Unit 21 Human Biology一、課前基礎(chǔ)自查(一)分類記單詞省時高效 .閱讀單詞(知其意)1interval n間隔；間歇2enhance vt. 增強；提高3supreme adj. (程度)最大的，極度的4compulsory adj. 強制性的，義務(wù)的5controversial adj. 有爭議的6contradict vt. 與(其他事物)相矛盾7interpret vt. 翻譯；解釋8impulse n. 脈沖9complicated adj. 復(fù)雜的10ample adj. 充足的，充裕的11storage n. 儲存12acute adj. 嚴重的；劇烈的13statistics n. 統(tǒng)計資料；統(tǒng)計數(shù)字14adaptation n. 變化；變種15mourn vi.& vt. 感到悲痛；表示哀悼16prescription n. 處方17systematic adj. 系統(tǒng)化的18temporary adj. 臨時的；短暫的19terminal adj. 致命的；晚期的20minimum n. 最低；最小21.extension n延期22sceptical adj. 懷疑的23absurd adj. 荒謬的；不合理的.重點單詞(寫其形)1circulate vi.循環(huán)2digest vt. 消化3abuse vt. 濫用4fundamental adj. 根本的；基礎(chǔ)的5seek vt. 尋找6submit vt. 提交7postpone vt. 延期，推遲，延遲8identify vt. 確定；認出，識別9symptom n. 癥狀；征兆10weekly adj. 每周一次的11decline vi. 下降12firm n. 商行，公司13rate n. 比率14deadline n. 截止日期，最后日期15vote vi. 表決16circumstance n. 情形；情況 .拓展單詞(通其變)1tolerate vt.容忍tolerant adj.寬容的；容忍的tolerance n容忍2oppose vt.反對opposite adj.相反的；反對的opposition n相反opposed adj.相反的，對立的3privileged adj.榮幸的privilege n特權(quán)；優(yōu)惠，優(yōu)待4enquiry n詢問enquire v詢問，調(diào)查5prohibit vt.禁止prohibition n禁止；禁令prohibitive adj.禁止的6unite vt.聯(lián)合；團結(jié)；統(tǒng)一union n團結(jié)united adj.團結(jié)的7equip vt.使有準備equipment n裝備；設(shè)備8fortune n大筆錢財，巨款fortunate adj.幸運的fortunately adv.幸運地unfortunate adj.不幸的misfortune n不幸9concern n擔心；擔憂concerned adj.關(guān)心的，牽掛的；有關(guān)的concerning prep.關(guān)于10annual adj.每年的，一年一次的，年度的annually adv.一年一次地，每年地，年度地語境活用1Tom is often fortunate. Last year he went to Shanghai to try his fortune. Fortunately he met and married his girlfriend there.(fortune) 2I admire you for your tolerance,_ because you can tolerate things which cant be tolerant.(tolerate)3Our parents are concerned about our health and future.As far as Im concerned,_we should talk with our parents and tell them our concerns.(concern)4As a famous saying goes, union is strength. If united,_ we can overcome all the difficulties, so lets unite together.(unite)5We oppose building a chemical factory near our village, which will cause much air pollution. Luckily, because of our opposition,_the factory wont be built.(oppose)6Our school offers good equipment and you will be well equipped with knowledge and skills for your future job.(equip)7If you want to join our club, theres an annual membership fee of 100 and the organization publishes its list of member annually. (annual)(二)練中記短語記牢用活寫準記牢語境活用(選用左欄短語填空)1.in_vain 徒勞，白費力氣2at_random 隨便地，隨意地3at_all_costs 不管多大代價，無論如何4straight_away 立刻，馬上5wipe_out 徹底毀滅6stop_sth._in_its_tracks 終止；消滅7rob_sb.of_sth. 搶劫某人某物8at_any_rate 無論如何；至少9get_down_to 開始做10bring_up 教育；撫養(yǎng)；嘔吐11get_through 通過(考試)；完成12clear_up 整理；解釋；澄清13put_off 推遲；延期14miss_out 遺漏；遺忘；錯過機會15focus_on 聚焦；集中；對準1.The people for the experiment were chosen completely at_random.2We must at_all_costs prevent them from finding out about the plan.3I have tried very hard to find out a solution to the problem, but in_vain.4At_any_rate,_the medical supplies will reach you within a week.5Its not an easy task for you to bring_up a small child on your own.6Had the boy worked harder, he would have got_through the exams.7They have decided to put_off holding the meeting because of the bad weather.8Its time that I got_down_to thinking about my future.9I cant focus my attention on study with so much noise outside.