1、大學(xué)英語四級閱讀理解命題規(guī)律應(yīng)試技巧大學(xué)英語四六級考試閱讀理解部分是眾多考生最為擔(dān)心的部分。此部分得分高低，對整個考試的成功與否起著決定性作用。閱讀理解不僅考查學(xué)生的詞匯量、語法知識、閱讀速度等基本功，而且還考查學(xué)生判斷、推理、歸納、總結(jié)等綜合能力。閱讀理解題雖說對考生要求較 高，但我們在深入研究歷屆四六級閱讀理解真題后發(fā)現(xiàn)，閱讀理解的命題考點和測試題型均有一定的內(nèi)在規(guī)律。考生只要基本功尚可，然后掌握了這些規(guī)律，其應(yīng)試技巧必將大大提高，從而在眾多強手中脫穎而出。命題考點規(guī)律及其對應(yīng)題型分析研究英語四六級考試閱讀理解歷屆考題，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)命題者命制的考點是有一定規(guī)律的，且考點規(guī)律常與某種題型(主旨題

2、、細節(jié)題、邏輯題、觀點態(tài)度題、詞義題)相對應(yīng)。如果考生掌握了這些規(guī)律，就能在第一遍快速閱讀短文時，敏銳地捕捉到考點并能預(yù)測可能會 出的題型?？忌藭r應(yīng)用筆在這些可能會出題的考點輕輕劃上記號，等看完短文開始做題時，針對題干的提問，迅速找到做記號的考點，再仔細分析、答題。這樣，考生就能節(jié)省不少時 間，從而避免開始做題時又要通閱全文盲目找考點。下面，我們結(jié)合歷屆四六級真題和大學(xué)英語四六級考試 90分突破閱讀與簡答分冊(王長喜主編，學(xué)苑出版社，以下簡稱分冊), 將這些考點規(guī)律及對應(yīng)題型歸納如下：1、列舉處?？剂信e處指的是 First,，seco nd,，Third,等逐步列出，然后要求考生從列舉出的

3、內(nèi)容中，選出符合題干要求的答案項。該考點常出題型是”細節(jié)事實題”。例 1. At third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the un pleasa nt pressures: firstly, as members ofa police force they always have to behave absolutely in accordance with the law. Secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get res

4、ults. They can hardly do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways.Q: What's the policema n's biggest headache?(A) He has to get the most desirable results without break ing the law in any way.(B) He has to justify his arrests while unable to provide sufficien

5、t evidencein most cases.(C) He can hardly find eno ugh time to learn crim inal law while burde ned withnu merous crim inal cases.(D) He has to provide the best possible public service at the least possibleexpense.(分析：選A。屬事實細節(jié)題。依據(jù)文章，與電影中的警察很不相同的是，現(xiàn) 實中警察既要絕對遵守法(firstly, )，又要及時破案(secondly,)，這令他們很難兩頭兼 顧

6、，有時只有犯規(guī)。很明顯， B C、D三項都與文章內(nèi)容不符。)在做此類細節(jié)事實題時，只要把細節(jié)考點(firstly,secondly)找到，對照選項內(nèi)容，跟細節(jié)事實不一致的就不是選項?？忌恍杓毿囊稽c都能辨清細節(jié)事實，選對答案。例 2.1 believe we have a three-part mission for the present. First, we must continue to press for improvements in the quality of life that people can make for themselves . Second, we mast

7、investigateand understand the link between environmentand health. Third , we must be able to com muni cate tech ni cal in formatio n in a form that citizens can understand. If we can accomplish these three goals in this decade, maybe we can fin ally stop en viro nmen tal degradati on, and not merely

8、 hold it back.We will then be able to spend pollution dollars truly on prevention rather than on barrages.Q: which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?(A) Efforts should be exerted on polluti on preve nti on in stead of on remedial measures.(B) More money should be spe nt in ord

