1、漢譯英,翻譯課程組,第一周 詞的選擇,他們對我真好。 好了，這下可麻煩了。 這個問題好回答。 人人盡說江南好，游人只合江南老。 楚王好細(xì)腰。 她身材苗條，形容嬌好。 論事業(yè)，他是個好丈夫；論脾氣，她是個好妻子。,英譯,They are really kind to me. Well, we are in for trouble now. This question is easy to answer. Everybody says Jiangnan is a place quite fair, Wanderers will wander no more after being there. T

2、he king of Cu liked the slender waist person. She is slim and beautiful. He is a successful husband in his business and she is a tender wife in her nature.,我們試了一下，果然很靈。 靈前擺著花圈。 他雖然上了年紀(jì)，手腳倒還靈。 這匹老馬很有靈性，能領(lǐng)會主人的意圖。,英譯,We tried it out and it really worked. Wreaths were laid in front of the coffin. Though

3、 getting on in years, he is still nimble. The horse is quite intelligent who can sense what the rider wants.,詞的選擇,聽到這噩耗，她失聲痛哭。 別整日哭哭啼啼，那樣會傷了你的身體。 夜久語聲絕，如聞泣幽咽。 執(zhí)手相看淚眼，竟無語凝噎。 收到兒子的信，這位老漢高興得流下淚來。,英譯,She burst into tears on hearing the news. Please dont weep and wail all day long. It will hurt you. Her

4、voice fades away as the night deepens; It seems to linger in the air-her weepings. Holding hands, we gaze at each others tearful eyes, And burst into sobs with words congealed on our lips. The old man cried for joy when he received the letter from his son.,詞的選擇,人人都笑我。 對于他的威脅，她一笑置之。 她暗笑他的不懂事。 這位老人總是和

5、藹可親，笑容可掬。 那小女孩格格地笑著，走開了。,英譯,Everybody laughs at me. She smiles at his threats. She sniggers at his childishness. The old man is amiable and always beaming to others. The little girl went away, giggling.,詞的選擇,我的表不準(zhǔn)，每天快十多分鐘。 時間過得真快！ 情人節(jié)快到了。 這把刀很快。,英譯,My watch doesnt keep good time. It gains more than

6、ten minutes a day. How time does fly! Valentines Day is near. Or: Valentines Day is at hand. Or: Valentines Dayis drawing near. The knife is really sharp. (*The knife is swift.),第二周 詞義引申,引申是語言的普遍現(xiàn)象，詞義引申指不拘泥于詞的字面意義或詞典提供的語義、釋義，而根據(jù)上下文作必要的調(diào)整和變動。不同的文體，引申的范圍、內(nèi)容、方式不盡相同。文藝作品中的引申，往往涉及作品的歷史背景、社會習(xí)慣、風(fēng)土人情、語氣感情等；

7、在技術(shù)類文體中，引申的出發(fā)點(diǎn)是現(xiàn)象、事實(shí)或與主題相關(guān)的概念，引申往往從邏輯推斷入手，考慮專業(yè)特點(diǎn)和語言習(xí)慣，符號邏輯思維的特點(diǎn)。,具體抽象,在一定語境的基礎(chǔ)上，可以從詞義的虛實(shí)、抽象與具體、概念大小、詞義搭配等角度進(jìn)行引申。 一般說來，英語詞義內(nèi)涵比較廣泛，詞的用法比較靈活，一詞多義、一詞多用的現(xiàn)象非常普遍，這也有助于表達(dá)比較概括、籠統(tǒng)的意義。但英語有過分使用抽象表達(dá)法的傾向。不少文體學(xué)家提倡具體于抽象相結(jié)合的選詞法。與英語相比，漢語用詞傾向于具體，常常以實(shí)的形式表達(dá)虛的概念，以具體的形象表達(dá)抽象的內(nèi)容。,具體抽象,枯藤、老樹、昏鴉， 小橋、流水、人家， 古道西風(fēng)瘦馬， 夕陽西下， 斷腸人在天