(三)仿寫明句式以用為本教材原句句式解讀句式仿寫1.It is compulsory for winners to be tested but other participants are only tested at random.獲勝者要強制性地進行檢查，而其他參與者只是隨機地檢查。“It isadj. for sb.to do .”句型。(2017全國卷書面表達)你通曉中國文化是有必要的。Its_necessary_for_you_to_have a good knowledge of Chinese culture.2.The Olympic spirit the spirit of competition which emphasises taking part rather than winning has been violated by the desire to succeed at all costs.人們不惜任何代價想要獲勝的愿望違背了重在參與而不是獲勝的奧林匹克精神。rather than并列連詞，表示“而不是”。作為學(xué)生，我們應(yīng)當通過努力學(xué)習(xí)而非考試作弊來取得好成績。As students, we should try to get good results by studying hard rather_than_cheating_in_exams.3.Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months, with a tendency to strike the young and fit rather than the old, the Spanish Flu is believed to have been the most acute epidemic in history.西班牙流感在18個月內(nèi)使多達5千萬人喪命，并且發(fā)病的傾向為年輕力壯的年輕人而不是老年人，它被認為是歷史上最嚴重的流行性傳染病?！皊b./sth.be believed to .”意為“某人或某物被認為”。他被認為是健在的好的作曲家之一。He_is_believed_to_be one of the best living composers.二、課堂重點深化1postpone vt.推遲，延期自主體驗單句語法填空The military training for the freshmen in the new term was postponed until/to the next Sunday because of the bad weather.The headmaster postponed holding (hold) the meeting until all teachers arrived at the meeting room.系統(tǒng)歸納postpone doing sth. 延緩/推遲做某事postpone sth.until/to . 把某事推遲到重點強化易錯處處防He decided to postpone to delivering the lecture, owing to his bad health. 去掉第二個to佳句時時寫(2018全國卷書面表達)首先，你最好準時到達而不要推遲到達，因為在中國守時是禮貌的。First_of_all,_youd_better_arrive_on_time_instead_of_postponing_arriving_because_it_is_polite_to_be_punctual_in_China.2oppose vt.&vi.反對；反抗自主體驗單句語法填空All people present are opposed to working (work) extra hours on Sunday.We oppose using (use) this unusual technique to clone humans.She turned and walked off in the opposite (oppose) direction.一句多譯我反對修改這個方案，因為它是可行的。I oppose_correcting_the_plan for it is practicable.(oppose)I am_opposed_to_correcting_the_plan for it is practicable.(opposed)I object_to_correcting_the_plan for it is practicable.(object)I am_against_correcting_the_plan for it is practicable.(against)系統(tǒng)歸納(1)oppose (sb.s) doing sth. 反對(某人)做某事(2)opposed adj. 相反的；對立的be opposed to (doing) sth. 反對(做)某事；與(做)某事對立opposite adj. 對立的，在對面的prep. 在的對面重點強化易錯處處防I am opposed to go shopping on Sundays for it is too crowded.gogoing佳句時時寫(2015浙江高考書面表達)當我的想法與其他人的想法對立時，我選擇尊重大多數(shù)人的意見。When_my_idea_is_opposed_to_others,_I_choose_to_respect_the_opinion_of_the_majority.名師指津opposeobject tobe against“反對”；oppose后跟動詞時要用動詞ing形式。be opposed to結(jié)構(gòu)中，to是介詞，其后也要用動詞ing形式。3prohibit vt.禁止，阻止自主體驗單句語法填空The environment group is demanding a complete prohibition (prohibit) against setting off fireworks in the Spring Festival.His small size prohibits his becoming (become) a policeman.There is a prohibition on/against tobacco advertising in newspapers and magazines.句型轉(zhuǎn)換Some people think that its necessary to prevent/stop/keep people from smoking in public places.Some people think that its necessary to prohibit peoples smoking in public places.Some people think that its necessary to prohibit people from smoking in public places.系統(tǒng)歸納(1)prohibit (doing) sth. 禁止(做)某事 禁止某人做某事(2)prohibition n. 禁止；禁令a prohibition against/on . 