1、一詞多義：文化調(diào)節(jié)的認知現(xiàn)象一詞多義：文化調(diào)節(jié)的認知現(xiàn)象一詞多義：文化調(diào)節(jié)的認知現(xiàn)象Polysemy:Polysemy: A A CognitiveCognitive PhenomenonPhenomenonModulatedModulated byby CultureCulture【作者】 劉桂偉；【導師】 常曉梅；【作者基本信息】 山東大學， 英語語言文學， 2008， 碩士【摘要】 一詞多義是一種最常見也是最重要的語言現(xiàn)象,長期以來一直受到不同流派語言學家的關注。以往人們大多從傳統(tǒng)語言學的角度研究一詞多義現(xiàn)象,他們更多地關注多義性產(chǎn)生的外部原因,而并不考慮其認知基礎。因此,他們并沒有把握

2、住一詞多義現(xiàn)象的本質(zhì)。隨著認知科學的發(fā)展,認知語言學為一詞多義現(xiàn)象的研究提供了較為有力和系統(tǒng)的工具。本文以經(jīng)驗現(xiàn)實主義為哲學基礎,以原型范疇學說等為理論依據(jù),從認知語言學的角度對一詞多義現(xiàn)象進行了的探索,試圖對這一語言現(xiàn)象做出一個令人滿意的解釋。本文研究了多義詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構及其語義范疇的拓展機制,并進行了跨文化對比研究,得到了以下結(jié)論。首先,一詞多義現(xiàn)象也是一種認知現(xiàn)象,它是人類認知范疇化和概念化的結(jié)果。多義詞的各項詞義圍繞一項典型詞義構成了一個原型范疇,各項詞義之間遵循家族相似性原則。其次,多義詞的形成過程就是詞義范疇的擴展過程,非典型成員的衍生和類典型的分裂是其擴展的兩種主要方式,概念隱喻和

3、轉(zhuǎn)喻則是其擴展的兩種主要機制。第三,基于不同文化中存在認知共性和個性的觀點,本文認為同一多義詞的詞義在不同的語言中也存在相似性和差異性。通過對英漢語中同一多義詞“心”的分析,本文總結(jié)了多義詞概念化過程中的兩個特征:一方面,多義范疇中意義的擴展都遵循兩條普遍的認知機制,即隱喻和轉(zhuǎn)喻,因此同一多義詞在不同的語言中會發(fā)現(xiàn)相似的意義,多義范疇具有認知共性;另一方面,多義詞的詞義擴展也會受到文化的調(diào)節(jié),因為文化差異會導致人們在隱喻和轉(zhuǎn)喻上的差異,從而導致多義詞詞義的差異?？傊?一詞多義現(xiàn)象體現(xiàn)了不同文化中人們的認知共性和個性。本文的新穎之處體現(xiàn)在兩個方面。首先,它肯定了詞類轉(zhuǎn)化是轉(zhuǎn)喻的結(jié)果這一觀點。多數(shù)

4、學者贊同該觀點,但進行詳細論述的人卻不多。本文用“基體”和“側(cè)面”的理論對這一觀點進行了詳細闡述。另一個新穎之處在于本文還從跨文化的角度對一詞多義現(xiàn)象進行了認知研究。過去的多數(shù)認知語言學家只專注于人類認知共性的研究,忽略了文化差異造成的認知個性。本文以“心”為例,對不同語言尤其是英語和漢語中同一多義詞進行了對比研究,證明文化差異導致了認知個性,進而造成了同一多義詞詞義在不同語言中的差異性?？傊?本文從認知語言學的角度對一詞多義現(xiàn)象進行了較為全面的闡釋,它對詞匯學習與教學,以及詞典編纂都具有一定的指導意義。 更多還原【Abstract】 As an important and pervasive

5、 linguistic phenomenon,polysemy has attracted much attention of linguists in differentschools. In the past, people more concerned external reasons whichcause the changes of meanings of polysemous words, without takingaccount of the underlying cognitive basis on polysemy. Therefore,they can not grasp

6、 the essence of polysemy.With the development ofcognitive science, cognitive linguistics provides a more convincingand systematic analysis of polysemy. Based on the Experientialism andthe prototype categorization theory, this thesis makes a tentativestudy on polysemy from the cognitive perspective,

7、aiming to give asatisfactory explanation of this linguistic phenomenon. This researchis conducted at the aspects of its internal structure, semanticextension mechanism and cross-cultural comparison, which can bestrepresent the findings of the thesis. First of all, polysemy is acognitive phenomenon w

8、hich is the result of human cognitivecategorization and conceptualization. The senses of a polysemeconstitute a prototype category, in which distinct meaningsdistribute around a prototypical meaning and share family resemblanceto one another. Second, the formation of polysemy is a process ofcategory

