無憂無慮畢設(shè)網(wǎng) ():畢業(yè)設(shè)計源碼下載 畢業(yè)設(shè)計源碼下載： 本文配套程序下載地址 ： 無憂無慮畢設(shè)網(wǎng) ()-大學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計站 ,免費畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文 ,無憂無慮畢設(shè)網(wǎng) 大學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 ,出售各類畢業(yè)設(shè)計源碼 ,論文 ,程序源碼 ,網(wǎng)站源碼 ,免費視頻教程 ,我們將竭誠為您服務(wù)！ 中華人民共和國教育部 東北林業(yè)大學(xué) 外 文 文 獻(xiàn) 論文題目： 銀行學(xué)生助學(xué)貸款管理系統(tǒng) 學(xué) 生： 張蕾 指導(dǎo)教師： 陸光 講師 學(xué) 院： 信息與計算機(jī)工程學(xué)院 專 業(yè)： 信息管理與信息系統(tǒng) 2001 級 3 班 2005 年 6 月 1 In the past decade the business environment has changed dramatically. The world has become a small and very dynamic marketplace. Organizations today confront new markets, new competition and increasing customer expectations. This has put a tremendous demand on manufacturers to； 1) Lower total costs in the complete supply chain 2) Shorten throughput times 3) Reduce stock to a minimum 4) Enlarge product assortment 5) Improve product quality 6) Provide more reliable delivery dates and higher service to the customer 7) Efficiently coordinate global demand, supply and production. Thus todays organization have to constantly re-engineer their business practices and procedures to be more and more responsive to customers and competition. In the 1990s information technology and business process re-engineering, used in conjunction with each other, have emerged as important tools which give organizations the leading edge. ERP Systems Evolution The focus of manufacturing systems in the 1960s was on inventory control. Most of the software packages then (usually customized) were designed to handle inventory based on traditional inventory concepts. In the 1970s the focus shifted to MRP (Material Requirement Planning) systems which translated the Master Schedule built for the end items into time-phased net requirements for the sub-assemblies, components and raw materials planning and procurement, In the 1980s the concept of MRP-II (Manufacturing Resources Planning) evolved which was an extension of MRP to shop floor and distribution management activities. In the early 1990s, MRP-II was further extended to cover areas like Engineering, Finance, Human Resources, Projects Management etc i.e. the complete gamut of activities within any business enterprise. Hence, the term ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) was coined. In addition to system requirements, ERP addresses technology aspects like client/server distributed architecture, RDBMS, object oriented programming etc. ERP Systems-Bandwidth ERP solutions address broad areas within any business like Manufacturing, Distribution, Finance, Project Management, Service and Maintenance, Transportation etc. A seamless integration is essential to provide visibility and consistency across the enterprise. An ERP system should be sufficiently versatile to support different manufacturing environments like make-to-stock, assemble-to-order and engineer-to-order. The customer order decoupling point (CODP) should be flexible enough to allow the co-existence of these manufacturing environments within the same system. It is also very likely that the same product may migrate from one manufacturing environment to another during its produce life cycle. The system should be complete enough to support both Discrete as well as Process manufacturing scenarios. The efficiency of an enterprise depends on the quick flow of information across the complete supply chain i.e. from the customer to manufacturers to supplier. This places demands on the ERP system to have rich functionality across all areas like sales, accounts receivable, engineering, planning, inventory management, production, purchase, accounts payable, quality management, distribution planning and external transportation. EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) is an important tool in speeding up communications with trading partners. More and more companies are becoming global and focusing on down-sizing and decentralizing their business. ABB and Northern Telecom are examples of companies which have business spread around the globe. For these companies to manage their business efficiently, ERP systems need to have extensive multi-site management capabilities. The complete financial accounting and management accounting requirements of the organization should be addressed. It is necessary to have centralized or de-centralized accounting