畢業(yè)設(shè)計中英文翻譯加工中心和車削中心的發(fā)展學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號學(xué)院系名機械工程與自動化系專業(yè)機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化指導(dǎo)教師年月482DEVELOPMENTOFMACHININGCENTERANDTURNINGCENTER4821MACHININGCENTERAMACHININGCENTERISAHIGHLYAUTOMATEDNCMILLINGMACHINETHATPERFORMSMULTIPLEMACHININGOPERATIONSSUCHASENDMILLING,DRILLING,ANDTAPPINGITWASDEVELOPEDTOREALIZEPROCESSINTEGRATIONASWELLASMACHININGAUTOMATION,IN1958FIGURE488SHOWSANEARLYMACHININGCENTEREQUIPPEDWITHANAUTOMATICTOOLCHANGERALCMOSTMACHININGCENTERSAREEQUIPPEDWITHANATCANDANAUTOMATICPALLETCHANGERAPCTOPERFORMMULTIPLECUTTINGOPERATIONSINASINGLEMACHINESETUPANDTOREDUCENONPRODUCTIVETIMEINTHEWHOLEMACHININGCYCLEMACHININGCENTERSARECLASSIFIEDINTOHORIZONTALANDVERTICALTYPESACCORDINGTOTHEORIENTATIONOFTHESPINDLEAXISFIGURES489AND4810SHOWTYPICALHORIZONTALANDVERTICALMACHININGCENTERS,RESPECTIVELYMOSTHORIZONTALMACHININGCENTERSHAVEAROTARYTABLETOINDEXTHEMACHINEDPARTATSOMESPECIFICANGLERELATIVETOTHECUTTINGTOOLAHORIZONTALMACHININGCENTERWHICHHASAROTARYTABLECANMACHINETHEFOURVERTICALFACESOFBOXEDWORKPIECESINSINGLESETUPWITHMINIMALHUMANASSISTANCETHEREFORE,AHORIZONTALMACHININGCENTERISWIDELYUSEDINANAUTOMATEDSHOPFLOORWITHALOADINGANDUNLOADINGSYSTEMFORWORKPIECESTOREALIZEMACHININGAUTOMATIONONTHEOTHERHANDAVERTICALMACHININGCENTERISWIDELYUSEDINADIEANDMOLDMACHINESHOPINAVERTICALMACHININGCENTER,THECUTTINGTOOLCANMACHINEONLYTHETOPSURFACEOFBOXEDWORKPIECES,BUTITISEASYFORHUMANOPERATORSTOUNDERSTANDTOOLMOTIONRELATIVETOTHEMACHINEDPARTFIG488MACHININGCENTER,EQUIPPEDWITHANATCCOURTESYOFMAKINOMILLINGMACHINECOLTDFIG489HORIZONTALMACHININGCENTERCOURTESYOFYAMAZAKIMAZAKCORPFIG4810VERTICALMACHININGCENTERCOURTESYOFYAMAZAKIMAZAKCORPAUTOMATICTOOLCHANGERATCATCSTANDSFORAUTOMATICTOOLCHANGER,WHICHPERMITSLOADINGANDUNLOADINGOFCUTTINGTOOLSFROMONEMACHININGOPERATIONTOTHENEXTTHEATCISDESIGNEDTOEXCHANGECUTTINGTOOLSBETWEENTHESPINDLEANDATOOLMAGAZINE,WHICHCANSTOREMORETHAN20TOOLSTHELARGECAPACITYOFTHETOOLMAGAZINEALLOWSAVARIETYOFWORKPIECESTOBEMACHINEDADDITIONALLY,HIGHERTOOLCHANGESPEEDANDRELIABILITYAREREQUIREDTOACHIEVEAFASTMACHININGCYCLEFIGURE4811SHOWSANEXAMPLEOFATWINARMTYPEATCDRIVENBYACAMMECHANISMTOENSURERELIABLEHIGHSPEEDTOOLCHANGEFIG4811ATCAUTOMATICTOOLCHANGERCOURTESYOFYAMAZAKIMAZAKCORPAUTOMATICPALLETCHANGERAPCAUTOMATICPALLETCHANGERAPCAPCSTANDSFORAUTOMATICPALLETCHANGER,WHICHPERMITSLOADINGANDUNLOADINGOFWORKPIECESFORMACHININGAUTOMATIONMOSTHORIZONTALMACHININGCENTERSHAVETWOPALLETTABLESTOEXCHANGETHEPARTSBEFOREANDAFTERMACHININGAUTOMATICALLYFIGURE4812SHOWSANEXAMPLEOFANAPCTHEOPERATORCANBEUNLOADINGTHEFINISHEDPARTANDLOADINGTHENEXTPARTONONEPALLETWHILETHEMACHININGCENTERISPROCESSINGTHECURRENTPARTONANOTHERPALLETFIG4812APCAUTOMATICPALLETCHANGERCOURTESYOFYAMAZAKIMAZAKCORP4822TURNINGCENTERATURNINGCENTERISAHIGHLYAUTOMATEDNCLATHETOPERFORMMULTIPLETURNINGOPERATIONSFIGURE4813SHOWSATYPICALTURNINGCENTERCHANGINGOFCUTTINGTOOLSISPERFORMEDBYATURRETTOOLCHANGERWHICHCANHOLDABOUTTENTURNINGANDMILLINGTOOLSTHEREFORE,ATURNINGCENTERENABLESNOTONLYTURNINGOPERATIONSBUTALSOMILLINGOPERATIONSSUCHASENDMILLING,DRILLING,ANDTAPPINGINASINGLEMACHINESETUPSOMETURNINGCENTERSHAVETWOSPINDLESANDTWOORMORETURRETTOOLCHANGERSTOCOMPLETEALLMACHININGOPERATIONSOFCYLINDRICALPARTSINASINGLEMACHINESETUPINTHISCASETHEFIRSTHALFOFTHEMACHININGOPERATIONSOFTHEWORKPIECEARECARRIEDOUTONONESPINDLE,THENTHESECONDHALFOFTHEMACHININGOPERATIONSARECARRIEDOUTONANOTHERSPINDLE,WITHOUTUNLOADINGANDLOADINGOFTHEWORKPIECETHISREDUCESPRODUCTIONTIMEFIG4813TURNINGCENTERORCNCLATHECOURTESYOFYAMAZAKIMAZAKCORPTURRETTOOLCHANGERFIGURE4814SHOWSATOOLTURRETWITH12CUTTINGTOOLSASUITABLECUTTINGTOOLFORTHETARGETMACHININGOPERATIONISINDEXEDAUTOMATICALLYUNDERNUMERICALCONTROLFORCONTINUOUSMACHININGOPERATIONSTHEMOSTSOPHISTICATEDTURNINGCENTERSHAVETOOLMONITORINGSYSTEMSWHICHCHECKTOOLLENGTHANDDIAMETERFORAUTOMATICTOOLALIGNMENTANDSENSETOOLWEARFORAUTOMATICTOOLCHANGINGFIG4814TOOLTURRETINTURNINGCENTERCOURTESYOFYAMAZAKIMAZAKCORP4823FULLYAUTOMATEDMACHININGFMSANDFMCFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMFMSTHECONCEPTOFTHEFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMFMSWASPROPOSEDDURINGTHEMID1960SITAIMSTOPERFORMAUTOMATICMACHININGOPERATIONSUNAIDEDBYHUMANOPERATORSTOMACHINEVARIOUSPARTSMACHININGCENTERSAREKEYCOMPONENTSOFTHEFMSFORFLEXIBLEMACHININGOPERATIONSFIGURE4815SHOWSATYPICALFMS,WHICHCONSISTSOFFIVEMACHININGCENTERS,ONECONVEYOR,ONELOAD/UNLOADSTATIONANDACENTRALCOMPUTERTHATCONTROLSANDMANAGESTHECOMPONENTSOFTHEFMSFIG4815FLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMCOURTESYOFYAMAZAKIMAZAKCORPNOMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMCANBECOMPLETELYFLEXIBLEFMSARETYPICALLYUSEDFORMIDVOLUMEANDMIDVARIETYPRODUCTIONANFMSISDESIGNEDTOMACHINEPARTSWITHINARANGEOFSTYLE,SIZES,ANDPROCESSES,ANDITSDEGREEOFFLEXIBILITYISLIMITEDADDITIONALLY,THEMACHININGSHAPEISCHANGEABLETHROUGHTHEPARTPROGRAMSTHATCONTROLTHENCMACHINETOOLSANDTHEPARTPROGRAMSREQUIREDFOREVERYSHAPETOBEMACHINEDHAVETOBEPREPAREDBEFORETHEMACHININGOPERATIONTHEREFOREANEWSHAPETHATNEEDSAPARTPROGRAMISNOTACCEPTABLEINCONVENTIONALFMS,WHICHISWHYATHIRDINNOVATIONOFMACHINETOOLSISREQUIREDTOACHIEVEAUTONOMOUSMACHININGOPERATIONSINSTEADOFAUTOMATICMACHININGOPERATIONSTOACHIEVETRUEFMSANFMSCONSISTSOFSEVERALNCMACHINETOOLSSUCHASMACHININGCENTERSANDTURNINGCENTERSMATERIALHANDLINGORLOADING/UNLOADINGSYSTEMSSUCHASINDUSTRIALROBOTSANDPALLETSCHANGER,CONVEYERSYSTEMSSUCHASCONVEYORSANDAUTOMATEDGUIDEDVEHICLESAGV,ANDSTORAGESYSTEMSADDITIONALLY,ANFMSHASACENTRALCOMPUTERTOCOORDINATEALLOFTHEACTIVITIESOFTHEFMS,ANDALLHARDWARECOMPONENTSOFTHEFMSGENERALLYHAVETHEIROWNMICROCOMPUTERFORCONTROLTHECENTRALCOMPUTERDOWNLOADSNCPARTPROGRAMS,ANDCONTROLSTHEMATERIALHANDLINGSYSTEM,CONVEYERSYSTEM,STORAGESYSTEM,ANDMANAGEMENTOFMATERIALSANDCUTTINGTOOLS,ETCHUMANOPERATORSPLAYIMPORTANTROLESINFMS,PERFORMINGTHEFOLLOWINGTASKSLLOADING/UNLOADINGPARTSATLOADING/UNLOADINGSTATIONS2CHANGINGANDSETTINGOFCUTTINGTOOLS3NCPARTPROGRAMMING4MAINTENANCEOFHARDWARECOMPONENTS5OPERATIONOFTHECOMPUTERSYSTEMTHESETASKSAREINDISPENSABLETOMANAGETHEFMSSUCCESSFULLYFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGCELLFMC）BASICALLY,FMSARELARGESYSTEMSTOREALIZEMANUFACTURINGAUTOMATIONFORMIDVOLUMEANDMIDVARIETYPRODUCTIONINSOMECASESSMALLSYSTEMSAREAPPLICABLETOREALIZEMANUFACTURINGAUTOMATIONTHETERMFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGCELLFMCISUSEDTOREPRESENTSMALLSYSTEMSORCOMPACTCELLSOFFMSUSUALLY,THENUMBEROFMACHINETOOLSINCLUDEDINAFMCISTHREEORFEWERONECANCONSIDERTHATANFMSISALARGEMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMCOMPOSEDOFSEVERALFMC483NCPARTPROGRAMMINGTHETASKOFPROGRAMMINGTOOPERATEMACHINETOOLSAUTOMATICALLYISCALLEDNCPARTPROGRAMMINGBECAUSETHEPROGRAMISPREPAREDFORAPARTTOBEMACHINEDNCPARTPROGRAMMINGREQUIRESTHEPROGRAMMERTOBEFAMILIARWITHBOTHTHECUTTINGPROCESSESANDPROGRAMMINGPROCEDURESTHENCPARTPROGRAMINCLUDESTHEDETAILEDCOMMANDSTOCONTROLTHEPOSITIONSANDMOTIONOFTHEMACHINETOOLINNUMERICALCONTROLTHETHREELINEARAXESX,Y,ZOFTHECARTESIANCOORDINATESYSTEMAREUSEDTOSPECIFYCUTTINGTOOLPOSITIONSANDTHREEROTATIONALAXESA,B,CAREUSEDTOSPECIFYTHECUTTINGTOOLPOSTURESINTURNINGOPERATIONS,THEPOSITIONOFTHECUTTINGTOOLISDEFINEDINTHEXZPLANEFORCYLINDRICALPARTS,ASSHOWNINFIG4816AINMILLINGOPERATIONS,THEPOSITIONOFTHECUTTINGTOOLISDEFINEDBYTHEX,Y,ANDZAXESFORCUBOIDPARTS,ASSHOWNINFIG4816BFIG4816A,BCOORDINATESYSTEMSINNUMERICALCONTROLACYLINDRICALPARTFORTURNINGBCUBOIDPARTFORMILLINGNUMERICALCONTROLREALIZESPROGRAMMABLEAUTOMATIONOFMACHININGTHEMECHANICALACTIONSORMOTIONSOFTHECUTTINGTOOLRELATIVETOTHEWORKPIECEANDTHECONTROLSEQUENCEOFTHEMACHINETOOLEQUIPMENTSARECODEDBYALPHANUMERICALDATAINAPROGRAMNCPARTPROGRAMMINGREQUIRESAPROGRAMMERWHOISFAMILIARWITHTHEMETALCUTTINGPROCESSTODEFINETHEPOINTSLINESANDSURFACESOFTHEWORKPIECE,ANDTOGENERATETHEALPHANUMERICALDATATHEMOSTIMPORTANTNCPARTPROGRAMMINGTECHNIQUESARESUMMARIZEDASFOLLOWS1MANUALPARTPROGRAMMING2COMPUTERASSISTEDPARTPROGRAMMINGAPTANDEXAPT3CAMASSISTEDPARTPROGRAMMING4831MANUALPARTPROGRAMMINGTHISISTHESIMPLESTWAYTOGENERATEAPARTPROGRAMBASICNUMERICDATAANDALPHANUMERICCODESAREENTEREDMANUALLYINTOTHENCCONTROLLERTHESIMPLESTCOMMANDSEXAMPLEISSHOWNASFOLLOWSN0010M03S1000F100EOBN0020G00X20000Y50000EOBN0030Z20000EOBN0040G01Z20000EOBEACHCODEINTHESTATEMENTHASAMEANINGTODEFINEAMACHININGOPERATIONTHE“N“CODESHOWSTHESEQUENCENUMBEROFTHESTATEMENTTHE“M“CODEANDTHEFOLLOWINGTWODIGITNUMBERDEFINEMISCELLANEOUSFUNCTIONS“M03“MEANSTOSPINDLEONWITHCLOCKWISEROTATIONTHE“S“CODEDEFINESTHESPINDLESPEED“S1