1、 第九章 鉆井液一. 單詞準(zhǔn)備mud 泥漿drilling fluid 鉆井液cutting 巖屑mud chemical 泥漿藥品mud cake 泥餅mud weight(density) 泥漿重量（密度）viscosity 粘度filtrate 濾液water loss 失水gel initial 初切力 gel strength 靜切力solid control equipment 固控設(shè)備shale shaker 振動篩desander 除砂器desilter 除泥器centrifuge 離心機(jī)screen cloth 篩布ply 層mesh （篩布）目PH 酸堿值 mud pit

2、泥漿池MBT=methylene blue test 亞甲基藍(lán)測定法KCL氯化鉀lime 石灰SAPP=sodium acid pyrophosphate 粒狀焦性磷酸鈉NaOH氫氧化鈉，燒堿mud tank 泥漿罐mud gun 泥漿槍trip tank （起下鉆）泥漿計量罐active tank 上水罐，在用罐intermediate tank 過渡罐GPM =gallon per minute 加侖/分鐘1 US gallon 美加侖=3.785 liters 升1 barrel 桶=0.159 cubic meters 立方米1 SG(比重)X8.33=1 ppg 磅/加侖二. 閱讀練

3、習(xí)1. 固控設(shè)備評價和建議 Performance of Solid Removal Equipment In RIG 03 & Recommendations 固控設(shè)備評價和建議Prepared by Ammar A.Marouf Drilling Fluids Engineer Introduction 引言The types and quantities of solids present in drilling mud systems determine the fluid density , viscosity , gel strengths , filter cake qualit

4、y and filtration control , and other chemical and mechanical properties Solids and theirs volumes also influence mud and well costs , including factors such as , rate of penetration , hydraulics , dilution rates , torque and drag , surge and swab pressures , differential sticking , lost circulation

5、, hole stability , and bit balling , these in turn , influence the service life of bits , pumps and other mechanical equipment . 泥漿中固相的含量和種類，直接決定著泥漿的密度、粘度、切力、泥餅質(zhì)量和失水控制，以及其它化學(xué)和機(jī)械性能。固相及固相含量也影響著泥漿和鉆井的成本。包括：鉆速、水力破碎、稀釋成本、扭矩和磨阻、激動和抽吸壓力、壓差卡鉆、井漏、井壁穩(wěn)定、泥包鉆頭。這些特征相應(yīng)影響鉆頭的壽命、泵和機(jī)械設(shè)備。Chemicals , clays and weighting

6、 materials are added to drilling mud to achieve viarious desirable properties. Drill solids , consisting of rock and low yielding clays , are incorporated into the mud . These solids affect many mud properties adversely . Nevertheless , since it is not possible to remove all drill solids either mech

7、anically or by other means They must be considered a continual contaminant of a mud system .泥漿中加入化學(xué)處理劑、粘土和加重材料可以達(dá)到滿足各種所期望的泥漿性能。鉆井巖屑，包括巖石和粘土將分解到泥漿中，與泥漿結(jié)為一體。這些固相負(fù)面地影響著泥漿的許多性能。但是，由于我們不可能去除所有固相：無論是機(jī)械方法或其它方法，所以我們應(yīng)考慮泥漿中永遠(yuǎn)都存在污染物。Solid removal is one of the most important aspects of mud systems control , si

8、nce it has a direct bearing on drilling efficiency . Money spent for solids control and for solving problems related to drill solids represents a significant portion of overall drilling costs . Solid control is a constant problem every day . on every well.降低固相含量是泥漿處理中最重要的一個方面。因為它對鉆井效率有著直接的影響。消耗在固相控制

9、和解決與固相控制有關(guān)的問題上的資金是鉆井全成本的重要一項。固相控制是每口井每天面臨的問題.Fundamentals基本原理Drilling mud solids may be separated into two categories: Low Gravity Solids (LGS) with Specific Gravity in the 2.3-2.8 range , and High Gravity Solids (HGS) with SG of 4.2 or higher . Weighting materials such as Barite or Hematite compris

