1、動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式分詞的基本形式分詞的基本形式 作主語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ): :to obey law is everyones duty.to do such things is foolish.不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)，為了平衡句子謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)，為了平衡句子,通常用通常用it作形式主語(yǔ)作形式主語(yǔ),構(gòu)成句型構(gòu)成句型:its +n.(adj.)+ for(of) sb. +to do sth.to find out who stole the money is not easy.its not easy (for you )to find out who stole th

2、e money.如果要表示不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者如果要表示不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,要在不定式要在不定式短語(yǔ)前加上一個(gè)短語(yǔ)前加上一個(gè)for sb.的短語(yǔ)，語(yǔ)法上稱(chēng)為的短語(yǔ)，語(yǔ)法上稱(chēng)為不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu).it is useful for you to learn some spoken english.it is very kind of you to come here.it is foolish of him to do such a thing.it would be rude of us to refuse theirinvitation.在某些形容詞如在某些形容詞如clever,

3、good ,nice, kind ,foolish, careless, right, wrong, rude, impolite等詞之后的不定式前，常加等詞之后的不定式前，常加of短語(yǔ)短語(yǔ),這這是對(duì)人做某事的贊揚(yáng)，責(zé)備或感激等。是對(duì)人做某事的贊揚(yáng)，責(zé)備或感激等。動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用it做形做形式主語(yǔ)，通常是一些特定的形容詞，動(dòng)詞式主語(yǔ)，通常是一些特定的形容詞，動(dòng)詞和名詞和名詞作賓語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)im preparing to take the examination next week.when the boy was only four, his fat

4、her decided to make an artist of him. 不定式既可作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)也可作介詞的賓語(yǔ)不定式既可作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)也可作介詞的賓語(yǔ).不定式作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不定式作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞之后一般不直接介詞之后一般不直接接不定式，一般都是接不定式，一般都是:疑問(wèn)詞疑問(wèn)詞+不定式不定式作賓語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ).im worrying about what to do next.marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞疑問(wèn)詞+不定式不定式i dont know what to do next.we haven

5、t decide where to spend our holiday.這類(lèi)詞有這類(lèi)詞有: advise, decide, discuss , explain, know, learn , show, tell, teach, understand個(gè)別介詞例外個(gè)別介詞例外: 需要注意的是需要注意的是,此句型中此句型中but/ except 前必須要有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前必須要有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，時(shí)，but / except后的不定式后的不定式to才能省略，否則才能省略，否則to則不省則不省.我們用一我們用一句話(huà)概括就是：句話(huà)概括就是： 有有dodo無(wú)無(wú)toto，有，有 toto無(wú)無(wú) dodo she ha

6、s no choice but to wait for the news.there was nothing she could do but cry.he had no choice but to wait.he could do nothing but wait.作表語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)不定式做定語(yǔ)時(shí)常放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后不定式做定語(yǔ)時(shí)常放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后 she was very busy and had no time to visit her friends. ladies and gentlemen ,i have something important to tel

7、l you .當(dāng)名詞被當(dāng)名詞被the first ,the last以及以及the only 等序數(shù)詞等序數(shù)詞以及以及形容詞最高級(jí)形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，常用不定式作定語(yǔ)，而修飾時(shí)，常用不定式作定語(yǔ)，而不管動(dòng)作是否已完成不管動(dòng)作是否已完成 he is the only person to know the truth. she is always the first to come and the last to leave.作定語(yǔ)的不定式與被修飾的名詞作定語(yǔ)的不定式與被修飾的名詞或代詞往往存在著兩種邏輯關(guān)系，或代詞往往存在著兩種邏輯關(guān)系，即被修飾的名詞和代詞是不定式即被修飾的名詞和代詞是不定式的

8、邏輯主語(yǔ)或邏輯賓語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)或邏輯賓語(yǔ)alice is always the first student to come to school. (主謂關(guān)系主謂關(guān)系)the teacher gave me some english books to read. (動(dòng)賓關(guān)系動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)mr. brown has a large family to support.(動(dòng)賓關(guān)系動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)當(dāng)被修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式邏輯上的賓語(yǔ)，而該不定式動(dòng)詞又是不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，應(yīng)在該動(dòng)詞后加上一個(gè)介詞以形成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系please pass me some paper to write on.theres nothi