functions with complete flexibility to consolidate corporate information. After-sales service should be streamlined and managed efficiently. A strong EIS (Enterprise Information System) with extensive drill down capabilities should be available for the top management to get a birds eye view of the health of their organization and help them to analyze performance in key areas. Evaluation Criteria Some important points to be kept in mind while evaluating an ERP software include: 1) Functional fit with the Companys business processes 2) Degree of integration between the various components of the ERP system 3) Flexibility and scalability 4) Complexity； user friendliness 5) Quick implementation； shortened ROI period 6) Ability to support multi-site planning and control 7) Technology； client/server capabilities, database independence, security 8) Availability of regular upgrades 9) Amount of customization required 10) Local support infrastructure II) Availability of reference sites 12) Total costs, including cost of license, training, implementation, maintenance, customization and hardware requirements. ERP Systems-Implementation The success of an ERP solution depends on how quick the benefits can be reaped from it. This necessitates rapid implementations which lead to shortened ROI periods. Traditional approach to implementation has been to carry out a Business Process Re-engineering exercise and define a TO BE model before the ERP system implementation. This led to mismatches between the proposed model and the ERP functionality, the consequence of which was customizations, extended implementation time frames, higher costs and loss of user confidence. ERP Systems-The Future The Internet represents the next major technology enabler which allows rapid supply chain management between multiple operations and trading partners. Most ERP systems are enhancing their products to become Internet Enabled so that customers worldwide can have direct to the suppliers ERP system. ERP systems are building in the Workflow Management functionally which provides a mechanism to manage and control the flow of work by monitoring logistic aspects like workload, capacity, throughout times, work queue lengths and processing times. 譯文 1 在過去十年中，商業(yè)環(huán)境發(fā)生了巨大的變化。世界成為了一個變化非?？斓男∈袌觥＝裉旄鱾€公司面臨著新的市場、新的競爭和日益增高的客戶期望。這對制造商施加了巨大的壓力，要求 :1)降 低整個供應(yīng)鏈的成本 ；2)縮短生產(chǎn)時間 ；3)庫存降至最低 ；4)擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)品種類 :5)改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量 ；6)提供更可靠的交付日期和對顧客的更好服務(wù) ；7)有效協(xié)調(diào)整體供求和生產(chǎn)。因此，今天的公司必須不斷重組其業(yè)務(wù)的做法和過程，以對顧客和競爭有越來越好的響應(yīng)。在九十年代，信息技術(shù)和業(yè)務(wù)流程重組 (兩者相互配合使用 )已成為重要的工具，給公司帶來領(lǐng)先的優(yōu)勢。 ERP系統(tǒng) 進(jìn)展 60 年代制造系統(tǒng)的焦點是庫存控制那時大多數(shù)軟件包 (通常是定制的 )設(shè)計成在傳統(tǒng)的庫存概念上處理庫存。在 70 年代，焦點移到了 MRP， (材料需求計劃 )系統(tǒng)，這種系統(tǒng)把力最終項目編制的總調(diào)度計劃轉(zhuǎn)變成半成品、組件和原材料計劃和采購分時間階段的網(wǎng)絡(luò)需求。 在 80 年代， MRP-n(制造資源計劃 )的概念得到了發(fā)展，對車間和分配管理活動的擴(kuò)展。在 90年代初， MRP讓 IT 進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展到包含諸如工程設(shè)計、財務(wù)、人事管理、項目管理等領(lǐng)域，即任何工商業(yè)企業(yè)中的全部活動。因此， ERP(企業(yè)資源計劃 )這個術(shù)語就運行而生。 除了系統(tǒng)要求外， ERP 解決了客戶 /服務(wù)器分布式體系機(jī)構(gòu)、關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)、面向?qū)ο缶幊痰燃夹g(shù)方面的問題。 ERP 系統(tǒng) 已寬帶 ERP 解決方案解決了任何一個公司中多方面的問題，如制造、配送、財務(wù)、項目管理、服 與維護(hù)、運輸?shù)取o縫整合對為企業(yè)提供可見性和一致性是不可缺少的。 ERP系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該非常通用，以支持不同的制造環(huán)境，如按存貨量制造、按訂單裝配和按訂單設(shè)計?？蛻粲唵畏蛛x點 (CODP)應(yīng)該非常靈活，以允許這些制造環(huán)境在同一系統(tǒng)中共存。很有可能同一產(chǎn)品在其生命周期內(nèi)要從一種制造環(huán)境轉(zhuǎn)到另一種環(huán)境。 系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該非常完整，以支持分立式和過程式兩種制造形式。企業(yè)的效率依賴于信息在整個供應(yīng)鏈上的快速流動，即從客戶到制造商再到供 應(yīng)商的信息快速流動。這就要求 ERP系統(tǒng)在所有方面 (如銷售、應(yīng)收賬、工程設(shè)計、計劃、庫存管理、生產(chǎn)、采購、應(yīng)付賬、質(zhì)量管理、分銷計劃和外部運輸 )都應(yīng)有豐富的功能。 EDI(電子數(shù)據(jù)交換 )是一種加速與貿(mào)易伙伴通信的重要工具。 越來越多的公司正在成為全球化經(jīng)營的公司，關(guān)注著業(yè)務(wù)的小型化和分散化。 ABB和北方電訊就是在全球都有業(yè)務(wù)的公司的例子。對于這些需要有效管理其業(yè)務(wù)的公司來說，El汁系統(tǒng)需要擁有廣泛的多站點管理功能。應(yīng)該解決整個組織的全部財務(wù)記賬和管理記賬的要求。擁有集中式或者分散式的記賬功能以及能把整個 公司的信息匯總起來的靈活性是必不可少的。 售后服務(wù)應(yīng)該有效地得到改進(jìn)和管理。高層管理人員應(yīng)使用功能強(qiáng)大的 EIS(即企業(yè)信息系統(tǒng)，它具有向下分析功能 )，以獲取公司經(jīng)營狀況的鳥瞰圖，以及幫助他們分析關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域的經(jīng)營。 