10、e the HGS category and are used to achieve densities greater that 10 PPG . Drill solids , clays and most other mud additives fall into the LGS category and often ate the only solids used to obtain densities up to 10 ppg鉆井泥漿固相可以分為兩類：低比重固相（其比重為2.3-2.8）和高比重固相（比重為4.3或更高）。重晶石粉和赤鐵礦屬于高比重固相，作為加重材料用于達(dá)到10磅每加侖

11、以上比重的鉆井液。巖屑,粘土和其它大部分泥漿添加劑屬于低比重固相，可以將泥漿比重增加到10磅每加侖。One of the primary uses for drilling fluids to carry unwanted drilled solids from the borehole. The solids are essentially a contaminant and, if left in the mud, it can lead to numerous operational problems. Three options to maintain drilling fluid p

12、roperties 鉆井液的最基本作用之一是將不需要的巖屑從井內(nèi)帶出到地面。這些巖屑如果留在泥漿中，必將是污染物，導(dǎo)致許多復(fù)雜情況。以下有三種方法控制固含保持良好的泥漿性能。 Do nothing and let the solid build up. When the mud no longer meets specification, dump it and start with fresh mud.不做任何處理，任由固相增長。當(dāng)泥漿不能滿足要求時，放掉，換新泥漿。 Dilute the mud and rebuild the system to keep the properties w

13、ith acceptable ranges, while dumping excess mud to the reserve pit.在將多余泥漿排放到泥漿坑的同時，稀釋泥漿和重建系統(tǒng)，使泥漿性能保持在設(shè)計范圍之內(nèi)。 Lower the solid content of the mud through solids removal equipment to minimize the addition/dilution necessary to maintain acceptable properties.使用固控設(shè)備降低泥漿固相含量，從而減少額外的處理和稀釋，維持可接受的泥漿性能。In rec

14、ent years, increased public awareness of environmental issues has provided both regularly and economic incentives to minimize drilling waste. In many instances, the first two choices have become very expensive and unacceptable. This has served to stress the importance of the third option, efficient

15、solid control. Using solids control equipment to minimize addition/dilution volumes is normally most effective and provide the following benefits:進(jìn)年來，人們環(huán)保意識不斷提高，從規(guī)則和經(jīng)濟(jì)回報方面需要我們盡量減少鉆井垃圾。許多情況下，前兩個選擇成本非常高且不可接受。所以我們強調(diào)第三種選擇：高效的固相控制。使用固控設(shè)備控制泥漿體積和稀釋溶液體積是最有效的，還具有以下優(yōu)點：q Lower water requirements and Less mixin

16、g problems減少水的消耗和降低混合處理的問題q Increased penetration rates Reduced torque and drag增加鉆速，降低扭矩和磨阻q Lower ECD & Reduced system pressure losses降低ECD和系統(tǒng)壓耗q Better cement jobs and Reduced formation damage提高固井質(zhì)量，降低地層損壞q Less differential sticking降低壓差卡鉆的機(jī)會q Reduced environmental impact減少對環(huán)境的危害It is apparent fro

17、m this list that the role of solid control is instrumental in the maintenance of good drilling fluid. Although the benefits from good solids control are numerous, the cost savings are not appear in normal drilling cost accounting.從以上所舉明顯可以看出，固相控制的作用對保持良好的泥漿性能是很有幫助的。盡管控制好固相優(yōu)點是許多的，但在普通鉆井成本帳目中成本節(jié)余仍不是很明

18、顯.Usually the drilling fluid gets most of the credit (or blame) since mud material consumption is easily tracked and the mud properties are the only direct indication of solids control performance. In realistic sense, the mud and the solids control equipment are integral part of one system. One cann

19、ot plan the mud without considering the solid control system and vice versa. 鉆井液越來越得到人們的重視，因為泥漿材料消耗是很明顯的，泥漿性能直接顯示固相控制的效果。實踐證明，泥漿和固控設(shè)備是泥漿體系的一整體部分，不考慮固控系統(tǒng)人們就無法計劃泥漿，反之亦然。Solid control is accomplished by using one or more of the basic methods of solid separation :- 固相控制是通過使用一種或多種固相分離方法來實現(xiàn)的Settling沉淀v Sc