8、涯。（馬致遠(yuǎn)） Dry vines, old trees, evening crows Small bridge, flat banks, water flows Old road, slim horse, west wind blows And as the sun westward sets, Forlorn love, far away, no one knows!,具體抽象,他的話讓我出了一身冷汗。 I was extremely terrified by his words. （具體 抽象） 他萬萬沒想到在他前進(jìn)的路上竟然會出現(xiàn)這么多的攔路虎。 He had never expect

9、ed that so many obstacles would stand in his way. （具體 抽象）,吃一塹，長一智。 A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit. 在最后一個例子中，漢語的“塹”與譯文中的“pit”在詞義上無論如何也是無法對應(yīng)的，然而出于修辭角度，選用“pit”與“wit”同韻。,漢語雖然較缺乏抽象詞語，但形象性詞語（如比喻、成語、諺語、歇后語）等卻相當(dāng)豐富。漢語常常借助這類生動具體的詞語來表達(dá)英語抽象籠統(tǒng)的意義。,具體-抽象,他這一陣心頭如同十五個吊桶打水，七上八下，老是寧靜不下來。（周而復(fù)：上海的早晨） His mind

10、was in a turmoil these days and he was quite unable to think straight. 茗煙又囑咐道：“不可拿進(jìn)園去，叫人知道了，我就吃不了兜著走了?！保ú苎┣郏杭t樓夢） “Dont take them into the Garden,” Ming-yen warned him. “If they were found Id be in serious trouble.” 唉，那是客臣的井蛙之見嘍，所謂“情人眼里出西施“啦。（郭沫若：屈原）Alas, that was owing to my ignorance, that is what

11、is called partiality.,譯出褒貶,任何一種語言在表達(dá)時都有可能被作者賦予一定的感情色彩，詞的感情色彩一般分為褒、貶，或積極、消極，以及中性。有些色彩是顯性的，很容易辨認(rèn)，如： 堅(jiān)忍不拔：firm and indomitable 頑固不化：incorrigibly obstinate 足智多謀：wise and resourceful 詭計(jì)多端：treacherous,須注意的事項(xiàng),然而有些感情色彩是呈隱性的，需要依靠上下文才能看出，翻譯時應(yīng)注意準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)出來，如： 在整個改革開放過程中都要反對腐敗。 若用“oppose”來譯“反對”，顯得有些平淡，若改譯成“combat”或“

12、fight against”，意義更為積極，能更準(zhǔn)確地反映原文的積極語氣。 中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)是一個大問題，忽視不得。 經(jīng)濟(jì)過熱，確實(shí)帶來了一些問題。 第一個“問題”不宜用“problem”，否則給人感覺中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)出了嚴(yán)重問題，因?yàn)椤皃roblem”常用于消極意義。應(yīng)用“issue”或“question”。 第二句中的“問題”，則的確是“problems”。,練習(xí),專家普遍認(rèn)為積極的財政政策對于最近幾年的經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長勢頭起了很大作用，2003年，這一政策的實(shí)施除了應(yīng)向社會保障，農(nóng)村教育及基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施傾斜以外，還應(yīng)從政府投資轉(zhuǎn)向民間投資。 這些價值觀和孔子宣揚(yáng)的一些思想有很多相同之處，孔子的思想強(qiáng)調(diào)的是中庸

13、適度。但是我尊重孔子的思想，并不是要把他的思想搬到現(xiàn)代社會。 湖區(qū)水位提高可能要危及竹子的生長。這意味著以竹子為食物的大熊貓也將受到威脅。 不幸的是，中國似乎是在學(xué)西方的樣，如為了事業(yè)不結(jié)婚的人越來越多，不要小孩的越來越多，離婚的越來越多，年老的父母單獨(dú)生活的越來越多。,It is generally agreed among exports that the proactive fiscal policy has considerably contributed to the rapid economic growth in recent years. The year 2003 will

14、see the further implementation of such a policy, which will give added weight to the development of the social security system, rural education and the infrastructure, and a shifting of focus on investment sources from the government to the private sector.,These values have much in common with some

15、of the virtues of Confucianism, the Chinese philosophy that stresses moderation. However, although I respect the spirit of Confucianism, I have not tried to adapt this ancient philosophy to modern society.,Higher water levels in the lake area may endanger the growing of bamboos, which means giant pa

