1、動(dòng)詞（非謂語動(dòng)詞）,非謂語,不定式（to do),分詞,動(dòng)名詞（-ing),過去分詞(-ed),現(xiàn)在分詞(-ing),- ing分詞,-ed分詞,動(dòng)詞不定式,1不定式做主語 2不定式做表語 3不定式做賓語 4不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語 5不定式做定語 6不定式做狀語 7不定式用法注意事項(xiàng),1) 不定式做主語時(shí)，一般用it當(dāng)形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置。,It took me only five minutes to finish the job.,完成那個(gè)任務(wù)花去了我五分鐘。,It took me two hours to write my homework.,我花了兩個(gè)小時(shí)用來寫作業(yè)。,2)

2、不定式做主語也可用在下列結(jié)構(gòu) There seems/used/happened to be + 主語,There used to be a lemon tree at the back of the yard.,院子后面以前有一棵檸檬樹。,不定式做作主語時(shí)，可以用it做形式主語，將不定式后移，而采用“It is + 形容詞 + 不定式”的結(jié)構(gòu),brave careless clever considerate difficult easy foolish good hard helpful impolite important kind naughty necessary nice poli

3、te possible right rude silly stupid thoughtful wise wrong,例如：It is very difficult for him to finish the paper in such a short time.,在如此短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成試卷對他來說很難。,例如：It is hard to say who will laugh in the end.,還很難說誰能笑到最后。,不定式作表語通常表示預(yù)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或表示未來的可能性和假設(shè)。,Alan was to have done it but he forgot.,阿倫原來打算做這件事但給忘了。

4、,例外：作表語的不定式也可以說明或解釋主語的內(nèi)容，此時(shí)不定式只作單純的表語，不具有將來的含義。,（不定式動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)作之前，故用完成時(shí)）,I_ to the party last night, but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. would like B. was to go C. had gone D. was to have gone,D,如果主語是不定式（表示條件），表語也是不定式（表示結(jié)果）。(一致性),To do two things at a time is to do neither,一次做兩件事等于未做

5、。,To see is to believe.,百聞不如一見。（眼見為實(shí)）,如果主語是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式作表語對主語起補(bǔ)充說明作用。,His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.,他的希望是在不遠(yuǎn)的將來買一輛豪華轎車。,The most important thing is to take measures to prevent the pollution.,最重要的事

6、情是采取措施阻止污染,常見的只能用不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞(短語),afford（負(fù)擔(dān)得起）agree（同意）aim（以.為目標(biāo)）appear（似乎，顯得）arrange（安排）ask（要求）aspire（渴望）attempt（企圖）beg（懇求）believe（相信）bother（費(fèi)神，勞駕）care（關(guān)心，喜歡）claim（聲稱）dare（敢于）decide（決定）demand（要求）desire（愿望）determine（決定）elect（作出選擇，決定）enable（能夠）engage（保證）expect（期望）fail（不能）guarantee（保證）happen（碰巧）hesitate（

7、猶豫）hope（希望）intend（想要，打算）,learn（學(xué)習(xí)）long（渴望）manage（設(shè)法）neglect（忽視）offer（提供）plan（計(jì)劃）prepare（準(zhǔn)備）pretend（假裝）promise（承諾，允許）refuse（拒絕）seek（企圖，尋覓）tend（傾向）threaten（威脅）trouble（費(fèi)神，勞駕）undertake（承接，擔(dān)任）venture（敢于，斗膽）volunteer（志愿）want（想要）wish（希望）,They begged to go with us.,他們懇求與我們同行。,You neednt bother to come yours

8、elf.,不必勞駕你親自過來。,有些動(dòng)詞可以要求其后的不定式前面加一個(gè)連接副（代）詞，一起充當(dāng)賓語。what，when，where，which，how，whether等，但不可以是why。,advise / ask / consider / decide / discuss / find out / inquire / know / learn / regard / see / settle / show teach / tell / think / understand / wonder,Could you tell me whether to go for a picnic?,你能告訴我是

9、否會(huì)去野餐嗎？,My little sister is learning how to read and write.,My mother showed me how to prepare meals.,I wonder where to go.,我的小妹妹正在學(xué)習(xí)如何閱讀和書寫。,母親向我演示了如何做飯。,我不知道去哪兒。,當(dāng)不定式為直接賓語，且?guī)в匈e語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，應(yīng)將不定式置于補(bǔ)足語后面，而用it代替不定式作形式賓語,I found it impossible to answer all the questions within the time given.,我發(fā)現(xiàn)在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)答完所有的