000“MEANSTHATTHESPINDLESPEEDIS1000RPMTHE“F“CODEDEFINESTHEFEEDSPEED“F100“MEANSTHATTHEFEEDIS100MM/MIN“EOB“STANDSFOR“ENDOFBLOCK“ANDSHOWSTHEENDOFTHESTATEMENTTHE“G“CODEANDTHEFOLLOWINGTWODIGITNUMBERDEFINEPREPARATORYFUNCTIONS“G00“MEANSRAPIDPOSITIONINGBYPOINTTOPOINTCONTROLTHE“X“AND“Y“CODESINDICATETHEXANDYCOORDINATESTHECUTTINGTOOLMOVESRAPIDLYTOTHEPOSITIONX20MMANDY50MMWITHTHESECONDSTATEMENTTHEN,THECUTTINGTOOLMOVESRAPIDLYAGAINTOTHEPOSITIONZ20MMWITHTHETHIRDSTATEMENT“GOI“MEANSLINEARPOSITIONINGATCONTROLLEDFEEDSPEEDTHENTHECUTTINGTOOLMOVESWITHTHEFEEDSPEED,DEFINEDBY“F100“INTHISEXAMPLE,TOPOSITIONZ20MMTHEPOSITIONINGCONTROLCANBECLASSIFIEDINTOTWOTYPES,LPOINTTOPOINTCONTROLAND2CONTINUOUSPATHCONTROL“G00“ISAPOSITIONINGCOMMANDFORPOINTTOPOINTCONTROLTHISCOMMANDONLYIDENTIFIESTHENEXTPOSITIONREQUIREDATWHICHASUBSEQUENTMACHININGOPERATIONSUCHASDRILLINGISPERFORMEDTHEPATHTOGETTOTHEPOSITIONISNOTCONSIDEREDINPOINTTOPOINTCONTROLONTHEOTHERHAND,THEPATHTOGETTOTHEPOSITIONISCONTROLLEDSIMULTANEOUSLYINMORETHANONEAXISTOFOLLOWALINEORCIRCLEINCONTINUOUSPATHCONTROL“G01“ISAPOSITIONINGCOMMANDFORLINEARINTERPOLATION“G02“AND“G03“AREPOSITIONINGCOMMANDSFORCIRCULARINTERPOLATIONTHESECOMMANDSPERMITTHEGENERATIONOFTWODIMENSIONALCURVESORTHREEDIMENSIONALSURFACESBYTURNINGORMILLINGFIG4817EXAMPLEPROGRAMLISTINAPT4832COMPUTERASSISTEDPARTPROGRAMMINGAPTANDEXAPTAUTOMATICALLYPROGRAMMEDTOOLSISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTCOMPUTERASSISTEDPARTPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGEANDWASFIRSTUSEDTOGENERATEPARTPROGRAMSINPRODUCTIONAROUND1960EXAPTCONTAINSADDITIONALFUNCTIONSSUCHASSETTINGOFCUTTINGCONDITIONSSELECTIONOFCUTTINGTOOL,ANDOPERATIONPLANNINGBESIDESTHEFUNCTIONSOFAPTAPTPROVIDESTWOSTEPSTOGENERATEPARTPROGRAMSLDEFINITIONOFPARTGEOMETRY,AND2SPECIFICATIONOFTOOLMOTIONANDOPERATIONSEQUENCEANEXAMPLEPROGRAMLISTISSHOWNINFIG4817THEFOLLOWINGAPTSTATEMENTSDEFINETHECONTOUROFTHEPARTGEOMETRYBASEDONBASICGEOMETRICELEMENTSSUCHASPOINTS,LINES,ANDCIRCLESLNLLINE/20,20,2070LN2LINE/POINT/20,70,ATANGL,75,LN1LN3LINE/POINT/40,20,ATANGL,45LN4LINE/20,20,4020CIRCIRCLE/YSMALL,LN2,YLARGE,LN3,RADIUS,10WHERELNLISTHELINETHATGOESTHROUGHPOINTS20,20AND20,70LN2ISTHELINETHATGOESFROMPOINT20,70AT750TOLNILN3ISTHELINETHATGOESFROMPOINT40,20AT450TOTHEHORIZONTALLINELN4ISTHELINETHATGOESTHROUGHPOINTS20,20AND40,20ANDCIRISTHECIRCLETANGENTTOLINESLN2ANDLN3WITHRADIUS10MOSTPARTSHAPESCANBEDESCRIBEDUSINGTHESEAPTSTATEMENTSONTHEOTHERHANDS,TOOLMOTIONSARESPECIFIEDBYTHEFOLLOWINGAPTSTATEMENTSTLLFTGOLFT/LNI,PAST,LN2GORGT/LN2,TANTO,CIRGOFWD/CIR,TANTO,LN3WHERE“TLLFTGOLFT/LNI“INDICATESTHATTHETOOLPOSITIONSLEFTTLLFTOFTHELINELNI,GOESLEFTGOLFTANDMOVESALONGTHELINELNL“PASTLN2“INDICATESTHATTHETOOLMOVESUNTILPASTPASTTHELINELN2“GORGTFLN2“INDICATESTHATTHETOOLGOESRIGHTGORGTANDMOVESALONGTHELINELN2“TANTO,CIR“INDICATESTHATTHETOOLMOVESUNTILTANGENTTOTANTOTHECIRCLECIRGOFWD/CIRINDICATESTHATTHETOOLGOESFORWARDGOFWDANDMOVESALONGTHECIRCLECIR“TANTOLN3“INDICATESTHATTHETOOLMOVESUNTILTANGENTTOTHELINELN3ADDITIONALAPTSTATEMENTSAREPREPAREDTODEFINEFEEDSPEED,SPINDLESPEEDTOOLSIZE,ANDTOLERANCESOFTOOLPATHSTHEAPTPROGRAMCOMPLETEDBYTHEPARTPROGRAMMERISTRANSLATEDBYTHECOMPUTERTOTHECUTTERLOCATIONCLDATA,WHICHCONSISTSOFALLTHEGEOMETRYANDCUTTERLOCATIONINFORMATIONREQUIREDTOMACHINETHEPARTTHISPROCESSISCALLEDMAINPROCESSINGORPREPROCESSINGTOGENERATENCCOMMANDSTHECI_DATAISCONVERTEDTOTHEPARTPROGRAM,WHICHISUNDERSTOODBYTHENCMACHINETOOLCONTROLLERTHISPROCESSISCALLEDPOSTPROCESSINGTOADDNCCOMMANDSTOSPECIFYFEEDSPEED,SPINDLESPEED,ANDAUXILIARYFUNCTIONSFORTHEMACHININGOPERATION4833CAMASSISTEDPARTPROGRAMMINGCAMSYSTEMSGREWBASEDONTECHNOLOGIESRELATINGTOAPTANDEXAPTORIGINALLY,CAMSTOODFORCOMPUTERAIDEDMANUFACTURINGANDWASUSEDASAGENERALTERMFORCOMPUTERSOFTWARETOASSISTALLOPERATIONSWHILEREALIZINGMANUFACTURINGHOWEVERCAMISNOWUSEDTOINDICATECOMPUTERSOFTWARETOASSISTPARTPROGRAMMINGINANARROWSENSETHEBIGGESTDIFFERENCEBETWEENPARTPROGRAMMINGASSISTEDBYAPTANDCAMISUSABILITYPARTPROGRAMMINGASSISTEDBYAPTISBASEDONBATCHPROCESSINGTHEREFORE,MANYPROGRAMMINGERRORSARENOTDETECTEDUNTILTHEENDOFCOMPUTERPROCESSINGTHEOTHERHANDPARTPROGRAMMINGASSISTEDBYCAMISINTERACTIVEMODEPROCESSINGWITHAVISUALANDGRAPHICALENVIRONMENTITTHEREFOREBECOMESEASYTOCOMPLETEAPARTPROGRAMAFTERREPEATEDTRIALANDERRORUSINGVISUALVERIFICATIONADDITIONALLY,CLOSECOOPERATIONBETWEENCADANDCAMOFFERSASIGNIFICANTBENEFITINTERMSOFPARTPROGRAMMINGTHEGEOMETRICALDATAFOREACHPARTDESIGNEDBYCADAREAVAILABLEFORAUTOMATICTOOLPATHGENERATIONSUCHASSURFACEPROFILING,CONTOURING,ANDPOCKETMILLING,INCAMTHROUGHSOFTWAREROUTINESTHISSAVESSIGNIFICANTPROGRAMMINGTIMEANDEFFORTFORPARTPROGRAMMINGRECENTLY,SOMESIMULATIONTECHNOLOGIESHAVEBECOMEAVAILABLETOVERIFYPARTPROGRAMSFREEFROMMACHININGTROUBLEOPTIMIZATIONOFFEEDSPEEDANDDETECTIONOFMACHINECRASHARETWOMAJORFUNCTIONSFORPARTPROGRAMVERIFICATIONTHESEFUNCTIONSALSOSAVESIGNIFICANTPRODUCTIONLEADTIME482加工中心和車削中心的發(fā)展4821加工中心加工中心是一個高度自動化的數(shù)控銑床，進行多重加工端面銑，鉆，攻絲等操作。這是開發(fā)，1958年實現(xiàn)流程整合，以及加工自動化。圖488顯示早期毫安的加工中心配備了自動換刀裝置（ALC）。大多數(shù)加工中心配備ATC和自動托盤交換裝置（APC），每在一臺機器上安裝的多個切割操作，并減少非生產(chǎn)性時間在整個加工周期。加工中心的主軸軸線的方向分為水平和垂直類型。圖489和4810顯示了典型的臥式，立式加工中心，分別。最受歡迎的臥式加工中心有一個旋轉(zhuǎn)的表的索引在一些特定的角度相對于切削刀具的加工零件。其中有一個回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺臥式加工中心機可以用最少的人力援助的盒裝工件在一次裝夾四縱面。因此，被廣泛應(yīng)用于臥式加工中心與裝載和卸載系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)工件加工自動化自動化車間。另一方面。立式加工中心廣泛使用在模具加工車間。在立式加工中心，切削工具機只有盒裝工件的頂面，但它很容易為人類操作人員了解刀具相對運動加工部分。圖488加工中心，配備ATC（禮貌牧野銑床有限公司）圖489臥式加工中心（山崎馬扎克公司提供）圖4810立式加工中心（山崎馬扎克公司提供）自動換刀裝置（ATC）ATC站自動工具更換裝置，它允許加載和卸載的切割工具從一個加工操作到下一個。ATC是設(shè)計之間交換刀具主軸和刀庫，可存儲超過20個工具。刀庫的大容量的允許多種工件進行機加工。此外，更高的換刀速度和可靠性要求，實現(xiàn)了快速的加工周期。圖48。圖11顯示了一個示例的雙臂式ATC通過凸輪機構(gòu)驅(qū)動，以確?？煽康母咚贀Q刀。圖4811ATC自動換刀裝置（山崎馬扎克公司提供）自動托盤交換裝置（APC）自動托盤交換裝置（APC）APC代表自動托盤交換裝置，它允許加工自動化的工件裝卸。大多數(shù)臥式加工中心有兩個托盤交換前和加工后的零件自動表。圖4812顯示了一個例子，一個APC。操作員可以被卸載完成的部分，而加工中心處理在另一個托盤上的電流的一部分裝載在一個托盤上的下一部分。圖4812APC自動托盤交換裝置（山崎馬扎克公司提供）4822車削中心車削中心是一個高度自動化的數(shù)控車床每形成多個車削操作。圖4813顯示了一個典型的車削中心。由刀架換刀，可容納約10車刀和銑刀進行切削工具改變。因此，車削中心不僅能夠車削操作也銑削操作，如在一臺機器上設(shè)置的端銑，鉆孔和攻絲。一些車削中心有兩個主軸和兩個或兩個以上的刀架換刀完成所有加工操作，在一臺機器上安裝圓柱形零件。在這種情況下。在一個主軸上的工件的加工操作上半年進行，然后第二個一半的加工操作的另一主軸上進行，不卸載和加載的工件的情況下。這降低了生產(chǎn)時間。圖4813車削中心或數(shù)控車床（山崎馬扎克公司提供）刀架換刀圖4814顯示了12切割TOOLSA合適的切削刀具為目標的加工操作刀架數(shù)控連續(xù)加工操作下自動索引。最先進的車削中心的刀具監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)檢查刀具長度和直徑刀具自動對準和檢測刀具磨損自動換刀。