16、ndas that feed on these plants will suffer, too. Unfortunately, China seems to be following the wests lead: the rising number of career singles and childless families, the soaring divorce rate and more and more the elderly parents living alone.,詞語的增減,增詞法與減詞法是翻譯中非常常用的技巧。無論增減，一般出于兩方面的考慮：一是語義上的，增減實(shí)義詞；二

17、是表達(dá)上的，包括增減功能詞或?yàn)榱嗽~義搭配。所增減的內(nèi)容絕不能是原文的主要信息，增減的目的在于使譯語讀者更準(zhǔn)確的理解源語，使譯文更為通暢，地道。,語義性增詞,班門弄斧 to show off ones proficiency with an axe before Luban, the master carpenter. 比較：to show off with an axe before Luban. 解放前（后） before （after）the liberation of old China 比較：before the liberation,語義性增詞,看糧食，要看中國的農(nóng)業(yè)；看農(nóng)業(yè)，首先要

18、看市場。 To have a better understanding of the food situation in China, we must take a full view of her agriculture, and to know the agriculture, we must have a look at the food market first.,語義性減詞,這本小說內(nèi)容有趣，文字淺顯，立即暢銷全國。 The novel has gained immediate nationwide popularity as it is at once interesting in

19、 content and easy in language. 他小時候家里很窮，沒什么衣服可穿，也沒什么東西可吃。 When he was young, his family was so poor that he had no more enough food to eat and clothing to wear.,表達(dá)性增減,最近幾年，學(xué)開車的人越來越多。 In recent years, the number of people who learn driving has increased. 黨的十六大強(qiáng)調(diào)了對私有財產(chǎn)的保護(hù)。 The 16th Party Congress stre

20、ssed the importance of protecting private property. 不應(yīng)有的誤解 unnecessary misunderstanding,語義性增詞,經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化和貿(mào)易自由化的進(jìn)程，可以有兩種發(fā)展趨勢。一種是推動他們朝合理方向發(fā)展，一種是任憑他們按照不合理的規(guī)則運(yùn)行。我們應(yīng)該選擇并推進(jìn)前一種趨勢，警惕并抑制后一種趨勢。 There are two possible development scenarios for the process of economic globalization and trade liberalization. One coul

21、d drive it to move along a rational track; the other may cause it to operate aimlessly. Without any doubt, we should opt for and facilitate the former scenario, and guard against the latter.,毫無根據(jù)的誹謗 groundless slander 不切實(shí)際的幻想 impractical illusion 貧富差距不斷加大。 The gap between the rich and the poor is co

22、ntinuously widening. 這個國家的失業(yè)現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重。 There is serious phenomenon of unemployment in this country.,將國與國之間的爭端訴諸武力，并不是最好的解決辦法。 Recourse to arms is not the best solution method to a quarrel between countries.,需要注意的是，必須結(jié)合上下文進(jìn)行增減處理。,據(jù)悉，自1986年起，美國華人經(jīng)濟(jì)已躍居全美少數(shù)民族之首，遙遙領(lǐng)先于日裔，韓裔等其他少數(shù)民族。美國華人家庭的年均收入已超過美國白人家庭。 It is s

23、aid that since 1986 the US citizens of Chinese descent have leapt to a good lead over other racial minorities, Japanese Americans and Koreans Americans, for instance. The average Americans Chinese familys yearly income has now come to exceed that of the average American family.,詞的省略,詞的省略也是漢譯英時常見的現(xiàn)象。

24、與詞的增補(bǔ)情況相反，原文中有些詞語從譯文的角度來看往往是多余的，可以或必須刪去，決不能只字不漏地生搬硬套過來，不然會引起文理不通、意思含糊等弊病。詞的省略的目的正是為了使譯文符合英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣和修辭特點(diǎn)。,減詞（省略）,省略詞語決不意味著可以隨意刪節(jié)原文的詞句，而必須同樣遵守一些原則。（1）在譯文中看來是可有可無的，或是多余的；（2）其意思已經(jīng)包含在上下文里；（3）其含義在譯文中是不言而喻的。漢譯英中所省略的詞語分以下幾類：,省略原文中表示范疇的詞語,漢語里有一些名詞，如“任務(wù)”、“工作”、“情況”、“狀態(tài)”、“問題”、“制度”、“事業(yè)”、“局面”等等通常有具體的含義，自然應(yīng)照譯，但是它們用來