20、reening篩除v Hdrocyclones漩流分離v Rotating Centrifuges離心機(jī)分離 Hydocyclones and centrifuge use centrifugal force to obtain higher rates of Separation that can be achieved by gravitational settling . These methods are governed by well-known laws of physics. If the mud kept moving so that the gel strength bro

21、ken , then the settling of particles is governed by strokes Law which is 漩流分離和離心分離使用離心力獲得較高的分離速率，這可以通過重力沉降實現(xiàn)。這些方法都是由物理學(xué)定律所支配的，如果泥漿保持運動，則膠結(jié)強度(切力)將被破壞,固相顆粒的沉淀將取決于沖程定律，如下所示:Vs = gc Ds(qs-qt)/ 46.3u The equation is a mathematical expression of events commonly observed , i.e, the larger the difference be

22、tween the density of the solid and the density of the liquid qs-qt ,the faster the solid will settle , and the lower the fluid viscosity (u) the faster solid will settle . beside the influence of the force action gc which will increase the settling rate .此方程式是通常考察事件的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式，即：固相密度和液體密度的差值qs-qt越大，固相沉淀的

23、速度越快，泥漿的粘度（u）越低，固相沉淀的越快。除了力的作用影響沉淀速度外，gc也將增加沉降速度。Shale shaker振動篩The most important solid control devices are shale shakers , which are vibrating screen separators used to remove drill cuttings from mud . It has proven to be a simple and reliable method of moving large amount of coarse, drilled cutti

24、ngs from circulating system. As the first step in the mud cleaning /solids removal chain , they represent the first line of defense against solids accumulation . Shale shakers differ from the other solids removal equipment in that they produce nearly a 100% cut ( D100) at the screen opening size .最重

25、要的的固控設(shè)備是振動篩，它們通過振動篩布分離作用而去除泥漿中的巖屑。已經(jīng)證明它是一種簡單可靠的去除大量循環(huán)產(chǎn)生的粗糙鉆屑的方法。作為泥漿清潔/固相去除鏈工作的第一步，它是預(yù)防固相累積的第一道防線。振動篩與其它固控設(shè)備的不同在于，他們在篩布的開口尺寸產(chǎn)生將近100%的巖屑。A 200 square mesh shale shaker screen will remove 100% of the solids greater than 74 micron , thereby eliminating the needs for a Desander . Also the shakers provid

26、e the advantage of reducing solids loading to the down stream hydocyclones to improve their efficiency beside not degrading soft or friable cuttings. When well operated and maintained, shale shakers can produce a relatively dry cuttings discharge.200目的振動篩能除去100%的尺寸大于74微米的固相，因此，可以不需要除砂器。另外振動篩有許多優(yōu)點：除了

27、不降低軟巖屑外，減少下有旋流的固相負(fù)荷，提高設(shè)備工作效率。如果維護(hù)和使用得當(dāng)，振動篩排出相對干燥的巖屑。Enough shakers should be installed to process the entire circulating rate with the goal of removing as many drilled cuttings as economically feasible. Unless the shale shakers are operating properly , and have screens of the finest mesh possible ,

28、all other equipment is subject to overloading and inefficient operation . Shakers cannot remove silt and colloidal size solids , so dilution and other equipment is required to control ultra-fine drill solids . 為達(dá)到盡可經(jīng)濟(jì)可行地去除盡可能多整個循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的巖屑，必須安裝足夠的振動篩。如振動篩不能正確地工作或沒有安裝最可能細(xì)目數(shù)的篩布，其它的固控設(shè)備將超負(fù)荷工作，并效率很底.振動篩不能去除

29、泥質(zhì)和膠質(zhì)固相，所以仍需要稀釋劑和其它設(shè)備來控制過細(xì)的鉆井固相.Hydrocyclones 水力漩流器Hydrocyclones are a-cost effective method of removing many of fines solids missed by the shaker in unweighted muds. A centrifugal pump feeds a high volume mud through a tangential opening into the large end of the funnel shaped hydrocyclone . when t

30、he proper amount of head ( Pressure ) is used , this results in a whirling of the fluid much like the motion of water spout , tornado or cyclone expelling wet ,higher mass solids out the open bottom while returning the liquid through the top of the hydocyclone , so all the hydocyclone operate in a s

