1、整理：長句完形填空2005 Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

2、(10 points)Canadas premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.Theyre all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastes

3、t-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41._E According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatmen

4、ts. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices._What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care - to say nothing of reports from other experts - recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each provinc

5、e having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42._C What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the rece

6、ntly created National Health Council._But “national” doesnt have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial - provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instea

7、d of having one province - or a series of hospitals within a province - negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotia

8、te on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43._G Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs fr

9、om one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldnt like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it._A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agen

10、cy with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are su

11、spicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. Thats one reason why the idea of a national list hasnt gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.44._F So, if the provin

12、ces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices._Premiers love to quote Mr. Roma

13、nows report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45._B Or they could r

14、ead Mr. Kirbys report: “the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”_So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should

15、 also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.A Quebecs resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebecs Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs

16、 skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!B Or they could read Mr. Kirbys report: “the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”C What does

17、 “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.D The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.E According to the C

18、anadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it

19、 is higher prices.F So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug pr

20、ices.G Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it o

21、n theirs. They wouldnt like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.2006 Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There are two

22、extra choices, which you do not need to use in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambli

23、ng in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good cus

24、tomer, a "Fun Card", which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the users gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls "electronic heroin".(41) _. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two

25、days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It

26、did know he had a problem.In March 1998 a friend of Williamss got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williamss gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admission

27、s” letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42) _.The

28、 Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun. and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williamss suit charges that the casino, knowing he

29、 was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “l(fā)ure” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.(43) _.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less

30、of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44) _. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) _.Forty-four states have lotteries,

31、 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on - you might say addicted to - revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 mill

32、ion gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Webs most profitable business.AAlthough no such evidence was presented, the casinos marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. A

33、nd he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.BIt is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?CBy the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won

34、 $5,500, but he did not quit.DGambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.EDavid Williamss suit sh

35、ould trouble this gambling nation. But dont bet on it.FIt is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.GThe anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especi

36、ally conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?2008 Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 4145, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to

37、 fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on

38、 the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)是大家網(wǎng)原創(chuàng)出品Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.

39、(42) 是大家網(wǎng)原創(chuàng)出品 Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) 是大家網(wǎng)原創(chuàng)出品 Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if

40、you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some sof

41、tware programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) 是大家網(wǎng)原創(chuàng)出品 These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material ne

42、cessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) 是大家網(wǎng)原創(chuàng)出品Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go

43、through the paper many times and then again working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that th

44、ere are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.ATo make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on on

45、ly one side of the paper.BAfter you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. Its probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand

46、equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.CIts worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and pr

47、int their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.DIt makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outli

48、ne you have made.EAlthough this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammys decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengels crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up

49、to the A & P “policy” he enforces.FIn the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P,” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengels store policies.GBy using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you

50、want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers dont use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.2009 Part BDirections:Directions: In the fol

51、lowing text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbre

52、aking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advanc

53、ing toward perfection. 41._.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the e

54、volution of societies.42._.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._.Boas

55、 felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely

56、through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, ac

57、cording to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45._.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in th

58、e relationship between the function of society and cultureknown as functionalismbecame a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.AOther anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.BIn order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.CHe argued that human evolutio