25、表明范疇時，則失去了具體含義，一般可以省略不翻譯。如“分析問題”中的“問題”一詞，就有具體含義，非翻譯不可；而“人民內(nèi)部矛盾問題”中的“問題”則是表明范疇，不必翻譯，只要譯作contradictions among the people就行了。在這里“矛盾”就是一種“問題”，而“問題”一詞僅僅表明這種“矛盾”所屬的范疇。,在黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，中國人民已經(jīng)完成了解放事業(yè)。 Under the leadership of the Party, the Chinese people have succeeded in their liberation. 前怕龍后怕虎的態(tài)度不能造就干部。 “Fearing

26、dragons ahead and tigers behind” will not produce cadres. 我們黨結(jié)束了那個時期的社會動蕩和紛擾不安的局面。 Our Party has put an end to the social unrest and upheaval of that time.,省略可能影響譯文修辭效果的詞語,漢語中，有時為了語言生動、簡練，常用具體形象詞語或成語作比喻；有時為了加強(qiáng)語氣，可以連續(xù)使用好幾個短句。在翻譯這類句子時，某些詞語往往省去不翻譯，或加以簡化和壓縮。不然譯文勢必拖泥帶水，松散無力，反而失掉原文的特色。所謂簡化和壓縮無非是：1）翻譯主要的和不

27、可缺少的詞語，略去次要的或不言而喻的詞語；2）將具體詞語抽象概括為籠統(tǒng)的概念詞。,匪軍所至，殺戮人民，奸淫婦女，焚毀村莊，掠奪財物，無所不用其極。（毛澤東選集四卷，1325頁） Wherever they (the bandit troops) went, they massacred and raped, burned and looted, and stopped at nothing. 原文采用排比手法，連續(xù)用了四個動賓詞組，讀起來鏗鏘有力，達(dá)到了強(qiáng)調(diào)的修辭效果。但是此句若翻譯成：They massacred the people, raped women, burned village

28、s and looted property，就大大減弱了原句的氣勢。因此譯文中采用及物動詞的獨(dú)立用法（即不帶直接賓語），收到了行文有力的效果。,省略,不調(diào)查、不研究、提起筆來硬寫，這就是不負(fù)責(zé)任的態(tài)度。It is sheer irresponsibility to pick up the pen and “force ourselves to write ” without investigation or study.,例句,這件事要抓緊快辦。 This matter needs immediate action. 他一開口總是三句話不離本行。 He can hardly open his

29、mouth without talking shop. 多年來那個國家一直有嚴(yán)重的失業(yè)現(xiàn)象。 For many years there has been serious unemployment in that country.,練習(xí),她的朋友們聽到她家中的困難情況后，都主動伸出援助之手。 After her friends heard about her family difficulties, they offered her a helping hand. 每條河都有上游、中游、和下游。 Every river has its upper, middle and lower reache

30、s. 人們利用科學(xué)去了解自然，改造自然。 People use science to understand and change nature.,翻譯練習(xí),他們一聽說有新任務(wù)，就坐不住了。 你想看這本書，就先看吧。 這件事咱們回頭再祥談。 在全面開創(chuàng)新局面的各項(xiàng)任務(wù)中，首要的任務(wù)是把現(xiàn)代化經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)推向前進(jìn)。 只要中國人民積極奮斗，這個宏偉的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)是能夠達(dá)到的。,參考譯文,When they learnt that theyd been given a new task, they just couldnt sit still any longer. You may read the book

31、 first, since you are anxious to read it. We shall discuss it in detail when we meet again. Of the various tasks in bringing about an all-round new situation, the most important one is to push forward the modernization of Chinas economy. If the Chinese people work hard, they can definitely attain th

32、is grand strategic objective.,翻譯練習(xí),我們必須認(rèn)真幫助他們解決工作問題和學(xué)習(xí)問題。 我國少數(shù)民族有3000多萬人。 我昨天沒進(jìn)城，一來是因?yàn)樘鞖獠缓?，二來是因?yàn)槲也皇娣?他們是多年的鄰居，一旦分別，不免依依不舍。 他把事情一五一十地都給父母講了。 他們是親密無間的朋友。,參考譯文,We must earnestly help them solve their problems of work and study. The minority nationalities in our county number more than thirty million.