9、 extension in ways of the derivation of non-prototypicalmembers as well as the prototype splits. Conceptual metaphor andmetonymy are two important and common cognitive mechanisms for thatextension. Third, based on the idea that there exist cognitiveuniversals and variations in different cultures, th

10、is thesis claimsthat meanings of a polyseme are characterized by similarities anddifferences in different languages. Hence two characteristics ofconceptualization of polysemy are found through a comparative studyof heart in English and Chinese. On the one hand, senses of apolysemous category are pos

11、tulated by universal cognitive strategies,i.e. metaphor and metonymy. Thus meanings of polysemous equivalentsmay be similar to each other in different languages. On the otherhand, meanings of a polyseme are modulated by culture, for differentcultures trigger different metaphors and metonymies. Thus

12、meanings ofpolysemous equivalents may vary. In sum, polysemy embodies cognitiveuniversals and variations in different cultures.This thesis issomewhat novel in terms of two aspects. At first, it affirms the viewthat conversion, a way of word formation, is the result of metonymy.This is a view that mo

13、st scholars have agreed on but given littleillustration. This thesis illustrates this view in detail, in termsof the theory of base and profile. The other innovation in thisthesis lies in the cognitive study of polysemy from a cross-culturalperspective. Most cognitive linguists in the past have conc

14、entratedon the universals existing in human cognition, without taking accountof the cultural variations. This thesis makes a comparative study ofpolysemy with a special case heart in different languages, especiallyin English and Chinese, and thus reveals that cultural variationsresult in cognitive v

15、ariations and hence polysemous variations.All inall, this thesis gives a relatively thorough interpretation ofpolysemy from the cognitive perspective. It will also provide someinspiration for dictionary compilers, language learners and teachers.更多還原【關鍵詞】 一詞多義； 原型范疇； 隱喻； 轉(zhuǎn)喻； 文化；【Key words】 polysemy；

16、prototype category； metaphor； metonymy；culture；參考文獻：醫(yī)學名詞規(guī)范使用的注意事項1嚴格運用全國科學技術名詞審定委員會審定公布的名詞，不應一義多詞或一詞多義。 2未經(jīng)審定公布的詞語，可選用中國醫(yī)學科學院醫(yī)學情報研究所最新版中文醫(yī)學主體詞表（CMeSH）、醫(yī)學主.收錄數(shù)據(jù)庫：中文科技期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫 來源：內(nèi)科急危重癥雜志 2011 年第 4 期 作者：無 機構：不詳“警察”稱謂的英譯傳統(tǒng)的“警察”英譯多用 policepolicelllafl,由此以一概全。實際上，在英語中，“警察”稱渭表達多樣。英文中有關警察稱謂的區(qū)域性用詞、網(wǎng)絡潮詞、俚語、褒貶詞、

17、修辭格、新聞標題語言特征、一.收錄數(shù)據(jù)庫：中文科技期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫 來源：東方翻譯 2011 年 第 4 期作者：張秋云 機構：吉林工程技術師范學院外語學院淺談英語一詞多義現(xiàn)象一直以來,在語言學家的視野內(nèi),一詞多義都可謂是真正引起他們注意的語言現(xiàn)象,在學術范圍內(nèi),這一現(xiàn)象也同樣是研究者重視的研究點。本文中,筆者通過分析一詞多義現(xiàn)象形成的原因,進一步揭示一詞多義各.收錄數(shù)據(jù)庫：中文科技期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫 來源：赤峰學院學報：科學教育版2011 年 第 8 期 作者：劉瓊 機構：江蘇省廣播電視大學張家港學院 江蘇張家港 215600一詞多義：文化調(diào)節(jié)的認知現(xiàn)象一詞多義：文化調(diào)節(jié)的認知現(xiàn)象Polysemy:Pol

18、ysemy: A A CognitiveCognitive PhenomenonPhenomenonModulatedModulated byby CultureCulture【作者】 劉桂偉；【導師】 常曉梅；【作者基本信息】 山東大學， 英語語言文學， 2008， 碩士【摘要】 一詞多義是一種最常見也是最重要的語言現(xiàn)象,長期以來一直受到不同流派語言學家的關注。以往人們大多從傳統(tǒng)語言學的角度研究一詞多義現(xiàn)象,他們更多地關注多義性產(chǎn)生的外部原因,而并不考慮其認知基礎。因此,他們并沒有把握住一詞多義現(xiàn)象的本質(zhì)。隨著認知科學的發(fā)展,認知語言學為一詞多義現(xiàn)象的研究提供了較為有力和系統(tǒng)的工具。本文以經(jīng)