的禁令重點強化易錯處處防The soldiers were prohibited from leave camp after dark.leaveleaving佳句時時寫(2014江蘇高考書面表達)事實上，中國人從來沒有禁止從其他語言中提取詞匯，比如日語中的“ganbu”或“minzhu”。In_fact,_Chinese_has_never_prohibited_taking_words_from_other_languages,_for_example,_“ganbu”_or_“minzhu”_from_Japanese.聯(lián)想發(fā)散“禁止/阻止某人做某事”表達法薈萃：discourage sb. from doing sth.ban sb. from (doing) sth.prevent sb. (from) doing sth.forbid sb. (from) doing sth.keep sb. from doing sth.stop sb. (from) doing sth.4tolerate vt.忍受，容忍自主體驗單句語法填空As a teacher, you need to show tolerance towards your students carelessness in study.I couldnt tolerate being_interrupted (interrupt) when I was editing my book.We must learn to be tolerant of different cultures especially when we live in a multicultural society.一句多譯我不能容忍被嘲笑。I_cant_tolerate_being_made_fun_of.(tolerate)I_cant_bear/stand_being_made_fun_of.(bear/stand)I_cant_put_up_with_being_made_fun_of.(put up with)系統(tǒng)歸納(1)tolerate (doing) sth. 容忍/容許(做)某事(2)tolerant adj. 容忍的；寬容的be tolerant of 對寬容；容忍(3)tolerance n. 容忍 show tolerance towards sb. 容忍某人重點強化易錯處處防The school cant tolerate cheat in exams.cheatcheating佳句時時寫(2014江蘇高考書面表達)隨著英語學(xué)習(xí)者數(shù)量的增加，我們應(yīng)該對我們語言中出現(xiàn)的不同詞匯保持寬容。As_the_number_of_English_learners_is_on_the_rise,_we_should_be_tolerant_of_different_words_in_our_language.聯(lián)想發(fā)散表示“容忍，忍受”的單詞或短語還有：bear, stand, put up with等。5submit vt.提交；遞交vi.服從，屈服自主體驗完成句子The heroic people will never submit_to foreign rule.英雄的人民決不會屈服于外國的統(tǒng)治。You must submit_yourself_to the traffic rules when driving.開車時你必須遵守交通規(guī)則。I will submit_my_reports_to you as soon as possible.我會盡快把報告提交給你。系統(tǒng)歸納submit to 服從于；屈從于submit sb./oneself to 使某人/自己甘受；服從submit .to . 向提交重點強化易錯處處防Well submit the judgement of the court.submit后加_to佳句時時寫(2014遼寧高考書面表達)除了出色的創(chuàng)意之外，你還需要向?qū)W生會提交一份報告，解釋你是如何想到這個點子的，以及你使用了哪些材料。Along_with_your_wonderful_innovation,_you_need_to_submit_a_report_to_the_Student_Union,_explaining_how_the_idea_occurs_to_you_and_what_materials_you_use.6seek (sought，sought) vt.尋找，尋求；追求；探求，探索；試圖自主體驗單句語法填空Half an hour later, he sought out his favorite toy in the basket, which made him very happy.He sought to_climb (climb) over the fence, but failed.The foreigners have sought help from the local government.完成句子If you want to_seek_for/after_success,_you must work hard.如果你想追求成功，就必須努力工作。He told us that he was going to Beijing to_seek_his_fortune.他告訴我們他要到北京碰碰運氣。系統(tǒng)歸納seek sth.from sb. 向某人請求/尋求某物seek (after/for) sb./sth. 追求/尋找某人/某物seek ones fortune 找出路；碰運氣seek out 找出；尋出seek to do sth. 試圖做某事重點強化易錯處處防You should seek advice for your lawyer on this matter.forfrom佳句時時寫(2014廣東高考書面表達)為了理解不同文化中成功生活的意義，理查德從2011年開始在世界各地尋找同年同月同日生的人。In_order_to_understand_the_meaning_of_successful_life_in_different_cultures,_Richard,_from_2011,_began_to_seek_after/for_time_twins_around_the_world.7equip vt.使有準備；配備；裝備自主體驗單句語法填空My father always reminds me to equip myself for the future.Please equip yourself with a pencil and a rubber for the exam.His work experience equipped him to_deal (deal) with all kinds of people.Our school is equipped with much advanced equipment bought from abroad.(equip)系統(tǒng)歸納(1)equip .with . 用裝備equip .for sth./to do sth. 為(做)某事而裝備be equipped for/to do sth. 為(做)某事裝備好；做好準備equip sb. to do sth. 