9、er to stop polluti on.(C) Ordi nary citize ns have no access to tech ni cal in formatio n on polluti on.(D) E nvironmen tal degradati on will be stopped by the end of this decade.(分析：選A。屬事實細節(jié)題。專生只要看懂了文章內(nèi)容三個方面，很容易排除掉B C D三項。)2、舉例子打比喻的地方?？紴榱耸棺约旱挠^點更有說服力、更加明確，作者經(jīng)常用具體的例子打比方，句中常由as, suchas, for example, f

10、orinstanee等引導(dǎo)的短語或句子作為舉例句，這些例句或比喻成為命題者提問的焦點?？忌枳⒁獾氖抢踊虮扔饕话闶呛臀恼禄蚨温渲行木o密相關(guān)的，常以"細節(jié)事實性”題型和”推斷性”題型出現(xiàn)，但偏傾于”推斷性”題型。Ridiculous because, for one thing, computers lack the drives and emotions ofliving creatures. But drives can be programmed into the computer's brain jute asnature programmed them into o

11、ur human brains as a part of the equipment for survival.Q Today, computers are still inferior to man in terms of.(A) decisi on mak ing (B)drives and feel in gs(見分冊P145 頁)(C) growth of reas oning (D)i nformati on absorpti on(分析：選B項。這屬辯認細節(jié)事實題，依據(jù)文章我們知道計算機缺少人類所具有的動機和情感： computers lack the drives and emo

12、ti ons of livi ng creatures,至于動機可以被編入計算機程序， 那是今后的事，就目前而言計算機在動機和情感方面不如人類。選項B符合題意?？忌灰⒁獾?for one thi ng 后面一句話，即可選出。)例 2.However, very few of us have actuallybee n in terviewed pers on ally bythe mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquainting with the journalistic in terv

13、iew by virtue of our roles as reader, liste ners, and viewers. Even so, true un dersta nding of the journalistic in terview, especially televisi on in terviews, requires thoughtful an alyses and even study, as this book in dicates.Q: The passage is most like a part of。(A) a n ews article (B) a journ

14、 alistic in terview(C) a research report (D) a preface(分析：選D項。這屬判斷、推理題。考生在了解全文梗概之后，要正確地對文章的內(nèi)容作出判斷，考生關(guān)鍵要看懂文章最后一句話："as this book indicates 。"由此便推斷正確的答案是D項。)例 3n spite of the case against nuclear energy outlined above, nuclear energy programs are expa nding.Such an expa nsion assumes a con ti

15、 nualgrowth in in dustrialproduct ion and con sumer dema nds. However, it is doubtful whether this growth will or can con ti nue. Q Which of the following statements does the writer support?(A) The dema nd for commercial products will not n ecessarily keep in creas ing.(B) Nuclear en ergy is someth

16、ing we cannot do without.(C) Uranium is a good source of en ergy for econo mic and ecological reas ons.(D) Greater safety provisi ons can bring about the expa nsion of nu clear every programmes.(分析：選 A項，屬推理題，依據(jù)文中"such an expansion assumes . However,便 可推斷出A項正確。)3、引用人物論斷處常考作者為了正確表達出自己觀點或使論點更有依據(jù)，常

17、常引用某名人 的論斷或重要發(fā)現(xiàn)等。命題者常在此作文章。多以"推理性”題為主，有時也出”細節(jié)事實性"題型。例 1."There is a senseless notion that children grew up and leave home when they're 18, and the truth is far from that,"says sociologist Larry Bumpers of the Uni versity of Wisc onsinQ: There was appare ntly a trend in the US

18、A.(A) for young adults to leave their parents and live independently.(B) For middle class young adults to stay with their pare nts.(C) For married young adults to move back home after a len gthy abse nee.(D) For going adults to get jobs n earby in order to live with their pare nts.(分析：選A項。屬推理題。作者引用的

19、這句話意思是：”孩子長到18歲時應(yīng)離開父母去獨立生活的概念是沒有道理的，而事實情況也并非如此?！倍}干問：過去在美國顯然有一種什么趨勢?？忌ㄟ^細心推斷引文， 便能選中A項：年輕的成年人應(yīng)該離開父母而去獨 立生活。)例 2."People cheat on their sleep, and they don'teven realize they're doingit, ” says Dr. David. ” They think they're okay because they can get by on 6.5 howler, whe n they rea

20、lly n eed 7.5, eight or eve n more to feel ideally rigorous."(見分冊P12頁例3)Q: Accord ing to Dr. David, America ns.(A) are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of life.(B) Often n eglect the con seque nces of sleep deficit.(C) Do not know how to relax themselves properly.(D) Can get by on 6.5 h

21、oarse of sleep.(分析：選B項。屬于歸納事實細節(jié)題。 Dr.David所說的話，描述的是一種事實現(xiàn)象，即美國人睡眠不足而誤認為這不是什么大的 事，還自我感覺良好。從事實中我們可以看出美國人經(jīng)常忽視睡眠不足的后果，即B項的內(nèi)容。)例 3. By the milli onsthey are coming-no Ion ger the tired, the poor, the wretchedmasses longing for a better living.These are the wealthy. "We don't have a budget, ”says

22、a biologist from Brazil. As she walks with two compa nions through New York City ' s South Street, "We just use our credit cards."Q From what the Brazilian biologist says, we know that tourist like her(A) Are relucta nt to carry cash with them.(B) Simply don't care how much they sp

23、e nd.(C) Are not good at pla nning their expe nditure.(D) Often spe nd more money that they can afford.(分析：選B項。屬判斷推理題。文章講成千上萬涌進美國的富有者與那個巴西生物學(xué) 家一樣，他們在購物時只管刷卡？quot;just use our credit cards.")而根本不做預(yù)算("don't have a budget"),可推斷出他們這類人是”根本不管花多少錢的?！奔碆項內(nèi)容。)4、轉(zhuǎn)折處與強對比處?？家话愣裕D(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容常常是語義的重點

24、，命題者常對轉(zhuǎn)折處的內(nèi)容進行提問。轉(zhuǎn)折一般通過 however, but, yet, in fact等詞或短語來引導(dǎo)。強對比常由uni ike, un til, notso muchas等詞或短語引導(dǎo)。命題者常對用來對比的雙方屬性進行考查。此類考點常出現(xiàn)在邏輯推理型題中，少數(shù)出現(xiàn)于其它題型中。例 1. Some observers say the fault is with theyoung people .But that s acondemnation of the students as a whole . Others blame the state of the world But

25、disappo in ted graduates are lear ning that it can no Ion ger absorb an army of trained twenty-two-year-olds, either.(見分冊P148 頁例 4).Q According to the passage the problems of college education partly arise from the fact that .(A) Society cannot provide eno ugh jobs for properly trained college gradu

26、ates.(B) High school graduates do not fit the pattern of college education.(C) Too many students have to earn their own living.(D) College adm ini strators en courage stude nts to drop out.(分析：選A項?？忌喿x文章時，應(yīng)注意到文中有兩個"but"的轉(zhuǎn)折，特別是段末一轉(zhuǎn)折句意即：但失望的畢業(yè)生了解到社會再也不能吸收大量的23歲的訓(xùn)練有素的大學(xué)生。這一轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容正好是解答題干問題的依據(jù)，

27、我們從這句話可以推斷出大學(xué)考試之所以出了問題部分源于一個事實，即A項：社會不能為訓(xùn)練有素的大學(xué)生提供足夠工作。此屬邏輯推理題。)例 2 Un like other lawbreakers, who must leavethe coun try, commits suicide,or go to jail, computer crim in alssometimes escape puni shme nt, dema ndin g .(見分冊P161頁例2)Q It can be conduced from the passage that.(分析：這道題屬邏輯推理題，命題者利用unlike進行