33、I didnt go to town yesterday both because of the nasty weather and the fact that I was not feeling myself.,參考譯文,After being good neighbours for years, they cant bear to part from each other. He told his parents the whold story exactly as it has happened. They are close (bosom) friends.,練習(xí),改革開放也使民族精神

34、獲得了解放。 我們的企業(yè)應(yīng)著重提高國際競爭力。 中國的現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)離不開與世界各國的經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與貿(mào)易往來。 對于采取什么樣的措施來控制人口這一問題早已不單是一個國家的問題了，而是一個全世界都關(guān)注的問題。 由于全球氣候變暖，海平面在一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)地上升。,參考譯文,Why do people support us? Because our economy has been developing. The sea level is rising little by little in the consequence of global warming. Reforms and the open policy

35、have also emancipated the minds of the people.,參考譯文,We need to be enhancing international competitiveness. Chinas modernization is inseparable from her economic cooperation and trade ties with other nations. The question of what is to be done to control population growth is no longer a matter of one

36、 country alone. It is a problem of international concern.,第三周 物稱與人稱,英語較常用物稱表達(dá)法，即不用人稱來敘述，而讓事物以客觀的口氣呈現(xiàn)出來。漢語則較注重主體思維，這種思維模式以“萬物皆備于我”作主導(dǎo)，往往從自我出發(fā)來敘述客觀事物，或傾向于描述人及其行為或狀態(tài)，因而常用人稱。當(dāng)人稱可以不自喻時，又常常隱含人稱或省略人稱。漢語重人稱，英語重物稱，這一特點(diǎn)主要表現(xiàn)在如何使用主語和動詞這兩方面。,動詞root, snow, father, creep, obey, witness, see, find, set, take,他驚嚇得呆立

37、不動了。 Fear rooted him to the spot. 屠戶被眾人局不過，只得連斟兩碗喝了，壯了壯膽，把方才這些小心收起，將平日的兇惡樣子拿出來。（儒林外史第三回） Butcher Hu had to give in. Two bowls of wine bolstered up his courage, making him lose his scruples and start his usual rampaging.,例句,他常常選擇不同的時間和季節(jié)，多次重游各地名山，反復(fù)觀察變換的奇景。 Famous mountains in various places would fi

38、nd him coming back for revisits during different seasons. There he was, marveling at the kaleidoscopic spectacles during the different hours of the day.,例句,當(dāng)下劉老老聽見這般音樂，且又有了酒意，越發(fā)喜得手舞足蹈起來。 Now the music, on top of the wine, set Granny Liu waving her arms and beating time with her feet for sheer deligh

39、t. 他忽然憤怒了。從憤怒里又發(fā)了殺機(jī)，圓睜著眼睛，大聲向使女們叱咤道： Fury took possession of him. And in his fury he felt the urge to kill. With eyes starting from his head, he roared at the maids.,例句,老境卻如此頹唐！他觸目傷懷，自然情不能自已。 To think that he should now be so downcast in old age! The discouraging state of affairs filled him with an

40、uncontrollable feeling of deep sorrow, and his pent-up emotion had to find a vent. （張培基譯） No one could have foreseen such a comedown in his old age! The thought of this naturally depressed him, and as he had to vent his irritation somehow, he often lost his temper over trifles. （楊憲益譯）,翻譯下列句子，注意運(yùn)用物稱表

41、達(dá)法,發(fā)怒之后，我不難過，也不后悔。 我想到希望，忽然害怕起來了。 他氣得話也說不出來。 我一時想不起他的名字。 我疏忽了這個問題。 我興奮得什么話都說不出來。,The access of hope made me suddenly afraid. Anger choked his words. His name escaped me for the moment. This point slipped my attention. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.,他通曉多種不常使用的外國語，這使我們大家感到驚訝。 但他忽而似乎