9、ng for us to worry about.she has a nice pen to write with.he bought a flat for the family to live in.to但當(dāng)以上的動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)式，to要還原： they saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree.the boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.不定式在感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)不定式在感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，要省略足語(yǔ)時(shí)，要省略towith a lot of difficult problems

10、_, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.a settled b settling c to settle d being settled1 表示感覺(jué)或心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞表示感覺(jué)或心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞see / watch / notice /observe / look at , hear / listen to , feel / think / find/ want / like ，使役動(dòng)詞，使役動(dòng)詞 have , make , get , keep 3, with + 賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ) do doing done to do doin

11、g done 需要注意需要注意have, make的用法的用法：i wont have him cheat me.“允許允許,讓讓,使使”i have a lot of work to do.“有有”his story made us laugh.“使使”father made a kite for his son to fly.“制造制造, 做做”. have have sb do sth . doing sth. have sth to do done make make sb. do sth . make sth. done make oneself done get sb. to do

12、 sth. get sth. done get作狀語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞不定式與分詞）作狀語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞不定式與分詞）he came here to attend an important meeting.(so as to 不能置于句首，不能置于句首，in order to可以可以) (目的目的)he went home to find his old friend george waiting for him.（結(jié)果）（結(jié)果）she was very surprised to hear the news.（原（原因）因）i hurried to the station, only to find the tr

13、ain had left. (結(jié)果結(jié)果)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)用的不定式常表示一種意料之外的作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)用的不定式常表示一種意料之外的結(jié)果，（經(jīng)常與結(jié)果，（經(jīng)常與only連用）連用） 出乎意料出乎意料不定式用作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，還可以用不定式用作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，還可以用: (主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)) “so as to/suchas to(如此如此以致于以致于)”jim got up so early as to catch the first bus.“too to”the maths problem is too difficult for us to work out.“adj./adv./n. + enough

14、 to do the boy is old enough to go to school.主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義的不定式主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義的不定式e.g.: the question is very difficult to answer. the problem is difficult to deal with.主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)be +adj. +to do 能用于此句型的形容詞有：能用于此句型的形容詞有：difficult ,easy, comfortable ,fit, hard, pleasant, tiresome(使人疲勞的使人疲勞的), light interesting, nice ,

15、heavy, dangerous, important, etc.在在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，作定語(yǔ)用的不定式如修結(jié)構(gòu)中，作定語(yǔ)用的不定式如修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，即使表示被動(dòng)的意義，也可用飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，即使表示被動(dòng)的意義，也可用主動(dòng)式來(lái)表示主動(dòng)式來(lái)表示there is a lot of work to do/to be done.hurry up! theres no time to lose/to be lost.there are three letters to answer/to be answered this morning.不定式的完成式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之不定式的完成式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)

16、動(dòng)詞之前前im glad to have seen your father.she seemed to have heard of it already.改錯(cuò)：改錯(cuò)：1.seeing from the top of the hill, the park looks very beautiful. seen2. not knowing her address, so i cant get in touch with her.3. being dark, she didnt dare to go out alone. it分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)不是句子，因?yàn)闆](méi)有實(shí)際分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)不是句子，因?yàn)闆](méi)有實(shí)際

17、的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般放在句首或句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般放在句首或句尾，做狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間，原因，方式等例如：尾，做狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間，原因，方式等例如：the meeting being over, they went home.(時(shí)間時(shí)間)mother being ill in bed, he couldnt go to work.（原因）（原因）time permitting , i shall stay here for another two days（條件）（條件）she lay against the wall, the sun shining upon her fac

18、e.（伴隨）（伴隨）she sat still in the chair, with her eyes closed.（伴隨）（伴隨）難點(diǎn)內(nèi)容：難點(diǎn)內(nèi)容：用分詞做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句用分詞做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致的，否則，就應(yīng)使用狀語(yǔ)從句，調(diào)整子的主語(yǔ)保持一致的，否則，就應(yīng)使用狀語(yǔ)從句，調(diào)整句子的主語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ),獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)或例如：的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)或例如：（）given more help, the project will be completed earlier. 改改: if we are given more help, the pr