28、強烈對比，要求考生推斷出正確結(jié)論。具體分析見分冊P165 頁例2答案。)例 3 Beauty has always bee n regard as someth ing praiseworthy. Almost every one thi nks attractive more respectable occupati ons. Pers onal con sulta nts give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on atte ntive defe ndan ts(被告)。But in the exe

29、cutive circle, beauty can become a liability.Q The author writes this passage to.(A) Discuss the n egative aspects of being attractive.(B) Give advice to job-seekers who areattractive.(C) Dema nd equal rights for wome n.(D) Emphasize the importa nee of appeara nee.(分析：選A項。屬主旨大意類題型。前面都是講美給人帶來的種種好處，用b

30、ut突然進行轉(zhuǎn)折，考生即可推測出下面要講美給人帶來的不利方面了。)例 4. The sensation of sound involves a verity of factors in addition to itspeak level. In regular programming the intensityof sound varies over a large rage.However, sound levels in commercials tend to stay at or n ear peak level.Q: Commercials create the sen sate at

31、 the highest sound level.(A) TV stati ons always operate at the highest sound level.(B) Their sound levels are kept around peak level.(C) Their sound levels are kept in the middle freque ncy rages.(D) Un like regular programs their inten sity of sound varies over a wide ran ge.(分析：選B項，該題屬闡述說明主旨大意的事實

32、細節(jié)題。用however作轉(zhuǎn)折，指出商業(yè)節(jié)目的音量是保持或接近峰值(peaklevels)。命題者給出的 B答案中，只是對however后原句進行了詞語和句型的轉(zhuǎn)換，詳析 見分冊P16頁例8答案。)5、復(fù)雜句常考復(fù)雜句常是命題者出題之處， 包括同位語、插入語、定語、長句后半句，從句、不定式、 副詞等，命題者主要考查考生對句子之間指代關(guān)系。文章段落之間關(guān)系的理解，常以邏輯推理題型出現(xiàn)，包括少量其它題型。例 1. As families move away from their stable com muni ty, their friends of many years, their exte

33、nded family relati on ships, the in formal flow of in formatio n is cut off, and with it the con fide neethat in formati on will beavailable when n eededand will be trustworthy and reliableQ The word "it" most probably refers to.(A) the lack of stable com mun ities.(B) The breakdow n of in

34、 formal in formati on cha nn els.(C) The in creased mobility of families(D) The growing number of people moving from place to place.(分析：選 B項，本題屬句際關(guān)系推理題型，要善于分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，As引導(dǎo)的前半部分是狀語從句，主句是"the in formal flow of in formation is cut off", with 引導(dǎo)的短語表伴隨。詳析見分冊P110頁例1答案。)例 2. The manu facturer who in

35、creases the un it price of his product by his package size to lower the qua ntity delivered can, without un due hardship, put his product into boxes, bags, and tins that will contain eve n 4-iybcem, 8-o unce, on e-po und, two-po und qua ntities of breakfast foods, cake, mixes, etc.Q The word "u

36、ndue" means ""。(A) improper (B) un expected (C)adequate (D) excessive(分析：選D項，這屬詞匯題型，但需要分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)和上下文邏輯。該句看似復(fù)雜，但結(jié)構(gòu)容易分析，主語 "the manufacturer", 謂語"can put", 賓語his product, who 引導(dǎo)定 語從句，that此引導(dǎo)定語從句，without undue hardship介詞組作插入部分。句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析好，全句意思就易弄懂，制造商改變包裝大小或樣式不需要過多的艱辛努力，故選Do

37、 )例 3All this will lead to a population in thetwenty first century that issmaller tha n was feared a few years ago. For those an xious to see world populati on brang by un der ven tral the n ews is en couragi ng.Q:The populatio n in the 21st cen tury, arous ing to the writer,.(A) will be smaller tha

38、n a few gears ago.(B) will not be as small as people expect.(C) will prove to be a threat to the world.(D) will not con stitute as serious a problem as expected.(分析：選D項。屬邏輯推理型題。考生關(guān)鍵要理解that引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思，然后聯(lián)系下句，便知D項是正確選項。)6、因果句?？济}者常以文中因果句命制一些考查文中兩個事件內(nèi)在的因果關(guān)系的試題，或出些概括文意、段意試題。一般以”推理性”題型和主旨大意題型出現(xiàn)，兼顧少量其它題型。表示

