一、外文原文TALLINGBUILDINGANDSTEELCONSTRUCTIONALTHOUGHTHEREHAVEBEENMANYADVANCEMENTSINBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONTECHNOLOGYINGENERALSPECTACULARARCHIEVEMENTSHAVEBEENMADEINTHEDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONOFULTRAHIGHRISEBUILDINGSTHEEARLYDEVELOPMENTOFHIGHRISEBUILDINGSBEGANWITHSTRUCTURALSTEELFRAMINGREINFORCEDCONCRETEANDSTRESSEDSKINTUBESYSTEMSHAVESINCEBEENECONOMICALLYANDCOMPETITIVELYUSEDINANUMBEROFSTRUCTURESFORBOTHRESIDENTIALANDCOMMERCIALPURPOSESTHEHIGHRISEBUILDINGSRANGINGFROM50TO110STORIESTHATAREBEINGBUILTALLOVERTHEUNITEDSTATESARETHERESULTOFINNOVATIONSANDDEVELOPMENTOFNEWSTRUCTUALSYSTEMSGREATERHEIGHTENTAILSINCREASEDCOLUMNANDBEAMSIZESTOMAKEBUILDINGSMORERIGIDSOTHATUNDERWINDLOADTHEYWILLNOTSWAYBEYONDANACCEPTABLELIMITEXCESSIVELATERALSWAYMAYCAUSESERIOUSRECURRINGDAMAGETOPARTITIONS,CEILINGSANDOTHERARCHITECTURALDETAILSINADDITION,EXCESSIVESWAYMAYCAUSEDISCOMFORTTOTHEOCCUPANTSOFTHEBUILDINGBECAUSETHEIRPERCEPTIONOFSUCHMOTIONSTRUCTURALSYSTEMSOFREINFORCEDCONCRETE,ASWELLASSTEEL,TAKEFULLADVANTAGEOFINHERENTPOTENTIALSTIFFNESSOFTHETOTALBUILDINGANDTHEREFOREREQUIREADDITIONALSTIFFENINGTOLIMITTHESWAYINASTEELSTRUCTURE,FOREXAMPLE,THEECONOMYCANBEDEFINEDINTERMSOFTHETOTALAVERAGEQUANTITYOFSTEELPERSQUAREFOOTOFFLOORAREAOFTHEBUILDINGCURVEAINFIG1REPRESENTSTHEAVERAGEUNITWEIGHTOFACONVENTIONALFRAMEWITHINCREASINGNUMBERSOFSTORIESCURVEBREPRESENTSTHEAVERAGESTEELWEIGHTIFTHEFRAMEISPROTECTEDFROMALLLATERALLOADSTHEGAPBETWEENTHEUPPERBOUNDARYANDTHELOWERBOUNDARYREPRESENTSTHEPREMIUMFORHEIGHTFORTHETRADITIONALCOLUMNANDBEAMFRAMESTRUCTURALENGINEERSHAVEDEVELOPEDSTRUCTURALSYSTEMSWITHAVIEWTOELIMINATINGTHISPREMIUMSYSTEMSINSTEELTALLBUILDINGSINSTEELDEVELOPEDASARESULTOFSEVERALTYPESOFSTRUCTURALINNOVATIONSTHEINNOVATIONSHAVEBEENAPPLIEDTOTHECONSTRUCTIONOFBOTHOFFICEANDAPARTMENTBUILDINGSFRAMEWITHRIGIDBELTTRUSSESINORDERTOTIETHEEXTERIORCOLUMNSOFAFRAMESTRUCTURETOTHEINTERIORVERTICALTRUSSES,ASYSTEMOFRIGIDBELTTRUSSESATMIDHEIGHTANDATTHETOPOFTHEBUILDINGMAYBEUSEDAGOODEXAMPLEOFTHISSYSTEMISTHEFIRSTWISCONSINBANKBUILDING1974INMILWAUKEEFRAMEDTUBETHEMAXIMUMEFFICIENCYOFTHETOTALSTRUCTUREOFATALLBUILDING,FORBOTHSTRENGTHANDSTIFFNESS,TORESISTWINDLOADCANBEACHIEVEDONLYIFALLCOLUMNELEMENTCANBECONNECTEDTOEACHOTHERINSUCHAWAYTHATTHEENTIREBUILDINGACTSASAHOLLOWTUBEORRIGIDBOXINPROJECTINGOUTOFTHEGROUNDTHISPARTICULARSTRUCTURALSYSTEMWASPROBABLYUSEDFORTHEFIRSTTIMEINTHE43STORYREINFORCEDCONCRETEDEWITTCHESTNUTAPARTMENTBUILDINGINCHICAGOTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTUSEOFTHISSYSTEMISINTHETWINSTRUCTURALSTEELTOWERSOFTHE110STORYWORLDTRADECENTERBUILDINGINNEWYORKCOLUMNDIAGONALTRUSSTUBETHEEXTERIORCOLUMNSOFABUILDINGCANBESPACEDREASONABLYFARAPARTANDYETBEMADETOWORKTOGETHERASATUBEBYCONNECTINGTHEMWITHDIAGONALMEMBERSINTERESTINGATTHECENTRELINEOFTHECOLUMNSANDBEAMSTHISSIMPLEYETEXTREMELYEFFICIENTSYSTEMWASUSEDFORTHEFIRSTTIMEONTHEJOHNHANCOCKCENTREINCHICAGO,USINGASMUCHSTEELASISNORMALLYNEEDEDFORATRADITIONAL40STORYBUILDINGBUNDLEDTUBEWITHTHECONTINUINGNEEDFORLARGERANDTALLERBUILDINGS,THEFRAMEDTUBEORTHECOLUMNDIAGONALTRUSSTUBEMAYBEUSEDINABUNDLEDFORMTOCREATELARGERTUBEENVELOPESWHILEMAINTAININGHIGHEFFICIENCYTHE110STORYSEARSROEBUCKHEADQUARTERSBUILDINGINCHICAGOHASNINETUBE,BUNDLEDATTHEBASEOFTHEBUILDINGINTHREEROWSSOMEOFTHESEINDIVIDUALTUBESTERMINATEATDIFFERENTHEIGHTSOFTHEBUILDING,DEMONSTRATINGTHEUNLIMITEDARCHITECTURALPOSSIBILITIESOFTHISLATESTSTRUCTURALCONCEPTTHESEARSTOWER,ATAHEIGHTOF1450FT442M,ISTHEWORLDSTALLESTBUILDINGSTRESSEDSKINTUBESYSTEMTHETUBESTRUCTURALSYSTEMWASDEVELOPEDFORIMPROVINGTHERESISTANCETOLATERALFORCESWINDANDEARTHQUAKEANDTHECONTROLOFDRIFTLATERALBUILDINGMOVEMENTINHIGHRISEBUILDINGTHESTRESSEDSKINTUBETAKESTHETUBESYSTEMASTEPFURTHERTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHESTRESSEDSKINTUBEUTILIZESTHEFAADEOFTHEBUILDINGASASTRUCTURALELEMENTWHICHACTSWITHTHEFRAMEDTUBE,THUSPROVIDINGANEFFICIENTWAYOFRESISTINGLATERALLOADSINHIGHRISEBUILDINGS,ANDRESULTINGINCOSTEFFECTIVECOLUMNFREEINTERIORSPACEWITHAHIGHRATIOOFNETTOGROSSFLOORAREABECAUSEOFTHECONTRIBUTIONOFTHESTRESSEDSKINFAADE,THEFRAMEDMEMBERSOFTHETUBEREQUIRELESSMASS,ANDARETHUSLIGHTERANDLESSEXPENSIVEALLTHETYPICALCOLUMNSANDSPANDRELBEAMSARESTANDARDROLLEDSHAPES,MINIMIZINGTHEUSEANDCOSTOFSPECIALBUILTUPMEMBERSTHEDEPTHREQUIREMENTFORTHEPERIMETERSPANDRELBEAMSISALSOREDUCED,ANDTHENEEDFORUPSETBEAMSABOVEFLOORS,WHICHWOULDENCROACHONVALUABLESPACE,ISMINIMIZEDTHESTRUCTURALSYSTEMHASBEENUSEDONTHE54STORYONEMELLONBANKCENTERINPITTBURGHSYSTEMSINCONCRETEWHILETALLBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTEDOFSTEELHADANEARLYSTART,DEVELOPMENTOFTALLBUILDINGSOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEPROGRESSEDATAFASTENOUGHRATETOPROVIDEACOMPETITIVECHANLLENGETOSTRUCTURALSTEELSYSTEMSFORBOTHOFFICEANDAPARTMENTBUILDINGSFRAMEDTUBEASDISCUSSEDABOVE,THEFIRSTFRAMEDTUBECONCEPTFORTALLBUILDINGSWASUSEDFORTHE43STORYDEWITTCHESTNUTAPARTMENTBUILDINGINTHISBUILDING,EXTERIORCOLUMNSWERESPACEDAT55FT168MCENTERS,ANDINTERIORCOLUMNSWEREUSEDASNEEDEDTOSUPPORTTHE8INTHICK20MFLATPLATECONCRETESLABSTUBEINTUBEANOTHERSYSTEMINREINFORCEDCONCRETEFOROFFICEBUILDINGSCOMBINESTHETRADITIONALSHEARWALLCONSTRUCTIONWITHANEXTERIORFRAMEDTUBETHESYSTEMCONSISTSOFANOUTERFRAMEDTUBEOFVERYCLOSELYSPACEDCOLUMNSANDANINTERIORRIGIDSHEARWALLTUBEENCLOSINGTHECENTRALSERVICEAREATHESYSTEMKNOWNASTHETUBEINTUBESYSTEM,MADEITPOSSIBLETODESIGNTHEWORLDSPRESENTTALLEST714FTOR218MLIGHTWEIGHTCONCRETEBUILDINGTHE52STORYONESHELLPLAZABUILDINGINHOUSTONFORTHEUNITPRICEOFATRADITIONALSHEARWALLSTRUCTUREOFONLY35STORIESSYSTEMSCOMBININGBOTHCONCRETEANDSTEELHAVEALSOBEENDEVELOPED,ANEXAMLEOFWHICHISTHECOMPOSITESYSTEMDEVELOPEDBYSKIDMORE,OWINGSMERRILINWHICHANEXTERIORCLOSELYSPACEDFRAMEDTUBEINCONCRETEENVELOPSANINTERIORSTEELFRAMING,THEREBYCOMBININGTHEADVANTAGESOFBOTHREINFORCEDCONCRETEANDSTRUCTURALSTEELSYSTEMSTHE52STORYONESHELLSQUAREBUILDINGINNEWORLEANSISBASEDONTHISSYSTEMSTEELCONSTRUCTIONREFERSTOABROADRANGEOFBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONINWHICHSTEELPLAYSTHELEADINGROLEMOSTSTEELCONSTRUCTIONCONSISTSOFLARGESCALEBUILDINGSORENGINEERINGWORKS,WITHTHESTEELGENERALLYINTHEFORMOFBEAMS,GIRDERS,BARS,PLATES,ANDOTHERMEMBERSSHAPEDTHROUGHTHEHOTROLLEDPROCESSDESPITETHEINCREASEDUSEOFOTHERMATERIALS,STEELCONSTRUCTIONREMAINEDAMAJOROUTLETFORTHESTEELINDUSTRIESOFTHEUS,UK,USSR,JAPAN,WESTGERMAN,FRANCE,ANDOTHERSTEELPRODUCERSINTHE1970S二、原文翻譯高層結(jié)構(gòu)與鋼結(jié)構(gòu)近年來，盡管一般的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)取得了很大的進(jìn)步，但是取得顯著成績的還要屬超高層建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。