of monet

8、ary policy and a commitment to achieve the inflation goal Information-inclusive approach in which many variables are used in making decisions Increased transparency of the strategy Increased accountability of the central bank,Inflation Targeting II,New Zealand (effective in 1990) Inflation was broug

9、ht down and remained within the target most of the time. Growth has generally been high and unemployment has come down significantly Canada (1991) Inflation decreased since then, some costs in term of unemployment United Kingdom (1992) Inflation has been close to its target. Growth has been strong a

10、nd unemployment has been decreasing.,Inflation Targeting III,Advantages Does not rely on one variable to achieve target Easily understood Reduces potential of falling in time-inconsistency trap Stresses transparency and accountability Disadvantages Delayed signaling Too much rigidity Potential for i

11、ncreased output fluctuations Low economic growth during disinflation,FIGURE 1 Inflation Rates and Inflation Targets for New Zealand, Canada, and the United Kingdom, 19802008,Source: Ben S. Bernanke, Thomas Laubach, Frederic S. Mishkin, and Adam S. Poson, Inflation Targeting: Lessons from the Interna

12、tional Experience (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), updates from the same sources, and t .nz/statistics/econind/a3/ha3.xls.,Monetary Policy with an Implicit Nominal Anchor,There is no explicit nominal anchor in the form of an overriding concern for the Fed. Forward looking b

13、ehavior and periodic “preemptive strikes” The goal is to prevent inflation from getting started.,Monetary Policy with an Implicit Nominal Anchor II,Advantages Uses many sources of information Avoids time-inconsistency problem Demonstrated success Disadvantages Lack of transparency and accountability

14、 Strong dependence on the preferences, skills, and trustworthiness of individuals in charge Inconsistent with democratic principles,Summary Table 1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Monetary Policy Strategies,Tactics: Choosing the Policy Instrument,Tools Open market operation Reserve require

15、ments Discount rate Policy instrument (operating instrument) Reserve aggregates Interest rates May be linked to an intermediate target Interest-rate and aggregate targets are incompatible (must chose one or the other).,FIGURE 2 Linkages Between Central Bank Tools, Policy Instruments, Intermediate Targets, and Goalsof Moneta