39、因果 關(guān)系的詞有： because, since, for ，as, therefore, consequently, result in, origi nate from 等。例 1. Why?Because company executivesare afraid of the bad publicity that wouldresult if the public found out that their computer had been misused . They hesitate at the thought of acrim inal boast ing in opera co

40、urt of howQ The passage is mainly about.(A) why computer crimes are difficult to detect by systematic in spect ion.(B) Why computer crimi nals are ofte n able to escape puni shme nt.(C) Howcomputer crim in alsman age to get good recomme ndati ons from their formeremployers.(D) Why computer crimes ca

41、n t be elimi nated.(分析：選D項。屬主旨大意型。文章前幾段說到了利用計算機犯罪的人即使被抓，不 僅不受懲罰，而且還會得到以前老板充滿熱情的推薦信。這是什么原因呢(why?)Because作了回答。這也就是全文要告訴讀者的關(guān)于計算機犯罪清除不了的原因，故選Do )例 2Certainly it (telephone)has extended the scope of human conflicts,sinceit impartially disseminates(傳播)the useful knowledge of scientists and thenonsense of

42、the ignorant, the affectio nof the affecti on ateand the malice(惡意)ofthe malicious.Q:The author describes the telepho ne as impartial because it.(A) saves lives of people in remote places.(B) En ables people to live alone if they want to.(C) Spreads both love and ill will(D) Replaces much written co

43、m muni cati on.(分析：選C項。屬邏輯推理型題。Since引導(dǎo)的從句表明電話不偏不倚地傳播著科學(xué)家的真言，無知者的廢話，仁者之愛心，惡者之惡意。因此，從這句話我們可以推斷出電話 "spreads both love and ill will"故選 C)。例 3The primary reason why it was revolution ary is that it led to great social changeQ According to the author, the introduction of the composer is a revolu

44、tion mainly because .(A) the computer has revoluti oni zed the work ing of the huma n mind.(B) The computer can do the tasks that could only be done by people before.(C) It has helped to switch to an in formatio n tech no logy.(D) It has a great potential impact on society.(分析：選D項。屬邏輯推理型題。原段首句就交待了沒有

45、什么技術(shù)發(fā)展比計算機革命 對我們生活產(chǎn)生的影響要大。然后指出工業(yè)革命之所以是一切革命在于它導(dǎo)致了巨大的社會 變化。由此可以推斷，計算機的誕生之所以是一場革命主要是D項:it has a great potentialimpact on society.)7、特殊標(biāo)點符號后內(nèi)容?？加捎谔厥鈽?biāo)點符號后內(nèi)容是對前面內(nèi)容的進一步解釋和說明， 因此命題者常以標(biāo)點符號后的內(nèi)容進行提問。具體說，特殊標(biāo)點符號包括：(1)破折號(表解釋)；(2)括號(表解釋);(3)冒號(表解釋);(4)引號(表引用)。題型一般 有推理題，主旨大意題，細節(jié)事實題等。例 1. Just how critical this eye

46、 man euveri ng is to the maintenance ofconversationalflow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses theremaybe a sort of trefoil jam of words caused by interruption, false, and unpredictable pauses.Q To keep a conversationflowing smoothing, it is better for the participants(A) out t

47、o wear dark spectacles (B) not to make any in terrupti ons(C) not to glanee away (D) not to make unpredictable pauses.(分析：選 A。屬辨認細節(jié)事實題型，冒號前一句話意思是當(dāng)兩個說話者戴墨鏡進行交談時，談話的流利性就會受影響。冒號后一句話進一步解釋了會有哪些影響，即會有一些停頓或錯誤表達，或隨便插話。答案B、D項是結(jié)果，不是條件， C項短文沒提，故選 Ao )例 2.She adds:"Most womenand blacks are so frightened th