最初的高層建筑設(shè)計(jì)是從鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)開始的。鋼筋混凝土和受力外包鋼筒系統(tǒng)運(yùn)用起來是比較經(jīng)濟(jì)的系統(tǒng)，被有效地運(yùn)用于大批的民用建筑和商業(yè)建筑中。50層到100層的建筑被定義為超高層建筑。而這種建筑在美國得廣泛的應(yīng)用是由于新的結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展和創(chuàng)新。這樣的高度需要增大柱和梁的尺寸，這樣以來可以使建筑物更加堅(jiān)固以至于在允許的限度范圍內(nèi)承受風(fēng)荷載而不產(chǎn)生彎曲和傾斜。過分的傾斜會(huì)導(dǎo)致建筑的隔離構(gòu)件、頂棚以及其他建筑細(xì)部產(chǎn)生循環(huán)破壞。除此之外，過大的搖動(dòng)也會(huì)使建筑的使用者們因感覺到這樣的的晃動(dòng)而產(chǎn)生不舒服的感覺。無論是鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)還是鋼結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)都充分利用了整個(gè)建筑的剛度潛力，因此不能指望利用多余的剛度來限制側(cè)向位移。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)中的體系鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的高層建筑的發(fā)展是幾種結(jié)構(gòu)體系創(chuàng)新的結(jié)果。這些創(chuàng)新的結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)被廣泛地應(yīng)用于辦公大樓和公寓建筑中。剛性帶式桁架的框架結(jié)構(gòu)為了聯(lián)系框架結(jié)構(gòu)的外柱和內(nèi)部帶式桁架，可以在建筑物的中間和頂部設(shè)置剛性帶式桁架。1974年在米望基建造的威斯康森銀行大樓就是一個(gè)很好的例子?？蚣芡步Y(jié)構(gòu)如果所有的構(gòu)件都用某種方式互相聯(lián)系在一起，整個(gè)建筑就像是從地面發(fā)射出的一個(gè)空心筒體或是一個(gè)剛性盒子一樣。這個(gè)時(shí)候此高層建筑的整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)抵抗風(fēng)荷載的所有強(qiáng)度和剛度將達(dá)到最大的效率。這種特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)體系首次被芝加哥的43層鋼筋混凝土的德威特紅棕色的公寓大樓所采用。但是這種結(jié)構(gòu)體系的的所有應(yīng)用中最引人注目的還要屬在紐約建造的100層的雙筒結(jié)構(gòu)的世界貿(mào)易中心大廈。斜撐桁架筒體建筑物的外柱可以彼此獨(dú)立的間隔布置，也可以借助于通過梁柱中心線的交叉的斜撐構(gòu)件聯(lián)系在一起，形成一個(gè)共同工作的筒體結(jié)構(gòu)。這種高度的結(jié)構(gòu)體系首次被芝加哥的JOHNHANCOCK中心大廈采用。這項(xiàng)工程所耗用的剛才量與傳統(tǒng)的四十層高樓的用鋼量相當(dāng)。筒體隨著對(duì)更高層建筑的要求不斷地增大。筒體結(jié)構(gòu)和斜撐桁架筒體被設(shè)計(jì)成捆束狀以形成更大的筒體來保持建筑物的高效能。芝加哥的110層的SEARSROEBUCK總部大樓有9個(gè)筒體，從基礎(chǔ)開始分成三個(gè)部分。這些獨(dú)立筒體中的終端處在不同高度的建筑體中，這充分體現(xiàn)出了這種新式結(jié)構(gòu)觀念的建筑風(fēng)格自由化的潛能。這座建筑物1450英尺（442米）高，是世界上最高的大廈。薄殼筒體系統(tǒng)這種筒體結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)是為了增強(qiáng)超高層建筑抵抗側(cè)力的能力（風(fēng)荷載和地震荷載）以及建筑的抗側(cè)移能力。薄殼筒體是筒體系統(tǒng)的又一大飛躍。薄殼筒體的進(jìn)步是利用高層建筑的正面（墻體和板）作為與筒體共同作用的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件，為