19、驗現(xiàn)實主義為哲學基礎,以原型范疇學說等為理論依據(jù),從認知語言學的角度對一詞多義現(xiàn)象進行了的探索,試圖對這一語言現(xiàn)象做出一個令人滿意的解釋。本文研究了多義詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構及其語義范疇的拓展機制,并進行了跨文化對比研究,得到了以下結(jié)論。首先,一詞多義現(xiàn)象也是一種認知現(xiàn)象,它是人類認知范疇化和概念化的結(jié)果。多義詞的各項詞義圍繞一項典型詞義構成了一個原型范疇,各項詞義之間遵循家族相似性原則。其次,多義詞的形成過程就是詞義范疇的擴展過程,非典型成員的衍生和類典型的分裂是其擴展的兩種主要方式,概念隱喻和轉(zhuǎn)喻則是其擴展的兩種主要機制。第三,基于不同文化中存在認知共性和個性的觀點,本文認為同一多義詞的詞義在不同的

20、語言中也存在相似性和差異性。通過對英漢語中同一多義詞“心”的分析,本文總結(jié)了多義詞概念化過程中的兩個特征:一方面,多義范疇中意義的擴展都遵循兩條普遍的認知機制,即隱喻和轉(zhuǎn)喻,因此同一多義詞在不同的語言中會發(fā)現(xiàn)相似的意義,多義范疇具有認知共性;另一方面,多義詞的詞義擴展也會受到文化的調(diào)節(jié),因為文化差異會導致人們在隱喻和轉(zhuǎn)喻上的差異,從而導致多義詞詞義的差異?？傊?一詞多義現(xiàn)象體現(xiàn)了不同文化中人們的認知共性和個性。本文的新穎之處體現(xiàn)在兩個方面。首先,它肯定了詞類轉(zhuǎn)化是轉(zhuǎn)喻的結(jié)果這一觀點。多數(shù)學者贊同該觀點,但進行詳細論述的人卻不多。本文用“基體”和“側(cè)面”的理論對這一觀點進行了詳細闡述。另一個新穎

21、之處在于本文還從跨文化的角度對一詞多義現(xiàn)象進行了認知研究。過去的多數(shù)認知語言學家只專注于人類認知共性的研究,忽略了文化差異造成的認知個性。本文以“心”為例,對不同語言尤其是英語和漢語中同一多義詞進行了對比研究,證明文化差異導致了認知個性,進而造成了同一多義詞詞義在不同語言中的差異性。總之,本文從認知語言學的角度對一詞多義現(xiàn)象進行了較為全面的闡釋,它對詞匯學習與教學,以及詞典編纂都具有一定的指導意義。 更多還原【Abstract】 As an important and pervasive linguistic phenomenon,polysemy has attracted much att

22、ention of linguists in differentschools. In the past, people more concerned external reasons whichcause the changes of meanings of polysemous words, without takingaccount of the underlying cognitive basis on polysemy. Therefore,they can not grasp the essence of polysemy.With the development ofcognit

23、ive science, cognitive linguistics provides a more convincingand systematic analysis of polysemy. Based on the Experientialism andthe prototype categorization theory, this thesis makes a tentativestudy on polysemy from the cognitive perspective, aiming to give asatisfactory explanation of this lingu

24、istic phenomenon. This researchis conducted at the aspects of its internal structure, semanticextension mechanism and cross-cultural comparison, which can bestrepresent the findings of the thesis. First of all, polysemy is acognitive phenomenon which is the result of human cognitivecategorization an

25、d conceptualization. The senses of a polysemeconstitute a prototype category, in which distinct meaningsdistribute around a prototypical meaning and share family resemblanceto one another. Second, the formation of polysemy is a process ofcategory extension in ways of the derivation of non-prototypic

26、almembers as well as the prototype splits. Conceptual metaphor andmetonymy are two important and common cognitive mechanisms for thatextension. Third, based on the idea that there exist cognitiveuniversals and variations in different cultures, this thesis claimsthat meanings of a polyseme are charac

27、terized by similarities anddifferences in different languages. Hence two characteristics ofconceptualization of polysemy are found through a comparative studyof heart in English and Chinese. On the one hand, senses of apolysemous category are postulated by universal cognitive strategies,i.e. metapho

28、r and metonymy. Thus meanings of polysemous equivalentsmay be similar to each other in different languages. On the otherhand, meanings of a polyseme are modulated by culture, for differentcultures trigger different metaphors and metonymies. Thus meanings ofpolysemous equivalents may vary. In sum, po

29、lysemy embodies cognitiveuniversals and variations in different cultures.This thesis issomewhat novel in terms of two aspects. At first, it affirms the viewthat conversion, a way of word formation, is the result of metonymy.This is a view that most scholars have agreed on but given littleillustratio

30、n. This thesis illustrates this view in detail, in termsof the theory of base and profile. The other innovation in thisthesis lies in the cognitive study of polysemy from a cross-culturalperspective. Most cognitive linguists in the past have concentratedon the universals existing in human cognition, without taking accountof the cultural variations. This thesis makes a comparative study ofpolys