評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 在評價 ERP 軟件時要記住下列幾點 :l)功能上適合公司的業(yè)務(wù)流程 ；2)ERP 系統(tǒng)各個組件之間的整合程度 :3)靈活性和可擴(kuò)性 ；4)復(fù)雜性 :用戶友好性 :5)快速實現(xiàn) :縮短投資回收期 6)支持多站點計劃和控制的能力 ；7)技術(shù) :客戶 /服務(wù)器能力、數(shù)據(jù)庫獨立性、安全性 :8)正規(guī)升級的可用 性 ；9)需要定制化的數(shù)量 ；10)本地支持的基礎(chǔ)實施 ；II)參考站點的可用性 ；12)總成本，包括許可使用、培訓(xùn)、實現(xiàn)、維護(hù)、定制和硬件要求等費用。 ERP系統(tǒng) 實現(xiàn) ERP解決方案的成功取決于能從中獲取好處的快慢。這就必須快速實現(xiàn)，從而縮短投資回收期。傳統(tǒng)的實現(xiàn)方法是要執(zhí)行業(yè)務(wù)過程重組，并在實現(xiàn) ERP 系統(tǒng)之前定義 將是 的模型。這導(dǎo)致了建議的模型和 ERP功能之間的不一致，其結(jié)果是要進(jìn)行定制，延長了實現(xiàn)的時間，成本增加并使用戶喪失信心。 ERP系統(tǒng) 未來 因特網(wǎng)代表了下一個重大的技術(shù)推動力， 它允許在多個操作和貿(mào)易伙伴之間的快速供應(yīng)鏈管理。大多數(shù) ERP系統(tǒng)都在改進(jìn)它們的產(chǎn)品，便之成為 因特網(wǎng)推動的 ，從而全世界的客戶都可直接訪問供應(yīng)商的 ERP系統(tǒng)。 ERP讓系統(tǒng)從功能上加進(jìn)工作流管理，這就通過監(jiān)視后勤保障諸方面 (如工作負(fù)載、能力、整體時間、工作排隊長度和處理時間，提供了一種管理和控制工作流的機(jī)制。 2 Image Management, Document Management Every long journey demands a roadmap. Before reengineering the corporation (or some small piece of it), you will need a template for visualizing the potential power of workflow technologies to transform your business. Workflow can be defined as the flow of information and control in a business process. Workflow applications integrate a wide range of applications and systems in the users local- and/or wide-area network. The application systems and services required to support workflow applications include: Image management Database management Document management Forms management Object management Product data management Project management Computer-aided software engineering Electronic messaging Directory services Internet and intranet services Electronic commerce services Image management, document management and database management are the most important for most real-world workflow applications. Image Management Paper glut is the curse of modem bureaucracies and was the impetus for the development of modem workflow technology. Workflow and image management technologies have been intertwined in the industrys consciousness since 1984. Most todays market-leading workflow vendors provide image processing products that route bitmapped representations of the original paper documents, entered through an optical scanner. Document-image processing systems are used principally to automate high-volume, back-office records-management functions, such as processing medical records, insurance claims, and tax returns. Workflow and image management technologies have been intertwined in the industrys consciousness since 1984. Most todays market-leading workflow vendors provide image processing products that route bitmapped representations of the original paper documents, entered through an optical scanner. Document-image processing systems are used principally to automate high-volume, back-office records-management functions, such as processing medical records, insurance claims, and tax returns. Most document-imaging products support a variety of image manipulation capabilities, including enhancement, reduction, enlargement, cropping, compression, conversion and OCR. Many workflow applications can read, write, and manipulate image files in any or all of the following imaging-industry- standard formats for scanning, formatting, encoding, compressing, transmitting, decompressing, and outputting document images. There are a variety of image format standards, each serves different purpose. For example, TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) is a standard file format for describing, encoding, and storing bitmapped, gray-scale still images. It is supported by most optical scanners and graphics manipulation programs. GIF (graphics Interchange Format) is a raster image format standard that is often used for in-line graphics embedded in and downloaded with HTML pages on World Wide Web. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is an ISO standard for describing, encoding, compressing, and decompressing continuous-tone, color still images. It uses a lousy algorithm that achieves superior compression and it is a general-purpose technique for applications as diverse as photo videotext, desktop publishing, graphic arts, color facsimile, newspaper photo transmission, and medical systems. MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group) is another ISO standard for describing, encoding, compressing and decompressing continuous-tone, color moving images. MPEG defines a bit-stream representation for synchronized video and audio compression to a basic 1.5Mbps bandwidth； a fellow standard, MPEG II, is designed to operate