圖4814刀架車削中心（山崎馬扎克公司提供）4823全自動加工FMS和FMC柔性制造系統(tǒng)（FMS柔性制造系統(tǒng)（FMS）的概念是在20世紀60年代中期提出的。它的目的是進行自動加工操作肉眼人工操作機器的各個部分。加工中心關(guān)鍵部件FMS柔性加工操作的。圖4815顯示了一個典型的柔性制造系統(tǒng)，它由5個加工中心，一個輸送機，一個加載/卸載站。和一臺中央計算機控制和管理的FMS的組件。圖4815柔性制造系統(tǒng)（山崎馬扎克公司提供）沒有制造系統(tǒng)可以完全靈活。FMS通常用于中量和中期品種生產(chǎn)。FMS的機械零件的設(shè)計風(fēng)格，尺寸，和進程的范圍內(nèi)，以及其程度的靈活性被限制。此外，通過控制數(shù)控機床的零件程序加工形狀多變。和部分程序所需的各種形狀加工的加工操作之前必須做好準備。因此，需要一個新的形狀的一部分程序是不能接受傳統(tǒng)的FMS，這就是為什么第三個創(chuàng)新的機床需要實現(xiàn)自主加工操作，而不是自動加工業(yè)務(wù)，以實現(xiàn)真正的柔性制造系統(tǒng)。FMS的由幾個數(shù)控機床，如加工中心和車削中心。材料處理或裝載/卸載系統(tǒng)，如工業(yè)機器人和托盤更換器，輸送系統(tǒng)，如輸送機和自動導(dǎo)向車（AGV），和存儲系統(tǒng)。此外，F(xiàn)MS的FMS，以協(xié)調(diào)所有的活動有一臺中央計算機，所有的硬件組件的FMS一般都有自己的微機控制。中央電腦下載NC零件程序，并控制材料處理系統(tǒng)，輸送機系統(tǒng)，存儲系統(tǒng)，和管理的材料和切割工具等。人力運營FMS中扮演著重要的角色，執(zhí)行以下任務(wù)1在加載/卸載站的裝載/卸載部件。2切削工具的更改和設(shè)置。3NC零件編程。4硬件組件的維護。5的計算機系統(tǒng)的操作。這些任務(wù)是必不可少的管理FMS成功。柔性制造單元（FMC）基本上，F(xiàn)MS是中量和中期品種生產(chǎn)的大系統(tǒng)，實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)自動化。在某些情況下。適用于小型系統(tǒng)是實現(xiàn)制造自動化。的術(shù)語柔性制造單元（FMC）是用來表示小的系統(tǒng)或緊湊型細胞的FMS。一般，在FMC中的機床的數(shù)量是三個或三個FEWERONE能認為FMS的是一個大的制造系統(tǒng)中，由一些FMC。483數(shù)控零件編程編程自動操作機床的任務(wù)被稱為NC零件程序，因為程序的一部分被加工準備。NC零件編程要求程序員熟悉的切割工藝和編程程序。NC零件程序包括詳細的命令來控制機床的位置和運動。在數(shù)控。（的X，Y，Z）的三個線性軸的直角坐標系統(tǒng)是用來指定刀具位置。和三個旋轉(zhuǎn)軸（一，二，三）用于指定刀具姿勢。在車削操作的切削刀具的位置定義在XZ平面上的圓柱形零件，如圖所示。48。16A。在銑削操作中，切削工具的位置被定義為在X，Y軸和Z軸的長方體部分，如圖所示。48。16B之間。圖4816A，B坐標系統(tǒng)（一）在數(shù)控圓柱型零件轉(zhuǎn)動（二）長方體部分用于銑削數(shù)控加工實現(xiàn)可編程自動化。編碼的字母數(shù)字數(shù)據(jù)在一個程序中的切削刀具相對于工件和控制序列的機床設(shè)備的機械操作或動作。NC零件編程需要程序員誰是熟悉金屬切削過程來定義點。線。工件的表面，以及生成的字母數(shù)字數(shù)據(jù)。最重要的NC零件編程技術(shù)總結(jié)如下1手動編程。2電腦輔助部分編程APT和EXAPT的。3CAM輔助部分編程。4831手動零件編程這是最簡單的方法來生成零件程序。手動輸入到數(shù)控控制器的基本數(shù)值數(shù)據(jù)和字母數(shù)字代碼。簡單的命令示例如下所示N0010M03S1000F100EOBN0020G00X20000Y50000EOBN0030Z20000EOBN0040G01Z20000EOB每個語句中的代碼定義一個加工操作的意思。“N”的代碼顯示了該語句的序列號。“M”代碼和以下兩位數(shù)字定義輔助功能，“M03”是指主軸順時針旋轉(zhuǎn)?！癝”的代碼定義了主軸轉(zhuǎn)速，“S1000”表示主軸速度是每分鐘1000轉(zhuǎn)的?！癋”的代碼定義的進給速度“F100”表示進料為100毫米/分鐘?！癊OB”代表“塊結(jié)束”，顯示的語句末尾。“G”代碼和以下兩位數(shù)字定義準備功能“G00”是指由點到控制點的快速定位。的“X”和“Y”的代碼表示的X坐標和Y坐標。刀具快速移動