31、imilar manner , whether they used desnder or desilter . 使用水力漩流設(shè)備是一種節(jié)約成本，很有效控制固相含量的方法，它能去除振動篩不能篩除的未加重泥漿的細(xì)粒固相。大排量的離心泵將泥漿泵送入漩流漏斗內(nèi)，在合適的壓力下，形成泥漿渦流很象水射流、龍卷風(fēng)的運動一樣，將大量濕的固相排出的開口底部，將液體返回到旋流器的上部。因此漩流器工作方式基本是一樣的，無論除砂器或除泥器。In some formations, the solids are too fine for the shakers to remove; hydocyclones must b

32、e relied upon to remove the majority of the solids. In these instances, the shaker protects the hydro cyclone from oversize particles, which may cause plugging. Because the hydocyclone has no moving parts, it can be very reliable pieces of solids removal equipment when correctly operated and maintai

33、ned.某些地層中，由于巖屑太細(xì)，振動篩無法將其除去，必須依靠漩流器來去除大部分的固相。在這種情況下，振動篩去除去大尺寸的顆粒，以防堵塞。因為漩流沒有運轉(zhuǎn)的部件，只有正確使用和維護(hù)，才能使之成為可靠的固控設(shè)備。Hydocyclones separate solids from fluid by using centrifugal force to cause solids to be settled from the fluid. There are no moving parts. Centrifugal force is created by the conversion of centr

34、ifugal pump head into high velocity stream spiraling within the cone. 漩流器是通過離心力作用，使固相從泥漿中沉淀下來，從而達(dá)到分離固相的作用，沒有運動的部件。離心力是由離心泵將高速率的流體送入錐形體中產(chǎn)生漩流轉(zhuǎn)換而成的。Oil field hydrocyclone are available in cone diameters ranging from 1 in to 12 in . Hydro cyclones were first used to reduce API sand content (Solid larger

35、 then 74 microns). Hence the term “Desander” . By convention, hydrocyclones with diameters of 6 in. or larger are labeled as Desanders. As the benefits of smaller, more efficient Hydocyclones became apparent, the term Desilter was coined to reflect the smaller “silt-sized” particles, these smaller c

36、ones could remove. Hyrocyclones with diameters of less than 5 in are usually called Desilter . However, these terms are not based on any particular performance standard. 油田用漩流器從錐形漏斗直徑1到12都有。漩流器第一次用于降低API含砂量后，命名為“除砂器”。根據(jù)慣例，將直徑等于或大于6的漩流器命名為“除砂器”。隨著發(fā)展，需要更高效率、除去更細(xì)顆粒的要求越來越明顯，除泥器制造出來解決小尺寸顆粒的排除問題。小尺寸的錐形體能除

37、去泥巖顆粒，所以將尺寸小于5的漩流分離器稱作除泥器。但這些術(shù)語并沒有依據(jù)任何性能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。The primary role of the Desander should be to reduce solids loading to the Desilted cones. It recommended when the shakers are unable to screen down to 100 microns or when large hole diameters are drilled at 100ft/hr or faster. Ten-inch diameter Desander co

38、nes are recommended. They provide combination of separation and capacity. The larger 12-in cones usually cannot make a fine enough cut to be economic. Desilter should be used on all un-weighted water based mud . They are recommended for use on weighted muds since barite will be lost . When using exp

39、ensive mud , process the desilter underflow with a centrifuge. 除砂器的基本作用是減少除泥器的負(fù)荷。當(dāng)振動篩不能篩除100微米的巖屑或鉆速在100英尺/小時或更快時，推薦使用10英寸的除砂器，它們能將分離和排量結(jié)合起來。12大尺寸的漩流器不能分離過細(xì)的顆粒，也不經(jīng)濟(jì)。除泥器主要用于為加重水基泥漿體系，因為將損失重晶石。當(dāng)使用昂貴的泥漿時，用離心機(jī)處理離心機(jī)的底流。Mud Cleaner 泥漿凈化器Basically , a mud cleaner is a desilter mounted over a vibrating scre