bandwidths between 4 and 10 Mbps. MPEG is supported in many multimedia application software products and in computerized video recording, storage, and playback devices, including CD-ROMS. Document Management Networks have made it next to impossible to find the document you want when you want it. Files are often scattered across myriad computers, storage devices, applications, directories, and file formats on the corporate LAN and WAN. The rapid development of the World Wide Web has exacerbated the problem of maintaining, managing, indexing, and finding important business documents under the guise of home pages - by allowing users to publish and distribute HTML-formatted files far and wide across the Internet and corporate intranets. The development of powerful search engine software (such as Alta Vista) was in inevitable consequence of this trend, enabling users to tap into basic document-management functions text indexing, search, and retrieval - in order to harness the unruly but infinitely rich information resources of this new world. Workflow capabilities are a natural extension of document management systems and are supported in many of todays commercial products. Users can check out files from server-based virtual libraries, route them to others for review and revision, track who has the file at any time reconcile and merge multiple comments and version into a final draft, and then check the resultant files back into the library, either overwriting the original or saving the final version to a different filename. Multiplitform transparency, distributed search tools, and standard application programming interfaces are inherent to the Web. Unlike the hierarchically organized file management systems bundled with most operating systems, the Web is a purely decentralized virtual library. Embedded cross-reference can be established from any Web page to any other local or remote Internet resource. Services such as Yahoo allow users to search the world for Web-resident information with as little as a single query. Authoring new Web applications is facilitated by near-ubiquitous implementation of HTML document formatting/ hyper linking and Java application-development standards. Database Management Database management systems have long been the principal platform for development of mission-critical corporate applications. Databases are at the heart of more workflow applications. One database contains the process model, which specifies the routes, roles, and rules for document routing. Another database may contain information on the current location and status of documents in process. Others may contain the information input by users in on-screen electronic forms. What chiefly distinguishes database management form document management systems is the format of the information they manage. Document management systems can handle the vast majority of information used in any organization, whether its semi structured and unstructured information, such as the running text in word-processing file, or e-mail message. Database management systems, by contrast, work principally with alphanumeric character text that can be organized into a highly structured set of files, records, and fields. This information can be linked, indexed, sorted, and filtered in countless ways, which makes databases well suited to supporting complex, custom-built, function-specific applications. Many databases provide a common pool of information accessible to multiple applications. 3 Systems development is always difficult. Most projects that are deemed failures rather cost too much or did not produce useful systems. Large projects are especially difficult. To deal with these difficulties and provide some control over the process, a systems development life cycle has been developed, This system analysis technique breaks projects into manageable pieces. Software tools display interrelationships and integrate modules. Modules have inputs, processing steps, controls, outputs. The prototyping approach is iterative, as opposed to the rigidity of the SDLC method, and provides an early version of the system. Another way to build systems is to ask end users to develop their own systems using more user-friendly fourth-generation tools such as database management systems (DBMS) or spreadsheets. This last approach carries the risk of lack of testing, incompatibilities, and duplication. All of the methods mentioned have the