19、oject will be completed earlier.(狀語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句) given more help, we will complete the project earlier.（調(diào)整主語(yǔ)）（調(diào)整主語(yǔ)）(2)broken his leg, he couldnt go to school. 改改: his leg broken, he couldnt go to school.（獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）（獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)） he couldnt go to school with his leg broken. （with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)）的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)）(f)(f) 1. -what do you t

20、hink made mary so upset? -_ her new bicycle. (97上海上海 13) a. as she lost b. lost c. losing d. because of losing2._is a good of exercise for both the young and the old.a.the walk b.walking c.to walk d.walk3. it was so cold that they kept the fire _all night.a. to burn b. burn c. burning d. burned4. th

21、e library needs _,but itll have to wait until sunday.a. cleaning b. be cleaned c. clean d. being cleaned5. what do you think of the book? oh, excellent. its worth _a second time.a. to read b. to be read c. reading d. being readcbcac 6. the speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself_ . (

22、nmet91 34) a.hear b. to hear c. hearing d. heard7. _ a reply, he decided to write again. (met92 39) a. not receiving b. receiving not c. not having received d. having not received8._from heart trouble for years,professor white has to take some medicine whether he goes. a.suffered b suffering c havin

23、g suffered d being suffered 9. the murderer was brought in ,with his hands _behind his back.a. being tied b. having tied c. to be tied d. tied10.there was a terrible noise_the sudden burst of light. a.followed b.following c.to be followed d.being followeddccdb 11 .they knew her very well.they had se

24、en her_up from childhood.a. grow b. grew c. growing d. to grow12.the _ boys were last seen_ near the river.a .missing ; playing b. missing ; playc.missed ; played d.missed ; to play13.mr. smith, _of the _speech, started to read a novel a .tired , boring b.tiring , bored c. tired , bored d .tiring ,

25、boring aaa14.the picture _on the wall is painted by my nephew.a. having hung b. hanging c. hangs d. being hungb15. the salesman scold the girl caught _and let her off.a. to have stolen b. to be stealing c .to steal d .stealingdhe felt it a great honour _ to the palace ball.a to have been invited b t

26、o have invitedc having invitedd being invited_with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain doesnt seem high at all.a when compared b to comparec while comparing d it comparedthe discovery of new evidence led to _a the thief having caught b catch the thiefc the thief being caught d the thie

27、f to be caught-i hate talking with that guy. look, he is coming. what should i do? -dont speak until_.a speaking b spoken to c spoken d speaking to unless _to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.a invited b inviting c being invited d having invitedfriendship is like money: easier made

28、than _a kept b to be kept c keeping d being keptthe professor entered the lab, _ by two assistants.a following b followed c follow d by followingdont leave the water_ while you brush your teeth.a run b running c being run d to run“we cant go out in this weather,” said tom, _out of the window.a looki

29、ng b to look c looked d having lookedhe looked tired. he seemed_ a sleepless night.a to have b to have had c having d he hadwhat worried the child most was_ to visit his mother in the hospital.a his not allowing b having not being allowedc his not being allowed d his being not allowed _sunday, the s

30、tudents are at home.a being b to be c it is d it being_ stone and sticks, they ran into the street and joined in the fighting a armed b arming c armed with d arming with she told me that her camera was_a missed b robbed c lost d lain_hard, youll make it , i believe.a work b to work c working d worke

31、dbreakfast will be ready by the time _a you dressed up b you will be dressedc you will have dressed d you have dressedin the days _,he was still in low spirits, and it seemed hard for him to get over it.a following b followed c that followed d to followlast summer i took a course on_.a how to make d

32、ressesb how dresses be madec how to be made dressesd how dresses to be madeive worked with children before, so i know what _in my new job.a expected b to expectc to be expecting d expectsthere are five pairs_, but i am at a loss which to buy.a to be chosen b to choose fromc to choose d for choosingthe purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,_ it more difficult.a not mak