10、問題是不可能的。,Some who were famous in their own times would find it difficult to achieve success today.,一些過去著名的人物在今天也許就難以成功。,常見的可用不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞（短語）,admit , advise , allow , appoint , arrange for , ask , assign , beg , believe , bind（責(zé)備）, call on ,care for ,cause, charge(命令), choose , command ,consider ,co

11、unt on , dare , depend on ,direct ,drive , elect , empower ,enable , encourage , entitle , expect , forbid, force , get , hate ,help , impel , inspire , instruct , intend , invite , judge , like , long for,oblige , order , permit , persuade , pray , prefer , press , pretend , prove ,recommend, rely

12、on , remind , report, require ,reveal, show, stimulate , suppose , teach , tell, think, train , trust ,vote for , wait for ,want, warn , wish,He advised me not to buy it.,他勸我不要買它。,He forbids his son to smoke,他禁止他的兒子吸煙。,句子的謂語動(dòng)詞是某些感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞時(shí)，作賓語補(bǔ)語的不定式可以省去to。如果這些謂語動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)形式，則需要保留to。,I heard him lock the

13、door.,我聽到他鎖門了。,What makes you think Im telling lies.,是什么使你認(rèn)為我在說謊。,The boy was made to go to bed early.,那男孩早早的就睡覺了。(被動(dòng)語態(tài)）,不定式修飾的名詞前有only，last，next，not a，序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)形容時(shí)，該不定式與其所修飾的名詞通常邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系。,He was the last one to leave school yesterday.,昨天他是最后一個(gè)離開教室的。,Charles Lindbergh is the first man to fly the At

14、lantic alone.,查理林德伯格是第一個(gè)獨(dú)自飛躍大西洋的人。,不定式與所修飾的名詞邏輯上構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，該不定式后面不能再帶賓語，如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，則需保留介詞。,She has a lot of work to do in the morning.,早上他有很多工作要做。,I need a pen to write with.,我需要一支筆寫字。（介詞with不能省略）,在正式文體中通常使用“介詞+whom/which+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)來做定語。whom和which分別代要修飾的人或物。,有些動(dòng)詞要求用不定式做賓語，有些形容詞要求用不定式做補(bǔ)語，則它們相應(yīng)的名詞一般也常用不定式做定

15、語。,ability ，ambition ，anxiety ，attempt ，claim， curiosity ，decision，desire ，determination， eagerness ，failure ，hope，impatience，intention， need，order，patience ， plan，promise，refusal ， resolution ，tendency，wish,Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.,他們放棄這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的決定使我們大吃一驚。,Now the need to l

16、earn foreign language is becoming greater and greater.,現(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)外語的必要性越來越大。,不定式做定語時(shí)一般修飾將要去做的事。即不定式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后。,I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.,我?guī)缀鯖]有時(shí)間去趕上末班車。,Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?,你要見那位將從北京請來的醫(yī)生嗎？,有些不定式

17、做定語時(shí)，是用來說明被修飾名詞的內(nèi)容，相當(dāng)于這個(gè)名詞的表語。,Anxiety chance courage effort evidence flight means measures move movement opportunity plan position power reason right skill strengthstruggle,Greater efforts to increase corn production must be made if bread shortage is to be avoided.,You have no reason to enter that

18、building after dark.,天黑后你沒有理由進(jìn)入那座大樓。,不定式可以用來做目的狀語，相當(dāng)于用in order to，so as to引導(dǎo)的目的狀語。,Tim sat near the fire to get warm.,“為何召開這次特別會(huì)議？”“為了選舉新的官員。”,蒂姆為了取暖坐在火爐旁邊。,“To elect the new officers (officials).”,“Why was the special meeting called?”,不定式可以用來做結(jié)果狀語，常用enough to，sufficient to，only to，never to，so + 形容詞

19、/副詞 + as to引導(dǎo)。,Would you be so kind as to step this way, please?,請您從這邊走好嗎？,我要開門，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)門被里面鎖住了。,I tried the door, only to find it locked inside.,Im so angry as not to speak.,不定式做狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語。,In order to be a good scientist, one must understand mathematics.,要成為一個(gè)出色的科學(xué)家，必須懂?dāng)?shù)學(xué)。,例外：不定式的邏輯主語若與主句不同，通常由f