40、en shaker generally 12 or more 4 in . hydrocyclones above a very fine mesh screen , high energy shaker . A mud cleaner will remove sand size drill solids from the mud , yet retain the barite . it first processes the mud through the desilter , then screens the discharge through a fine mesh shaker . A

41、 mud cleaner , in effect , desands a weighted mud and it is aback up to the shale shakers . mud cleaner screens vary in size from 120 mesh to 325mesh 一般來說，泥漿凈化器是指除泥器，安裝于振動篩上方，通常12或大于4旋流器位于細(xì)篩布高能量振動篩的上方。泥漿凈化器將去除泥漿中砂子尺寸的鉆屑，但保留重晶石。首先泥漿流經(jīng)除泥器，然后由細(xì)篩布過濾篩除巖屑。泥漿凈化器實際上是處理加重泥漿的除砂器，振動篩的備用設(shè)備。泥漿凈化器篩布的尺寸范圍:120-325目

42、。Centrifuge 離心機(jī)As with hydrocyclones , decanting type centrifuge increase the forces causing separation of the solid by increasing centrifugal forces . The decanting centrifuge consists of a conical , horizontal steel bowl rotating at high speed , with screw shaped conveyor inside . the conveyor rot

43、ates in the same direction as the outer bowl , but slightly slower speed 如同旋流器，傾析型離心機(jī)通過增加離心力分離固相。離心機(jī)包括一個圓錐型，水平的碗狀滾筒，能高速運轉(zhuǎn)，內(nèi)部包含一螺旋形輸送道，輸送道與外部碗狀滾筒同一方向旋轉(zhuǎn)，但速度稍慢。Evaluation of Solid removal equipment Condition 固控設(shè)備的評價1.Shale Shaker振動篩 No. of Units - 3數(shù)量-3臺 Made Derrick生產(chǎn)廠家:Derrick Screen Size - 140 x 110

44、 x 84 mesh (Pyramid Type) 篩布目數(shù):140x110x84目(波浪形) Performance - Fairly good at mud density up to 1300 kg/m3. 性能:泥漿密度達(dá)到1300千克/立方米時，效果相當(dāng)好2. Desander 除砂器 No. of Unit - One(1) 數(shù)量-1臺 Type - Two(2) Cones 類型:2個漏斗 Made - China生產(chǎn)廠家:中國 Performance Very poor, with only one(1) cone can be operated at a time to at

45、tain the desired feed pressure. 性能：差，要想得到理想的工作壓力只有一個漏斗工作。 Efficiency - 3.7 % (Solids Removal). Feed Mud Wt - 1220 kg/m3, 效率：固相去除率3.7%.上水處泥漿密度-1220kg/m3, Overflow - 1215 kg/m3上流1215 kg/m3 Underflow - 1260 kg/m3底流- 1260 kg/m3(% removal = (1260-1215)/1215 x 100. 固相去除率=1260-1215/1215x100 Underflow Disch

46、arge Rate - 0.3 to 0.4 m3/hour. 底流排量0.3-0.4 m3/小時3. Desilter 除泥器 No. of Unit - One (1) 數(shù)量: 1個 Type - Twelve (12) Cones 類型: 12漏斗 Made - SWACO ( Plastic Cones made in China) 生產(chǎn)廠家: SWACO(塑料漏斗產(chǎn)于中國) Performance：Very poor, with only eight (8) cones operating. Other cones were plugged intentionally due to

47、big nozzle area and causing too much discharge. 性能:：很差，只有8個漏斗工作,其它的由于漏斗水眼太大和排量太大而有意堵塞住。Efficiency 9.5 % (Solids Removal). Feed Mud Weight - 1220 kg/m3, 效率: 9.5上水泥漿密度-1220千克/方Overflow - 1215 kg/m3 上流1215 kg/m3 Underflow - 1330 kg/m3. 底流- 1330 kg/m3( % removal = (1330-1215)/1215 x 100 固相去除率 = (1330-12

48、15)/1215 x 100 Underflow Discharge Rate = 0.6 to 0.8 m3/hour. 底流排量0.6-0.8 m3/小時4. Centrifuge 離心機(jī) No. of Unit - One (1) 數(shù)量：1 Type - High Speed類型： 高速 Made - China生產(chǎn)廠家：中國 Performance- Fairly Good but discharges both Barite and drilled solids. 性能：非常好，但同時去除鉆井固相和重晶粉。Efficiency 81 % (Solids Removal) at 20

49、- 25 gallons/minute. If Feed Mud Weight - 1220 kg/m3, 效率：流量速度在20-25加侖/分鐘時，固控效率81%。上水泥漿密度1220千克/方 Overflow Weight - 1160 kg/m3, 上流1160 kg/m3Underflow(all solids) - 2100 kg/m3. 底流（全部固相）- 2100 kg/m3 % Removal = (2100 - 1160)/1160 x 100 固相去除率 =(2100 - 1160)/1160 x 100Observations觀察資料：1Only one (1) feed

50、pump is used for both the Desander and Desilter. The other feed pump is not used due to high leakage of mud on the pump. There is no appropriate packing on site to seal off the leak. 一個供液泵同時用于除砂器和除泥器供液。另一泵因為漏泥漿未用， 井場沒有合適盤根密封泵漏處。2Pressure gauges on both Desander and Desilter are not working. 除砂器和除泥器的

51、壓力表都不工作。Conclusion & Recommendation結(jié)論和建議The shale shakers installed on Rig03 are Derrick shakers, the screen sizes can be used is 84, 110, 140 , 175 mesh . The deck angle can be hydraulically adjusted which will improves control flow rate and solid dryness , also eliminates (Pooling ) and back spill

52、 of expensive barite with higher degree of adjustment also the proper adjustment of the vibrator angle will help in improving control of conveying speed and ideal for high solid loading specially during drilling the surface hole or when the drilling rates slows near TD and finer cuttings are being s

53、eparated . In general all the three Shakers are working good, Just some adjustment required for the vibrator angle for more separating efficiency. 03隊安裝的是Derrick振動篩，篩布尺寸范圍：84、110、140、175目。振動篩可以液壓調(diào)節(jié)傾角，以以提高排量和巖屑的干燥性，避免淤積和調(diào)高角度以保護(hù)貴重的重晶石粉。調(diào)節(jié)振動篩的角度可以改善巖屑的運輸和大量巖屑的篩除，特別是鉆進(jìn)表層或接近完井井深時鉆速下降和細(xì)小巖屑被篩除時?？傮w來說，三臺振動篩工

54、作正常，只是對振動篩傾斜角的調(diào)整需改進(jìn)，以便高效率地篩除巖屑。Recommendation for proper Operation of shale shakers正確操作振動篩的建議1- Mount and operate the shaker in a level condition. Both the solids and volume capacities will be reduced if a shaker is not level在水平狀態(tài)下固定和使用振動篩，否則，巖屑和容量將降低2- Provide the proper voltage and frequency. Low

55、voltage reduces motor life , and low frequency reduces the vibrating motion and capacity . 供應(yīng)合適的電壓和頻率，低電壓將降低電機(jī)的壽命，低頻率將降低振動率和除砂能力3- Be certain the vibrator is rotating in the proper direction for proper solid discharge. 確保振動篩運轉(zhuǎn)方向正確以保證除砂正常。 4- install the proper screen support cushion in accordance wi

56、th the manufactures directions ( screens that rub against steel rapidly wear out ) 根據(jù)生產(chǎn)廠家的建議，安裝正確的篩布壓條。（篩布與鋼架摩擦，將很快損壞）5- Take special care to tension screens properly in accordance with the manufactures recommendations ( for more life) 根據(jù)生產(chǎn)廠家建議，特別注意保持篩布的正確張力，以延長篩布的使用壽命。6- screens should be sized suc

57、h that the mud will cover 75 to 80 % of the area根據(jù)需要選擇篩布尺寸，泥漿覆蓋率達(dá)75-80%7- With multiple deck shakers , the proper combination of screens sizes should be used . 多層振動篩，組合使用合適尺寸的曬不。8- A water or oil hose should be provided to wash down the screens. 用水或油管線，沖洗篩布9- A water or spray is occasionally used on the screens to assist the removal of sticky particles時常用水沖篩布，以幫助去除粘滯的顆粒。Hydrocyclone液力漩流器The Desander condition is poor , one cone is working and the other is dump