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英文原文PROGRAMMABLELOGICCONTROLLERPLC1PLCINTRODUCEPLCINTRODUCTIONPROGRAMMABLECONTROLLERISTHEFIRSTINTHELATE1960SINTHEUNITEDSTATESTHENCALLEDPLCPROGRAMMABLELOGICCONTROLLERPROGRAMMABLELOGICCONTROLLERISUSEDTOREPLACERELAYSFORTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHELOGICALJUDGMENTTIMINGSEQUENCENUMBERANDOTHERCONTROLFUNCTIONSTHECONCEPTISPRESENTEDPLCGENERALMOTORSCOROPERATIONPLCANDTHEBASICDESIGNISTHECOMPUTERFUNCTIONALIMPROVEMENTSFLEXIBLEGENERICANDOTHERADVANTAGESANDRELAYCONTROLSYSTEMSIMPLEANDEASYTOOPERATESUCHASTHEADVANTAGESOFCHEAPPRICESCOMBINEDCONTROLLERHARDWAREISSTANDARDANDOVERALLACCORDINGTOTHEPRACTICALAPPLICATIONOFTARGETSOFTWAREINORDERTOCONTROLTHECONTENTOFTHEUSERPROCEDURESMEMORYCONTROLLERTHECONTROLLERANDCONNECTINGTHEACCUSEDCONVENIENTTARGETINTHEMID1970STHEPLCHASBEENWIDELYUSEDASACENTRALPROCESSINGUNITMICROPROCESSORIMPORTEXPORTMODULEANDTHEEXTERNALCIRCUITSAREUSEDLARGESCALEINTEGRATEDCIRCUITSEVENWHENTHEPLCISNOLONGERTHEONLYLOGICALICJUDGMENTFUNCTIONSALSOHAVEDATAPROCESSINGPIDCONDITIONINGANDDATACOMMUNICATIONSFUNCTIONSINTERNATIONALELECTROTECHNICALCOMMISSIONIECSTANDARDSPROMULGATEDPROGRAMMABLECONTROLLERFORPROGRAMMABLECONTROLLERDRAFTMADETHEFOLLOWINGDEFINITIONPROGRAMMABLECONTROLLERISADIGITALELECTRONICCOMPUTERSOPERATINGSYSTEMSPECIFICALLYFORAPPLICATIONSINTHEINDUSTRIALDESIGNENVIRONMENTITUSEDPROGRAMMABLEMEMORYUSEDTOIMPLEMENTLOGICINTHEIRINTERNALSTORAGEOPERATIONSSEQUENCECONTROLTIMINGCOUNTINGANDARITHMETICOPERATIONSSUCHASOPERATINGINSTRUCTIONSANDTHROUGHDIGITALANDANALOGINPUTANDOUTPUTTHECONTROLOFVARIOUSTYPESOFMACHINERYORPRODUCTIONPROCESSESPROGRAMMABLECONTROLLERANDRELATEDPERIPHERALSANDINDUSTRIALCONTROLSYSTEMSEASILYLINKEDTOFORMAWHOLETOEXPANDITSFUNCTIONALDESIGNPROGRAMMABLECONTROLLERFORTHEUSERISNONCONTACTEQUIPMENTTHEPROCEDURESCANBECHANGEDTOCHANGEPRODUCTIONPROCESSESTHEPROGRAMMABLECONTROLLERHASBECOMEAPOWERFULTOOLFORFACTORYAUTOMATIONWIDELYPOPULARREPLICATIONPROGRAMMABLECONTROLLERISUSERORIENTEDINDUSTRIESDEDICATEDCONTROLCOMPUTERWITHMANYDISTINCTIVEFEATURESHIGHRELIABILITYANTIINTERFERENCECAPABILITYPROGRAMMINGVISUALSIMPLEADAPTABILITYGOODFUNCTIONALIMPROVEMENTSSTRONGFUNCTIONALINTERFACEPROGRAMMABLELOGICCONTROLLERSPLCACOMPUTINGDEVICEINVENTEDBYRICHARDEMORLEYHAVEBEENWIDELYUSEDININDUSTRYINCLUDINGMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMSCHEMICALPROCESSFACILITIESANDMANYOTHERSATTHATTIMETHEPLCREPLACEDTHEHARDWIREDLOGICWITHSOFTWIREDLOGICORSOCALLEDRELAYLADDERLOGICRLLAPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGEVISUALLYRESEMBLINGTHEHARDWIREDLOGICANDREDUCEDTHEREBYTHECONFIGURATIONTIMEFROM6MONTHSDOWNTO6DAYSALTHOUGHPCBASEDCONTROLHASSTARTEDTOCOMEINTOPLACEPLCBASEDCONTROLWILLREMAINTHETECHNIQUETOWHICHTHEMAJORITYOFINDUSTRIALAPPLICATIONSWILLADHEREDUETOITSHIGHERPERFORMANCELOWERPRICEANDSUPERIORRELIABILITYINHARSHENVIRONMENTSMOREOVERACCORDINGTOASTUDYONTHEPLCMARKETOFFROSTANDSULLIVANANINCREASEOFTHEANNUALSALESVOLUMETO15MILLIONPLCPERYEARWITHTHEHARDWAREVALUEOFMORETHAN8BILLIONUSDOLLARSHASBEENPREDICTEDTHOUGHTHEPRICESOFCOMPUTINGHARDWAREISSTEADILYDROPPINGTHEINVENTOROFTHEPLCRICHARDEMORLEYFAIRLYCONSIDERSTHEPLCMARKETASA5BILLIONINDUSTRYATTHEPRESENTTIMETHOUGHPLCAREWIDELYUSEDININDUSTRIALPRACTICETHEPROGRAMMINGOFPLCBASEDCONTROLSYSTEMSISSTILLVERYMUCHRELYINGONTRIALANDERRORALIKESOFTWAREENGINEERINGPLCSOFTWAREDESIGNISFACINGTHESOFTWAREDILEMMAORCRISISINASIMILARWAYMORLEYHIMSELFEMPHASIZEDTHISASPECTMOSTFORCEFULLYBYINDICATING“IFHOUSESWEREBUILTLIKESOFTWAREPROJECTSASINGLEWOODPECKERCOULDDESTROYCIVILIZATION”PARTICULARLYPRACTICALPROBLEMSINPLCPROGRAMMINGARETOELIMINATESOFTWAREBUGSANDTOREDUCETHEMAINTENANCECOSTSOFOLDLADDERLOGICPROGRAMSTHOUGHTHEHARDWARECOSTSOFPLCAREDROPPINGCONTINUOUSLYREDUCINGTHESCANTIMEOFTHELADDERLOGICISSTILLANISSUEININDUSTRYSOTHATLOWCOSTPLCCANBEUSEDINGENERALTHEPRODUCTIVITYINGENERATINGPLCISFARBEHINDCOMPAREDTOOTHERDOMAINSFORINSTANCEVLSIDESIGNWHEREEFFICIENTCOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNTOOLSAREINPRACTICEEXISTENTSOFTWAREENGINEERINGMETHODOLOGIESARENOTNECESSARILYAPPLICABLETOTHEPLCBASEDSOFTWAREDESIGNBECAUSEPLCPROGRAMMINGREQUIRESASIMULTANEOUSCONSIDERATIONOFHARDWAREANDSOFTWARETHESOFTWAREDESIGNBECOMESTHEREBYMOREANDMORETHEMAJORCOSTDRIVERINMANYINDUSTRIALDESIGNPROJECTSMORETHAN50OFTHEMANPOWERALLOCATEDFORTHECONTROLSYSTEMDESIGNANDINSTALLATIONISSCHEDULEDFORTESTINGANDDEBUGGINGPLCPROGRAMSINADDITIONCURRENTPLCBASEDCONTROLSYSTEMSARENOTPROPERLYDESIGNEDTOSUPPORTTHEGROWINGDEMANDFORFLEXIBILITYANDRECONFIGUREABILITYOFMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSPLCISWELLADAPTEDTOARANGEOFAUTOMATIONTASKSTHESEARETYPICALLYINDUSTRIALPROCESSESINMANUFACTURINGWHERETHECOSTOFDEVELOPINGANDMAINTAININGTHEAUTOMATIONSYSTEMISHIGHRELATIVETOTHETOTALCOSTOFTHEAUTOMATIONANDWHERECHANGESTOTHESYSTEMWOULDBEEXPECTEDDURINGITSOPERATIONALLIFEPLCCONTAINSINPUTANDOUTPUTDEVICESCOMPATIBLEWITHINDUSTRIALPILOTDEVICESANDCONTROLSLITTLEELECTRICALDESIGNISREQUIREDANDTHEDESIGNPROBLEMCENTERSONEXPRESSINGTHEDESIREDSEQUENCEOFOPERATIONSPLCAPPLICATIONSARETYPICALLYHIGHLYCUSTOMIZEDSYSTEMSSOTHECOSTOFAPACKAGEDPLCISLOWCOMPAREDTOTHECOSTOFASPECIFICCUSTOMBUILTCONTROLLERDESIGNONTHEOTHERHANDINTHECASEOFMASSPRODUCEDGOODSCUSTOMIZEDCONTROLSYSTEMSAREECONOMICDUETOTHELOWERCOSTOFTHECOMPONENTSWHICHCANBEOPTIMALLYCHOSENINSTEADOFAQUOTGENERICQUOTSOLUTIONANDWHERETHENONRECURRINGENGINEERINGCHARGESARESPREADOVERTHOUSANDSORMILLIONSOFUNITSFORHIGHVOLUMEORVERYSIMPLEFIXEDAUTOMATIONTASKSDIFFERENTTECHNIQUESAREUSEDFOREXAMPLEACONSUMERDISHWASHERWOULDBECONTROLLEDBYANELECTROMECHANICALCAMTIMERCOSTINGONLYAFEWDOLLARSINPRODUCTIONQUANTITIESAMICROCONTROLLERBASEDDESIGNWOULDBEAPPROPRIATEWHEREHUNDREDSORTHOUSANDSOFUNITSWILLBEPRODUCEDANDSOTHEDEVELOPMENTCOSTDESIGNOFPOWERSUPPLIESINPUT/OUTPUTHARDWAREANDNECESSARYTESTINGANDCERTIFICATIONCANBESPREADOVERMANYSALESANDWHERETHEENDUSERWOULDNOTNEEDTOALTERTHECONTROLAUTOMOTIVEAPPLICATIONSAREANEXAMPLEMILLIONSOFUNITSAREBUILTEACHYEARANDVERYFEWENDUSERSALTERTHEPROGRAMMINGOFTHESECONTROLLERSHOWEVERSOMESPECIALTYVEHICLESSUCHASTRANSITBUSSESECONOMICALLYUSEPLCINSTEADOFCUSTOMDESIGNEDCONTROLSBECAUSETHEVOLUMESARELOWANDTHEDEVELOPMENTCOSTWOULDBEUNECONOMICVERYCOMPLEXPROCESSCONTROLSUCHASUSEDINTHECHEMICALINDUSTRYMAYREQUIREALGORITHMSANDPERFORMANCEBEYONDTHECAPABILITYOFEVENHIGHPERFORMANCEPLCVERYHIGHSPEEDORPRECISIONCONTROLSMAYALSOREQUIRECUSTOMIZEDSOLUTIONSFOREXAMPLEAIRCRAFTFLIGHTCONTROLSPROGRAMMABLECONTROLLERSAREWIDELYUSEDINMOTIONCONTROLPOSITIONINGCONTROLANDTORQUECONTROLSOMEMANUFACTURERSPRODUCEMOTIONCONTROLUNITSTOBEINTEGRATEDWITHPLCSOTHATGCODEINVOLVINGACNCMACHINECANBEUSEDTOINSTRUCTMACHINEMOVEMENTSPLCMAYINCLUDELOGICFORSINGLEVARIABLEFEEDBACKANALOGCONTROLLOOPAQUOTPROPORTIONALINTEGRALDERIVATIVEQUOTORQUOTPIDCONTROLLERQUOTAPIDLOOPCOULDBEUSEDTOCONTROLTHETEMPERATUREOFAMANUFACTURINGPROCESSFOREXAMPLEHISTORICALLYPLCWASUSUALLYCONFIGUREDWITHONLYAFEWANALOGCONTROLLOOPSWHEREPROCESSESREQUIREDHUNDREDSORTHOUSANDSOFLOOPSADISTRIBUTEDCONTROLSYSTEMDCSWOULDINSTEADBEUSEDASPLCHASBECOMEMOREPOWERFULTHEBOUNDARYBETWEENDCSANDPLCAPPLICATIONSHASBECOMELESSDISTINCTPLCHASSIMILARFUNCTIONALITYASREMOTETERMINALUNITSANRTUHOWEVERUSUALLYDOESNOTSUPPORTCONTROLALGORITHMSORCONTROLLOOPSASHARDWARERAPIDLYBECOMESMOREPOWERFULANDCHEAPERRTUPLCANDDCSAREINCREASINGLYBEGINNINGTOOVERLAPINRESPONSIBILITIESANDMANYVENDORSSELLRTUWITHPLCLIKEFEATURESANDVICEVERSATHEINDUSTRYHASSTANDARDIZEDONTHEIEC611313FUNCTIONALBLOCKLANGUAGEFORCREATINGPROGRAMSTORUNONRTUANDPLCALTHOUGHNEARLYALLVENDORSALSOOFFERPROPRIETARYALTERNATIVESANDASSOCIATEDDEVELOPMENTENVIRONMENTS2THESTRUCTUREOFPLCSYSTEMSTRUCTURALLYDIVIDESPLCDIVIDESINTOTHESTATIONARYTYPEANDTHECOMBINEDTYPEMODULETYPETWOKINDSSTATIONARYPLCINCLUDINGTHECPUBOARDTHEI/OBOARDDEMONSTRATEDTHEKNEADINGBOARDTHEMEMORYBLOCKTHEPOWERSOURCEANDSOONTHESEELEMENTSCOMBINENOTADISMOUNTABLEWHOLEMODULETYPEPLCINCLUDINGTHECPUMODULETHEI/OMODULETHEMEMORYTHEPOWERSOURCEMODULETHELEDGERWALLORTHERACKTHESEMODULESMAYDEFERTOCERTAINRULECOMBINATIONDISPOSITION1、CPUCONSTITUTIONCPUISTHEPLCCOREPLAYSNERVECENTERSROLEWRAPSPLCTOHAVECPUATLEASTEVERYTIMEITTHEFUNCTIONWHICHENTRUSTSWITHACCORDINGTOTHEPLCSYSTEMPROGRAMRECEIVESANDSTORESTHEUSERPROGRAMANDTHEDATAWITHSCANNINGWAYGATHERINGTHECONDITIONORTHEDATAWHICHSENDSBYTHESCENEINPUTDEVICECOEXISTINGENTERSTHESTIPULATIONINTHEREGISTERSIMULTANEOUSLYDIAGNOSESTHEPOWERSOURCEANDINTHEPLCINTERNALCIRCUITACTIVESTATUSANDTHEPROGRAMMINGPROCESSGRAMMATICALERRORANDSOONAFTERENTERSTHEMOVEMENTONEBYONEREADSTHEINSTRUCTIONFROMTHEUSERPROGRAMMEMORYTHEDUTYWHICHSTIPULATEDACCORDINGTOTHEINSTRUCTIONPRODUCESTHECORRESPONDINGCONTROLSIGNALAGAINAFTERTHEANALYSISDIRECTSTHERELATEDCONTROLCIRCUITCPUMAINLYBYTHEOPERATORCONTROLLERREGISTERANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFDATALINKBETWEENTHEMCONTROLANDSTATEBUSCPUUNITALSOINCLUDESPERIPHERALCHIPSBUSINTERFACEANDRELATEDCIRCUITRYMEMORYISMAINLYUSEDFORSTORINGPROGRAMSANDDATAISANINTEGRALUNITPLCINTHEUSERVIEWUNNECESSARILYDETAILEDANALYSISOFTHECPUSINTERNALCIRCUITRYBUTTHEWORKINGMECHANISMOFTHEVARIOUSPARTSORSHOULDHAVESUFFICIENTUNDERSTANDINGCPUANDTHECONTROLWORKWHICHWILLREADTHEINSTRUCTIONSDIRECTIVESANDEXECUTIVEORDERSTOEXPLAINHOWEVERTHEPACEOFWORKFROMTHEVIBRATIONSIGNALSCOMPUTINGDEVICESUSEDFORDIGITALORLOGICOPERATIONUNDERTHECOMMANDOFTHECONTROLLERWORKCPUSPEEDANDMEMORYCAPACITYAREIMPORTANTPARAMETERSFORPLCWHICHDETERMINESTHEPACEOFWORKPLCI/ONUMBERANDSOFTWARECAPACITYETCTHEREBYLIMITINGTHECONTROLOFTHESCALE2、I/OMODULESPLCINTERFACEWITHTHEELECTRICALCIRCUITISTHROUGHTHEINPUTANDOUTPUTSECTIONI/OCOMPLETIONI/OMODULEINTEGRATESTHEPLCSI/OCIRCUITSTHEINPUTREGISTERREFLECTINGTHEINPUTSIGNALSTATUSOUTPUTPOINTREFLECTSTHESTATEOFTHEOUTPUTLATCHINPUTMODULEWILLTRANSFORMELECTRICALSIGNALSINTODIGITALSIGNALSINTOTHEPLCSYSTEMTHEOUTPUTMODULEOPPOSITEI/OINTODIGITALINPUTDIDIGITALOUTPUTSDOANALOGINPUTAIANALOGOUTPUTAOMODULES3、COMMONI/OASFOLLOWSWITCHINGCAPACITYVOLTAGELEVELBYPOINTSWITH220VAC110VAC24VDCBYWAYOFISOLATIONTHEREISISOLATIONANDTRANSISTORISOLATIONRELAYSANALOGBYTYPEOFSIGNALACURRENTTYPE420MA020MAVOLTAGE010V05V1010VANDSOONBYTHEPRECISIONPOINTSARE12BIT14BIT16BITETCINADDITIONTOTHESEGENERALPURPOSEIOTHEREARESPECIALIOMODULESSUCHASTHERMALRESISTANCETHERMOCOUPLEPULSEANDOTHERMODULESBYI/OMODULESPECIFICATIONSANDTODETERMINETHENUMBEROFPOINTSI/OMODULESCANBEMOREORLESSBUTTHEMAXIMUMNUMBEROFCPUCANBETHEBASICCONFIGURATIONMANAGEMENTCAPABILITIESWHICHBYTHELARGESTFLOORORRACKSLOTLIMITPOWERMODULESPLCPOWERSUPPLYMODULESFORTHEPLCTOPROVIDETHEPOWERSUPPLYINTEGRATEDCIRCUITSMEANWHILESOMEOFTHEMFORTHEWORKINPUTCIRCUITTOPROVIDE24VPOWERSUPPLYPOWERINPUTTYPESAREAC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