20、or引出邏輯主語。,The coffee was too hot for him to drink.,咖啡太燙了，他沒法喝。,“too.to”也可用來做結(jié)果狀語，后面的不定式常含有否定含義。但這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)有不少變體則表示肯定含義。,but too.to never too.to not too.to only too.to（非常） too apt to（易于） too eager to（渴望） too ready to（非常樂意） too. to（太.以至于不能） too.not to,It is never too late to mend.,亡羊補(bǔ)牢，猶未為晚。,Im (only) too g

21、lad to see you again.,非常高興再次見到你。,He is too careful not to have noticed it.,他那么細(xì)心，不會(huì)注意不到這一點(diǎn)的。,不定式常用于作表語的形容詞后面表示結(jié)果或原因。,able / afraid / apt / careful / certain/ clever / difficult / eager / easy / fit/ happy / interesting / likely/ lucky/ ready / right / sorry / sure / unable/ unwilling,Be careful not

22、to frighten the horse by whipping it.,不要鞭打馬，小心驚嚇到它。,不定式可以用來做原因狀語。,She smiled to see the students so happy.,看到學(xué)生們這么高興她笑了。,不定式可以用來做方式狀語。,He opened his mouth wide as if to speak.,他張開嘴像是要說些什么.,(= She smiled because she saw the students so happy.),(=He opened his mouth wide as if he would speak.),常見的后面只接

23、省略to 的不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)。,cannot but（只得）cannot help but（不得不，只得）had better（最好還是）had rather（寧愿）may (just) as well（還是.的好）must (just) as well（幸好）rather than（而不是）why not（為什么不）would rather（寧愿）would sooner（寧愿）would you please（請您.）,He couldnt but accept the terms.,他只得接受這個(gè)條款。,沒什么事可做，我還是上床睡覺好了。,There is nothing to do, so

24、 I may as well go to bed.,do nothing/anything/everything.but/except結(jié)構(gòu)中要跟不帶to的不定式。,Last night I did nothing but watch TV.,昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。,I have done nothing except do what I should.,我只能做我應(yīng)該做的事。,There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent. ( ),T,醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說。,The doctor told him n

25、othing but to stop smoking.,不定式的進(jìn)行式表示其動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，它只有主動(dòng)形式“to be doing”，沒有被動(dòng)形式。,When the boss came in, Pauline happened to be calling her mother.,老板進(jìn)來的時(shí)候，波林正在和媽媽打電話。,不定式的完成式表示其動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前，其主動(dòng)形式為“to have done”，被動(dòng)形式為“to have been done”。,I am glad to have received your letter.,收到你的來信我很高興。,（to have re

26、ceived發(fā)生在am glad之前）,在have no choice but后要跟帶to的不定式，解釋為“別無選擇，只好做.”,在某些動(dòng)詞如pretend，intend，mean，plan等后面使用不定式的完成式可以表示過去想做而未做成的事。,牛頓原計(jì)劃解決那個(gè)問題，卻未能做到。,Newton planned to have solved the problem, but failed to do so.,-ing分詞,1-ing分詞做主語 2-ing分詞做表語 3-ing分詞做賓語 4-ing分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語 5-ing分詞做定語 6-ing分詞做狀語 7-ing分詞用法注意事項(xiàng),-ing

27、分詞作主語時(shí)也常用于there be no +-ing分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中，相當(dāng)于It is impossible to do sth，意思為“做.是不可能的”。,-ing分詞做表語具有主動(dòng)的概念，一般用來描述某人或某事物的性質(zhì)，解釋為“令人.”。,convincing（令人信服的）delighting（令人高興的）disappointing（令人失望的）embarrassing（令人窘迫的）encouraging（令人鼓舞的）exciting（令人激動(dòng)的）interesting（令人有趣的）moving（令人感動(dòng)的）puzzling（令人費(fèi)解的）refreshing（令人提神的）satisfying

28、（令人滿意的）surprising（令人驚異的）worrying（令人擔(dān)心的）,例如：The argument is very convincing.,例如：It feels quite refreshing to take a bath after work.,工作之后洗個(gè)澡讓人覺得非常清新。,-ing分詞做表語可以用來說明或解釋主語，這時(shí)的-ing分詞相當(dāng)與動(dòng)名詞。,例如：Perseverance is failing nineteen times and succeeding the twentieth.,毅力就是失敗了十九次以后的第二十次勝利。,常見的只能接-ing分詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞（短