使某人能夠做某事(2)equipment nU 裝備，設(shè)備重點強化易錯處處防In addition, they spend money on fishing equipments, fuel and boat repairs.equipmentsequipment佳句時時寫(2018全國卷書面表達)此外，由于我們學(xué)校配備了各種設(shè)施，各種各樣的體育活動才能夠得以舉辦。Moreover,_with_all_kinds_of_facilities_equipped_in_our_school,_a_wide_range_of_sports_activities_are_able_to_be_held.8decline vi.&vt.下降；謝絕 n下降；衰退自主體驗寫出下列句中decline的詞性和含義I invited her to my wedding, but she declined my invitation. vt.謝絕The company reported a small decline in its profits. n.下降A(chǔ)s is known to us all, industry in Britain has been on the decline since the 1970s. n.衰退單句語法填空There has been a sharp decline in/of the amounts of sale this year.The number of population in the poor country has declined by 10 percent during the past 10 years.Though I had difficulty walking back to my classroom, I still declined to_accept_(accept) the help of my classmates. 完成句子His health fell_into_a_decline after he was injured in the accident.在事故中受傷后，他的健康狀況每況愈下。Theres a widelyheld belief that educational standards have_been_on_the decline/in decline_in the past few years.許多人普遍認為過去幾年教育水平下降了。系統(tǒng)歸納(1)decline to do sth. 拒絕做某事decline to 下降/減少到decline by 下降/減少了(2)a decline in/of sth. 在某方面減少/下降in decline 下降on the decline 走下坡路，在衰退中fall/go into (a) decline 開始衰落，陷入衰退重點強化易錯處處防The unemployment rate declined to 4 percent last month. toby佳句時時寫(2017江蘇高考書面表達)然而，去年中國的經(jīng)濟增長率有所下降。However,_China_saw_a_decline_in_its_economic_growth_rate_last_year.9fortune n財產(chǎn)；大筆的錢；機會；運氣自主體驗單句語法填空It was fortunate (fortune) enough that he found his lost wallet at last.What a difficult test! Fortunately (fortunate) I had worked hard, otherwise I would have failed.She was fortunate enough to_find (find) a job as soon as she graduated from the university.完成句子Many young people want to live in big cities to seek/try_their_fortune.許多年輕人想在大城市里尋找出路。He made_a_fortune in the gold fields of South Africa.他在南非的金礦里發(fā)了財。系統(tǒng)歸納(1)seek/try ones fortune 找出路；碰運氣make a fortune 發(fā)財(2)fortunate adj. 幸運的；僥幸的(lucky)be fortunate to do sth. 有幸做某事(3)fortunately adv. 幸 運地(luckily)重點強化易錯處處防Now there are many young men in our society dreaming of making fortune without hard work.making_后加a佳句時時寫(2014湖北高考書面表達)幸運的是，她受傷不嚴重，我們把她送到了最近的醫(yī)院。Fortunately,_she_was_not_badly_injured_and_we_sent_her_to_the_nearest_hospital.1at any rate無論如何；不管怎樣；反正，至少自主體驗完成句子You should make an adjustment about your behaviors at_any_rate.你至少應(yīng)該對你的行為作出調(diào)整。At_this_rate,_we wont make it to the destination before 5 oclock.照此情形，5點之前我們是不能到達目的地的。The driver was driving at_the/a_rate_of 100 kilometres an hour on the free way.司機在高速公路上以每小時100公里的速度開車。系統(tǒng)歸納at this/that rate 照此情形；如此下去at the/a rate of 以的速度或比率；以的價格重點強化易錯處處防You should read one of the English articles every day with any rate. withat佳句時時寫(2014湖北高考書面表達)在我看來，我們中的每個人無論如何都應(yīng)該盡力幫助那些需要幫助的人。In_my_opinion,_every_one_of_us_should_try_our_best_to_help_those_in_need_at_any_rate.2wipe out徹底毀滅；全部摧毀自主體驗完成句子The storm wiped_the_building_out only in two hours.在僅僅兩個小時之內(nèi)，暴風(fēng)雨就把那座建筑物毀壞了。He wiped_away the sweat from his brow with the back of his hand.他用手背擦掉了額頭上的汗水。The flowing water wiped_the_pictures_drawn_by_children_off/from the sand.流動的水把孩子們畫的畫從沙子上擦掉了。I wiped_up_the_ground after children left the room.孩子們離開房間后，我把地上的東西擦干凈了。系統(tǒng)歸納wipe away 擦掉，清除掉wipe sth. off/from 從上擦去某物；勾銷(債務(wù)等)wipe sth. with sth. 