48、at people will think they've gotte n ahead because of their sex or color that they play dow n (使不突出)their visibility. "Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditi on ally used to find their way into the spotlight.Q: The best title for this passage would be.(A) po

49、le of womenand Minoritiesin Management(B) The Importanee of Being Visible(C)Job Performa nee and Adva nceme nt(D) Sex and Career Success(分析：選B項，屬主旨大意題型。冒號前面的內(nèi)容講的是女人和黑人常因自己的膚色和性別而畏首畏腳，不愿張揚自己，這樣很難得到老板提拔。冒號后內(nèi)容即建議他們要象白人一樣善于突出自己并引人注意。此即全篇文章主旨，故選B項。)例 3.Human-resource man ageme nt is not traditi on ally s

50、ee n as cen tral to the competitive survival of the firm in the Un ited States. Skill acquisiti on is con sidered an in dividual resp on sibility. Lab our is simply ano ther factor of product ion to be hired - ren ted at the lowest possible cost - much as one buys raw materials or equipme nt.Q Which

51、 of the following applies to the management of humanresources in American compa ni es?(A) They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.(B) They see the gaining of skills as their employees' own bus in ess.(C) They attach more importa nee to workers tha n equipme nt.(D) They onl

52、y hired skilled workers because of keep competitio n.(分析：選B項，屬歸納事實細節(jié)題。文章主要意思講美國大公司忽視人力資源管理。帶破折號的句子是進一步解釋，闡述這一主旨，強調(diào)勞動力僅被視為生產(chǎn)的最廉價因素-就象去買原料或裝置一樣。我們由此歸納，總結(jié)出美國公司把員工技能的培養(yǎng)看作員工自己的事。例 4: "Alternative fuels such as natural gas, burned in internal-Combustion engin es, could be in troduced at relatively lo

53、w cost, but they would lead to only marginal reduct ions in polluti on and gree nhorns emissi ons (especially because oil compa nies are already spe nding billi ons of dollars every year to develop less of polluti ng types of gasoli ne).Q Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the pa

54、ssage?(A) The decli ne of public tran sportati on acco untsfor in creased(B) cars are popular in wester n Europe even thoughfuel prices (C) The reduct ion of vehicle use is the onlysusta in able opti on(D) Western European oil companies cannot sustain the cost of developing new-type fuels.(分析選B項屬推理題

55、。此題雖需通閱全文才能做出。但命題者針對小括號內(nèi)內(nèi)容出了 一干擾項D項。D項內(nèi)容與文中小括號內(nèi)容是有出入的，故錯。 )注：至引號處的考點，前 面引用處?？家豁椧逊治鲞^。8、段首，段尾句?？荚诙涛闹械谝欢问拙浠蚰┒文┚渫俏恼轮行乃枷氲谋磉_處；有時某一段的段首，段尾句是該段的主題句。因此，命題者常在這些地方出題。題型基本 上屬主旨大意型。例 1.The questi on of whether war is in evitable is one which has con viced many of the worlds great writers. Before con sideri ng

56、this questio n,Q The passage is probably inten ded to an swer the questi on.(A) Is war in evitable?(B) why is there con flict and competiti on?(C) Is con flict desirable?(D) Can competiti on lead to con flict?(分析：選A。屬段首主旨大意型。文章開頭一句話即點明了文章中心思想，下面內(nèi)容 均圍繞這一思想展開的。)例 2."They th ink that if you work h

57、ard, "She adds, Most wome n and blacks because of their sex or color th at play down (使不突出)their visibility. "Her advice to those folk. Lear n the ways that white males have traditi on ally used to find their way into the spotlight."Q The best title for this passage would be(A) Role of women and Minorities in Management.(B) The Importa nee of Bei ng Visible(C) Job Performa nee and Adva nceme nt(D) Sex and Career Success.(分析：選B項，屬段尾主旨大意型。文章開頭就指出女人和