29、語）,accede to（答應(yīng)）adapt to（適應(yīng)）acknowledge（承認(rèn)，自認(rèn)）admit (to)（承認(rèn)）advise（建議）advocate（提倡，主張）agree to（同意）allow amount to（意味著，實(shí)際上是）apply to（適用于）anticipate appreciate（感激，欣賞）approve of（同意） avoid bar（禁止）be accustomed to（習(xí)慣于）be afraid of（害怕）be fond of（喜歡）be good at（擅長）be intent on（專心于）be interested in（感興趣）be opp

30、osed to（反對的）,be similar to（相似）be sick of（厭惡）be successful in（成功）be tired of（厭倦）be worried about（不開心）bring to（蘇醒）cant help（禁不?。ヽant resist（禁不?。ヽant stick（難以忍受）confess to（承認(rèn)）consider（考慮）contribute to（有助于）count on（依靠）delay（延遲）deny（否認(rèn)）depend on（決定于）doubt（懷疑）endure（忍受）enjoy（享有，喜愛）escape（逃跑，逃避）excuse（原諒）f

31、all to（開始）fancy（幻想，愛好）favor（造成，偏愛）feel like（想要）finish（完成）forbid（禁止）get round to（騰出時(shí)間來做）get to（到達(dá)）give up（放棄）,have difficulty (in) （在某方面有困難）have trouble (in) （在.有困難）hold off（拖延）imagine（設(shè)想）include insist on（堅(jiān)持）involve（卷入，包含） justify keep（繼續(xù)不斷）leave off（停止）look forward to（期望）mention（說到，講到）mind（介意）miss（

32、錯(cuò)過，逃過）necessitate（使必要）object to（反對）overlook（忽略）own to（承認(rèn)）permit（允許）postpone（延遲）practise（實(shí)行，實(shí)踐）persist in（堅(jiān)持）prevent（阻止）prohibit（禁止）put off（推遲）quit（放棄，停止） recall（回想）recollect（回想）recommend（建議）rely on（依靠）report（報(bào)道）resent（怨恨）,resist（抵抗，阻止）resort to（求助）respond to（答復(fù)）resume（恢復(fù)）risk（冒險(xiǎn)）save（免得）see to（照料，注意

33、）stand（堅(jiān)持，忍受）succeed in（獲得成功）suggest（建議）take to（開始從事）testify to（證明）think about（考慮）think of（考慮）turn to（求助于）understand worry about（擔(dān)心）,例如：I must admit to feeling ashamed.,我必須承認(rèn)感到了羞恥。,例如：Nor do we doubt being able to finish the work ahead of time.,我們沒有人懷疑可以提前完成任務(wù)。,-ing分詞可以作介詞的賓語。,After turning over on

34、his couch more than a dozen times, he gave up his attempt to sleep.,他在床上翻來覆去十多次之后，放棄了睡覺的企圖。,如果你今晚不能來，明天怎么樣？,If you cant come tonight, how about coming tomorrow?,-ing分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，賓語補(bǔ)足語與賓語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。常見的可以帶-ing分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞有,bring（引起）catch（碰上）discover（發(fā)現(xiàn)）feel（感覺到） find get have hear（聽見） help keep（使連續(xù)做）leave（使.

35、處于某種狀態(tài)）like listen to（聽到）look at（看著）notice（發(fā)現(xiàn)）observe（看見）order see（看見）set（使得，引起）smell, start（引起） think, understand, want , watch（觀看）wish,The farmer caught the boys stealing his apples.,那個(gè)農(nóng)民正好抓住那些在偷他蘋果的男孩。,Her questions set me thinking.,她的問題使我陷入了沉思。,-ing分詞（短語）作定語時(shí)，其修飾的中心詞應(yīng)該是分詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)生者的。,例如：The seating

36、capacity of the stadium has been enlarged.,體育館的座位容量已經(jīng)被擴(kuò)大了。,例如：A man claiming to represent every minority group in the city who the election for mayor.,那個(gè)宣稱代表市內(nèi)每個(gè)少數(shù)派的人在市長競選中獲勝。,-ing分詞做定語時(shí)一般修飾正在進(jìn)行的事。即現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。,例如：He rushed into the burning house.,他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。,例如：The child standing ov

37、er there is my brother.,站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。,單獨(dú)的-ing分詞做定語時(shí)通常前置，-ing分詞短語做定語時(shí)通常后置。,例如：George is a promising young man.,喬治是一個(gè)有前途的年輕人。（單獨(dú)的-ing分詞做定語時(shí)前置）,例如：Please tell the children playing outside not to make so much noise.,請告訴那些在外面玩的小孩不要那么吵。（-ing分詞短語做定語時(shí)后置）,-ing分詞作狀語時(shí)，分詞的邏輯主語應(yīng)該是句子的主語，且句子的主語為分詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)生者，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)

