英文原文TheAchievementsontheTechnologyofthePressureVesselsAbstractRecentlyEuropeanandU.Shaveissuedtheirpressureequipmentcodes.Especiallyinthepressurevesselcode,TheEN13445fromEuropeanandtheASMEVIII-22007fromU.Ssignificantlychangedthetechnicalcontentsandhandoutthenewdesignmodelandthemethodsonthefoundationofagrandscaleresearch.KeyWordsPressureVesselsTechnologyProgressA.IntroductionNowthewholeworldhasenteredaperiodofeconomyglobalization.Standardinternationalizationisaninexorabletrendofeconomicglobalization.Thecharacteristicsofdevelopmenttrendofcurrentstandardtechnologyareasfollows:1.Designmethodagainstfailuremode；2.Widelyapplicationofcomputertechnology；3.Moreeconomicconstructionmethods；4.Technicalspecificationwhichreflectedcomprehensiveconstructiontechnology；5.Morewideapplicationrangeofproductspecification.6.Toseeknationalcompetitivecapacityininternationaltrade.B.DevelopmentinPressureVesselDesignTechnology1.TechnologyDevelopmentinMaterialsUsedforPressureVesselsInrecentyears,Itisobvious,thatthepressurevesselproductsaregettinglargerandlargerandwithhightechnicalreferences.Nowadays,themainresearchachievementandtechnicalprogressinpressurevesselmaterialsareasfollows:2.DevelopmentinDesignTechnologyModernstructuredesignforpressurevesselisgettingridofthetraditionalconceptstepbystep,toreflectthedesignconceptwithcansatisfytechnologyrequirement.Intheviewoffailuremode,undertheprerequisiteofsafety,actualresult,safetyandeconomicbenefitarecombinedharmoniously.(1)DesignMethodinAccordanceWithFailureMode:Synthesizingthetechnicalstandardofmainindustrialcountriesintheworld,consultingthecontentofEuropeanstandards,theinternationalstandardISO16528classifiesthecommonfailuremodesofboilersandpressurevesselsinto3classesand14kinds,thatclearlydefinesthedesigntechnicalapplicationconceptagainstfailuremodes:Shorttermfailuremodes:BrittlefractureDuctileruptureLeakageatjointsduetoexcessivedeformationsCrackformationorductiletearingduetoexcessivelocalstrainsInstabilityelastic,plasticorelastic-plasticLongtermfailuremodes:CreepRuptureCreep-excessivedeformationsatmechanicaljointsorresultinginunacceptabletransferofloadCreepinstabilityErosion,corrosionEnvironmentallyassistedcrackinge.g.stresscorrosioncracking,hydrogeninducedcracking,etcCyclicfailuremodes:ProgressiveplasticdeformationAlternatingplasticityFatigueunderelasticstrains(mediumandhighcyclefatigue)orunderelastic-plasticstrains(lowcyclefatigue)Forpressureequipmentstandard,atleastthefollowingfailuremodesmustbeconsideredindefinitionofdesigncriterionandmethods:BrittlefractureDuctileruptureLeakageatjointsElasticorplasticinstability(2)ComplicateConstitutiveRelationshipandStructureAlongwiththerapiddevelopmentofcomputercapacity,nowthepressurevesseldesigntechnologyalreadycansolvetheproblemsaboutverycomplicateconstitutiverelationshiporengineeringwithcomplicatestructure.suchas:Materialswithdifferentspecificationindifferentdirection:compositematerials,fiberwindingpressureequipment；Combinedstructureanalysisdesign:closedstructurecombinedbyflanges,gasketsandbolts,contactofmultilaminateshells；Bucklingandbackbucklingofcomplicatestructure:stabilityanalysisoflargepolesandcombinedstructureofshell；Dynamicresponseofcombinedstructure:earthquakeresponse,pipingvibrationfluidinductingvibration,etc.(3)Large-ScaleNumericalValueAnalysisTraditionalcomputeraideddesign(CAD)hasalreadytransitedintoComputeraidedengineering(CAE)stepbystep.(4)AnalysisofMulti-PhysicalFieldCouplingFormodernpressureequipment,theinteractionbetweenfluidandsolidmustbesolvedexactly,atthesametime,thermalanalysisandimpactanalysisareindispensabletechnicalmethods.Therefore,thefollowingproblemsmustbesolvedtoo:Couplingoffluidandsolid:largevessels,transportationtanks,flowinginsidepipingMultiphaseflowing:boilercombustion,combustionandreflectionoffluidizedbedHeattransferandmedium:plateheatexchanger,efficiencyofcolumnplate,efficiencyofdistributor.Impactload:water-hammerphenomenon,impact(5)MethodtoChangeSafetyCoefficientInordertoincreasethecompetitionofhomemadeproducts,itisauniversaltrendforcountriesandregionsallovertheworldtodecreasethesafetycoefficient.TheUSstandard(ASME)andEuropeanunifiedstandardforpressurevessels(undermaking)alsodecreasedrelativesafetycoefficient.InASMECodeSec.VIIIDiv.1(2007edition)nbhasbeendecreasedto3.5from4.0.AndinASMECodeSec.VIIIDiv.2(2007edition)nbhasbeendecreasedto2.4from3.04.WhiletheminimumvalueofnbinEuropeanunifiedstandardforpressurevesselsis1.875.InChineseneweditionofSafetyTechnologySupervisionRulesforPressureVessel,safetycoefficienthasbeendecreasedto2.7.from3.05,safetycoefficientnbdesignedinaccordancewithanalysisdesignmethodhasbeendecreasedto2.4from2.6,therelativetechnicalstandardGB150andJB4732willbeadjustedtoo.(6)StructureChangeDuetoSafetyConceptInmodernpressurevesseldesign,thedesignershavetoconsidernotonlysafetyandtechnologyrequirementbutalsoenvironmentprotectionandsavingresources.C.DevelopingTrendofInternationalPressureEquipmentStandardTechnologyThedevelopingtrendofinternationalpressureequipmentstandardtechnologyhasthefollowingfeathers:1.CoordinationbetweenTechnicalRulesandTechnicalStandards:Statetechnicalrulesaremandatoryrulesestablishedbythegovernmenttoguaranteethesafetyofpressurevesselsproducts,productswithinitsjurisdictionhavetoobeyitssafetyprinciples,whiletechnicalstandardsarerecommended,theystipulaterelativetechnicalindexforproductsqualitytoguaranteethesafetyofpressurevesselsproducts.butthetechnicalindexstipulatedbythestandardsmustbeinaccordancewithsafetyprinciplesoftherules.Technicalstandardsmaybeusedtoguidedesign,construction,inspectionandacceptanceofpressurevessels,theyaretheplatformoftechnicalassessmentbetweenpressurevesselproductconstructionandtrade.2.ResearchforBasicPropertiesofPressureVesselMaterials:(1)LowTemperatureImpactProperties:toresearchthelawsofmaterialslowtemperatureimpactpropertiesinfluencedbymaterialssize,conditions,thicknessandstressstate,toarisethedeterminingmethodofallowedlowestdesignmetaltemperature(MDMT)forChinesetechnicalstandardinaccordancewiththeperformanceofChinesematerialsandrulesofbreakingmechanics(2)ChartforDeterminingShellThicknessofComponentsunderExternalPressure:tostudystress-stainrelationshipofpressurevesselmaterialsincommonuse.,toestablishcalculatingmethodtangentialelasticmodulusofmaterialsinplasticphase,toarisechartsford