42、有了主意了，慢慢地跨開步，有意無意地走到靜修庵。 在我從國外回到北平的時候，我已經(jīng)有了去作職業(yè)寫家的心意。 作為流行歌曲歌手，她取得的成功只是曇花一現(xiàn)。,我因事進(jìn)城去了。 他一直希望自己能成為老板的助手。 生日那天，她收到了大量禮品和賀信。 調(diào)查結(jié)果證明，他就是那個嬰兒的生父。 . 他走起路來，不知不覺平添了幾分尊嚴(yán)。,Business took me to the town. The idea that he should become an assistant to his boss has never deserted him. Gifts and messages snowed in

43、on her birthday. Investigation fathered the baby on him. A new dignity crept into his steps.,就這樣，面對著滿院子燦爛的花，不說一句話，心中的怨恨已全消失了。 走過草地幾步，我們就到了一個華麗的大酒店。 你只消仔細(xì)比較一下，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)不同。,The blooming flowers of the yard presenting a riot of colour before my eyes quietly dispelled all my grudges. A few steps across the l

44、awn brought me to a large, splendid hotel. Careful comparison of them will show you the difference.,一看到那棵大樹，我便想起了童年的情景。 恕我孤陋寡聞，對此關(guān)系一無所知。 憑良心講，你待我禮貌有加，我卻受之有愧。 五四運(yùn)動以后，開始了“新紅學(xué)”時代，代表人物有胡適、俞平伯等這樣一些學(xué)者。 小梅心地善良，性情溫和，對她朋友這種沒有心肝的行為，實(shí)在看不順眼。,The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. My total

45、ignorance of the connection must plead my apology. My conscience told me that I deserved no extraordinary politeness.,The May Fourth Movement of 1919 saw the beginning of the “New Redology”, represented by scholars such as Hu Shi and Yu Pingbai. Xiaomeis kindly and gentle nature could not but revolt

46、 at her friends callous behaviour.,第四周 正說與反說,人們在敘述同一事物或表達(dá)同一思想時，可以正說，也可以反說，漢語如此，英語也如此。 他是外鄉(xiāng)人。He is a stranger here. Or: He is not a native. 黃鼠狼給雞拜年，不懷好心。The weasel goes to pay respects to the hen not with the best of intentions. Or: The weasel pays a courtesy visit to the hen with evil intent. 到目前為止，

47、聯(lián)合國辜負(fù)了世界人民所寄予的希望。The United Nations has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world place in it. 我們決不辜負(fù)全國人民對我們的希望。We will live up to the expectations of our people.,例句,他的解釋不能讓人滿意。His explanation is far from satisfactory. 他雖然貧窮，但無論如何也不會說謊。Poor as he was, he was above telling a lie

48、in any case. ( He is above taking profits for himself. 他不屑于為自己謀利。) 余新江沒有留意對方的關(guān)切。Yu Hsin-chiang failed to notice the others concern.,漢英兩種語言的習(xí)慣用法不同,油漆未干。Wet paint. 在他還沒來得及阻攔我之前，我已經(jīng)跑出教室。Before he could stop me, I had rushed out of the classroom. (* Before he could not stop me) 在收據(jù)尚未簽字以前不得付款。Before the

49、receipt has been signed, the money must not be paid. (* Before the receipt has not been signed),例句,俗話說，男兒有淚不輕彈，皆因未到傷心處嘛。（周克芹：許茂和他的女兒們）As the saying goes, “Men only weep when deeply hurt.” Or: As the saying goes, “Men never weep unless and until deeply hurt.” 如果沒有他的幫助，我早就失敗了。But for his help, I shoul

50、d have failed. 白茫茫的老鴉窩，除了呼呼的北風(fēng)外，沒有一點(diǎn)聲響。Except for the howl of the north wind, all was still in snow-mantled Ravens Nest.,例句,而阿Q總覺得自己太失意：既然革了命，不應(yīng)該只是這樣。Yet Ah O still felt dissatisfied. He thought since a revolution had taken place, it should be something more than this. 阿Q候他略停，終于用十二分的勇氣開口了，但不知道因?yàn)槭裁?，?/p>