用擦wipe up 擦干凈重點強化易錯處處防The whole village was wiped away by the earthquake. awayout佳句時時寫(2015江蘇高考書面表達)交通問題是一個很難解決的問題。它不僅影響我們的日常生活，而且還可能毀滅人們的生活。The_traffic_issue_is_a_hard_nut_to_crack.It_not_only_affects_our_everyday_life,_but_may_also_wipe_out_peoples_life.3at all costs無論如何，不管多大代價自主體驗完成句子Economic growth must not be achieved at_the_cost_of environment or resources.發(fā)展經(jīng)濟絕不能以破壞環(huán)境、浪費資源為代價。The work is so urgent that we must finish it before 6 at_all_costs/at_any_cost.這項工作如此緊急，以至于我們無論如何得在6點前完成。You can buy the books at_cost on the Internet.你可以在網(wǎng)上以成本價買到這些書。系統(tǒng)歸納at the cost/expense of . 犧牲；以為代價at a cost of . 以的費用/價格at any cost at all costs 在任何情況下；無論如何at cost 按成本價重點強化易錯處處防At all cost, we must complete the task on time.costcosts佳句時時寫(2015安徽高考書面表達)如果我能采訪他，無論如何我也要問問他是什么使他成為一名宇航員的。If_I_could_interview_him,_I_would_ask_him_what_made_him_an_astronaut_at_all_costs.4It isadj.for sb. to do .教材原句It_is_compulsory_for_winners_to_be_tested but other participants are only tested at random.自主體驗(2017江蘇高考)It_would_be_difficult_for_developed_countries_to_maintain the size of population.對發(fā)達國家來說那將很難維持人口規(guī)模。It_is_very_clever_of_them to make good use of the Internet.他們很聰明，能充分利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。歸納點撥用法規(guī)則(1)“It isadj.for sb. to do .”結(jié)構(gòu)中的形容詞僅僅描述事物。這類形容詞有difficult, easy, hard, important, dangerous, impossible等。(2)“It isadj.of sb.to do .”結(jié)構(gòu)中的形容詞描述不定式行為者的性格、品質(zhì)。這類形容詞有 kind, good, right, clever, foolish, stupid, wise, rude 等。注意事項(1)若形容詞是對不定式行為者的品格進行評價時用of sb.，反之用for sb.。(2)of后面的名詞或代詞與前面的形容詞有邏輯上的主表關(guān)系；而for后面的名詞或代詞與前面的形容詞無邏輯上的主表關(guān)系。佳句背誦(精彩開頭句)(2017北京高考滿分作文)It is wise of us to make a video to record our experiences at school.(增分要點句)(2017全國卷滿分作文)Its difficult for a foreign learner to understand the true meaning and culture of Tang poems.(增分要點句)(2018全國卷滿分作文)It will be not only meaningful but also interesting for you to enjoy the movie.5并列連詞rather than教材原句The Olympic spirit the spirit of competition which emphasises taking part rather_than winning has been violated by the desire to succeed at all costs.自主體驗Nowadays some teenagers prefer_to_chat online with strangers rather_than_talk_with their parents face to face.如今，一些青少年寧愿在網(wǎng)上與陌生人閑談也不愿與父母面對面談話。(2014陜西高考)We would rather our daughter stayed_at_home_with_us,_but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.我們寧愿我們的女兒和我們待在家里，但這是她的選擇，她不再是個孩子了。歸納點撥用法規(guī)則(1)rather than 常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：prefer to do sth.rather than do sth.would do sth.rather than do sth.would rather do sth.than do sth.(2)would rather從句，從句中謂語動詞用虛擬語氣：過去時表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿贿^去完成時表示過去的愿望。注意事項(1)rather than為并列連詞，表示選擇，意為“而不是”。它通常用在平行結(jié)構(gòu)中，連接相同的句子成分，即rather than 前后兩部分在成分和形式上應(yīng)該一致。(2)rather than 連接主語及其附屬成分時，謂語動詞應(yīng)與rather than前面的詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。佳句背誦(精彩開頭句)(2017北京高考滿分作文)Personally, I would rather walk along the Yangtze River than climb the Mount Tai.(增分要點句)(2015重慶高考滿分作文)Of the two, I prefer to choose the latter rather than select the former.(增分要點句)(2015上海高考滿分作文)The reason why I am in favor of the picture in the top right corner is that it is simple and apparent rather than dull