name five basic stages: feasibility and planning, systems analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. Systems designers need to remember that working systems must be maintained and modified as business needs arise. Systems Development Life Cycle The SDLC is one of the most formalized techniques used to develop computer systems. There are difficult versions of this technique, but all have the goal to build computer systems by analyzing the process it should replicate and breaking the process into smaller, more manageable, pieces. This approach avoids problems such as duplicated efforts, incompatible portions of programs, and runaway costs due to situations such as programmer turnover and shifting direction. A feasibility study is a quick examination of the benefits, goals, cost, and problems of the proposed system solution. The objective of this stage is to decide whether a system is the right procedure to solve the situation. Planning consists of developing a schedule for the project, appointing team leaders, and laying out a plan. System analysis determines present system procedures and problems and breaks the current system into pieces. It uses diagrams, such as a visual table of contents, which shows the relationship between the modules of a system. Systems design describes the new system on paper , including a detailed description of its modules and interrelationships, It then translates this description into workable code. Systems implementation is the most difficult step. It consists of installing the new system, training and users, making adjustments, and converting from the old system. An important element of this stage is final testing. The final testing and quality control of the new system before it is presented to the end users can uncover problems that can be resolved before multiple end users replicate the problem in production. Involving end users in the design, education and training is important because it programs system flexibility, recognizes the impact of the new system on the business, and reduces the resistance to change from the end users to the new system. Maintenance, provides a method to address changing hardware and soft requirements, problems not found during testing, end users who request additional features from the software, and changes to the program that may come from changes in the industry. Evaluation, the last phase, is important for future projects. The effectiveness of the new system, with regard to reliability, speed, ease of use, and cost, are all important criteria with which to judge the new system. Prototyping. Prototyping is a systems-building technique that uses more advanced building blocks. The main objective is to construct a working version as quickly as possible, even if the initial working system does not have all of the necessary details. This technique work s best when the necessary system are not too complex and the number of users are limited. Advantages include users which have more flexible, and a working version of the system that is much faster than using SDLC methodology. Rapid application develops the program using advanced development effort is potentially expensive and hard to implement. Tow trends causing this technique to become more popular are the backlog of projects and maintenance in most companies IT departments, and the proliferation of powerful and user-friendly software tools. Pseudocode This method was an early technique to help programmers outline the system. Pseudocode describes the logic of a program. It provides an overview of the program written in “plain” English, without the computer syntax. Top-Down Design Using this approach, the design of a new computer system begins by looking at the big picture, or the company as a whole. A bottom-up design starts with building computer systems as the need arises and responding quickly to management demands. Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) CASE tools are new software tools that assist with system and software development. CASE tools are typically used for either software development or the maintenance of existing systems. They can speed the development process, accomplishing such tasks as writing the computer code and drawing system development diagrams. For the maintenance of existing systems, some CSAE tools can perform reverse engineering. They can take the older software/system and update it by rewriting the program. These tools can be expensive. The IS personnel must be knowledgeable in the CASE methodology and technology aspects of the program. Joint Application Development This technique was developed to speed the design stage. The main system is designed in an intense workshop lasting several days. All levels of the involved parties, from users to system analysts, participate in the intense meeting. This approach limits the time-consuming task of going back and forth between users and designers when designing a system. The drawback is the need for all parties to commit the time and energy to this intense process. Three Levels of Developing Systems Vessey and Sravanapudi indentified three levels of tasks in system design and development. Level 1 tasks cannot be shared. Level 2 tasks require the sharing of work products. These are teamwork tasks where the output of one task is needed to finish the other. Level 3 tasks represent group sharing tasks. Object-Oriented Development A technique similar to SDLC for developing computer systems is object-oriented development. The ultimate goal is to build a set of reusable objects and procedures. Objects have a set of characteristics or attributes. The object comes first, with propertiesof that object being inherited. Ideally, new systems can be developed, or old ones modified, by reusing an existing object or implementing a new module. This technique results in a set of information systems building blocks. The increase use of information systems impacts almost everyone and everything, from individuals to society as a whole. Business must be very careful to protect their data, its integrity and privacy, and the way it is used. While technology is presumed to increase employment in general, those workers displaced by technology must be retrained. They must learn new skills to find a new position or to operate the technology that now performs their old job. Governments have long been involved in collecting large amounts of data. Technology has enabled them to collect and operate on this data more efficiently. Lower prices, improved capabilities, and more user-friendly features have made technology available to many more people. An important social issue is providing access to technology for everyone. Increasing dependence on technology brings new issues and risks to an organization and a society. These include data control issues from workers, consultants, and business partners. Ways to minimize data threats include training, oversight committees, audits, and the separation of duties. Threats also come from the outside. These can be minimized by software and hardware techniques including the encryption of data, dial-back modems or access controls. Working in todays technological environment brings business ethics increasingly to the forefront, not only for companies as a whole, but also for individual workers. Peoples lives can be impacted by technology mishaps such as inaccurate data, the abuse of information, or defective or poorly designed software or hardware. Effect of technology on the privacy of individuals the ease with which information regarding individuals can be acquired is astonishing. Basic and statistical data can be purchased from sources such as the government, universities, clubs, mail-order firms, and the internet. Laws in the united states protecting what private organizations can do with data makes data even more available. In the federal government, strict laws regulate what can and cannot be divulged. Employee privacy is another issue. Computers can be used to monitor employees and what they do while they are working on the computer. Some employers read their employees electronic mail or evaluate their performance using the computer. Ways to protect yourself include asking the company not to distribute your personal to give. You can also ask the company not to distribute you personal data, why they need the data, and what data are optional to give. You can also ask the company not to distribute your personal data. You have the right to check any data that refers to you and to ask to have it changed if you feel the data is inaccurate. Some people find the increased use of technology dehumanizing, since companies can know increasing amounts of information about their employees and their work habits. Jobs it is generally believed that technology increases jobs overall and improves the standard of living. How e