38、關(guān)系。,例如：Seeing the house on fire, he dialed 999.,看見房子著火了，他撥打了電話999。,例如：Returning to my apartment I found my watch missing.,回到我的房間后,我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的手表不見了。,-ing分詞做狀語可以用來表示時(shí)間，如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)-ing分詞與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，在分詞之前可以用連詞when或while。,例如：climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.,爬到塔的頂端，我們看見了一幅宏偉的景觀。,例如：When

39、leaving the airport, they waved to us again and again.,離開機(jī)場時(shí)，他們向我們一次又一次得揮手。,-ing分詞做狀語可以用來表示原因。,例如：Being sick, I stayed at home.,由于生病，我呆在了家里。,例如：She caught cold sitting on the grass.,由于坐在草地上，她著涼了。,-ing分詞做狀語可以用來表示條件。,例如：Adopting this method, we will raise the average yield by 40 percent.,采用這個(gè)方法，我們將增加4

40、0%的平均產(chǎn)量。,例如：Turing to the right, you will find a path leading to his cottage.,向右轉(zhuǎn)，你將發(fā)現(xiàn)一條通往他的別墅的小路。,-ing分詞做狀語可以用來表示讓步。,例如：Admitting what she has said, I still think that she hasnt tried her best.,雖然接納了她的解釋，我仍然認(rèn)為她沒有盡全力。,-ing分詞做狀語可以用來表示結(jié)果。,例如：It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country.,

41、大雨引發(fā)了那個(gè)國家的嚴(yán)重洪災(zāi)。,例如：It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holiday.,連續(xù)兩周的下雨徹底破壞了我們的度假。,-ing分詞做狀語可以表示方式或伴隨情況。,例如：He ran up to her breathing heavily.,他氣喘吁吁得跑向她。,例如：Please fill in the form, giving your name, address, etc.,請?zhí)顚懕砀?，寫上你的姓名，地址等等?-ing分詞的一般時(shí)表示分詞的動(dòng)作與主句謂語的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，它的主動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式為-ing分詞，

42、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式為“being + -ed分詞”。,例如：Everybody dislikes being laughed at.,誰都不喜歡被人嘲笑。,-ing分詞的完成時(shí)表示分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語的動(dòng)作之前，它的主動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式為“having + -ed分詞”，被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式為“having been + -ed分詞”。,例如：Having sold the million copies of his books, Ray is currently the best scientific fiction writer.,雷的書已經(jīng)售出了一千萬冊，他現(xiàn)在是最好的科幻小說家。,-ing分詞的完

43、成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示分詞的動(dòng)作從過去開始，一直到說話時(shí)仍未結(jié)束，它的主動(dòng)語的形式為“having + been + -ING分詞”，被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式為“having been + being + -ed分詞”。,例如：Having been given this information, Eric sat down again to wait.,得到此消息后，埃里克又坐下來等著。,“there be”句型的-ing分詞形式為“there being”。,-ed分詞,1-ed分詞做表語 2-ed分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語 3-ed分詞做定語 4-ed分詞做狀語,-ed分詞做表語具有被動(dòng)的概念，一般表示某人對某事的感

44、覺或者體驗(yàn)，解釋為“感到.”。,confused（感到困惑的） delighted（感到高興的）disappointed（感到失望的） dissatisfied（感到不滿的） embarrassed（感到窘迫的） encouraged（感到鼓舞的） excited（感到激動(dòng)的） interested（感到高興的） pleased（感到愉快的） puzzled（感到費(fèi)解的） satisfied（感到滿意的） surprised（感到驚異的） worried（感到擔(dān)心的）,例如：The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too m

45、uch.,如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多，他們會(huì)感到糊涂的。,例如：Janet was embarrassed when the boy asked her age.,當(dāng)那個(gè)男孩問道珍妮特的年齡時(shí)，她感到很窘迫。,-ed分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，賓語補(bǔ)足語與賓語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。常見的可以帶-ED分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞。,feel find get have hear help keep like make notice notion observe order see set smell start think understand want watch wish,例如：We found his hair style changed completely.,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他的發(fā)型完全改變了。,例如：I made myself understood easily.,我使自己很容易就被人理解了。,-ed