51、不叫他洋先生。Ah Q waited for him to pause, and then screwed up all his courage to speak. But for some reason or other he still did not call him Mr Foreigner. 陳松林說的這些名字，許云峰都不知道。These names mentioned by Chen Songlin were new to Xu Yunfeng.,例句,鄭克昌輕輕推了一下門，門開了。店門是虛掩著的。Zheng Kechang pushed the door lightly and

52、it opened. It had not been locked. 趙家遭搶之后，未莊人大抵很快意而且恐慌，阿Q也很快意而且恐慌。After the Zhao family was robbed most of the people in Weizhuang felt pleased yet fearful, and Ah Q was no exception. 掛好了掃帚以后，他放心了一些，危險再不能威脅黨和同志們了。He breathed more easily after hanging up the broom. The Party and his comrades were saf

53、e.,英語中含否定語氣的詞語有：,a動詞：fail, miss, lack, ignore, refuse, withhold, refrain (from), neglect, deny, overlook, exclude等等。 使我們失望的是他不顧大局。To our disappointment, he failed to take the overall situation into account. 他上火車站去接他的朋友，可是未能在人群中見到他。He went to the station to meet his friend, but he missed him in the c

54、rowd.,b. 名詞：absence, failure, refusal, ignorance, neglect, exclusion等等。,他開車時心不在焉，幾乎闖禍。His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident. 我們完全不知道他的計(jì)劃。We are in complete ignorance of his plan. 他未能履行諾言，我們大家都很失望。His failure to carry out his promise has disappointed everyone of us.,c. 形容詞和

55、形容詞短語：few, little, free from, far from, safe from, short of等等。,這次演出根本沒有失敗，而是十分成功。The show was far from being a failure; it was a great success. 他的作文幾乎沒有語法錯誤。There are few grammatical mistakes in his composition. 據(jù)悉敵軍給養(yǎng)不足。It is reported that the enemy troops are short of supplies.,d. 副詞和副詞短語：little,

56、otherwise, tooto等等。,他顯然有不同的想法。He evidently thinks otherwise. 我根本不知道他會遇到什么麻煩。I little knew what trouble he was going to have. 他興奮得說不出話來了。He was too excited to speak.,e. 連詞：unless, before, until, rather than, or等等。,不了解這一點(diǎn)，就不能得到起碼的知識。Unless we grasp this point we shall never be able to acquire even ele

57、mentary knowledge. 他寧愿餓死，不愿行竊。He will die of hunger before he steals. 部隊(duì)寧可繞道走，也不踩莊稼。The troops would rather take a roundabout way than tread on the crops.,f. 介詞和介詞短語：without, above, except, beyond, instead of, in place of, out of等等。,社會主義無疑比資本主義優(yōu)越。Socialism is beyond doubt superior to capitalism. 要不是

58、你幫忙，那件任務(wù)我無法按時完成的。Without your help, I could not have fulfilled the task in time. 我要鉛筆，不要鋼筆。I want a pencil instead of a pen.,正說反說互譯練習(xí),日子很快過去了，她做工卻絲毫沒有松懈。 他不在，我感到很寂寞。 我很高興看見你安然無恙。 他們的供應(yīng)不足，冬季又將來臨。 他不自然地咳了起來。,參考譯文,The days passed quickly, but she worked as hard as ever. In his absence, I felt very lone

59、ly. I am glad to see you safe and sound. Their supply line was thin and winter was coming on. He coughed with embarrassment.,練習(xí),你早晨來看我的時候，我還沒有起床。 他只顧自己，不顧別人，使得大家都很生氣。 她沒有同伴，只一個人坐在車廂一角動也不動。 是重力使我們不至于從地球上拋出去。 他下意識地舉起手來搔他的頭頂。,參考譯文,When you called on me this morning, I was still in bed. His lack of consideration for the feelings of others angered everyone present. Travelling alone, she was sitting still in the corner of the carriage. It is gravity that keeps us from falling off the earth. He involuntarily raised his hand to scratch his head.,練習(xí),返回祖國的念頭始終縈繞在他們心中。 只要他沒有病倒，他是不會