1、畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）外 文 參 考資 料 及 譯 文譯文題目： 全 緣 火 棘 “卡?！?和 “納蘭得” 烯效唑 響 應(yīng) 和 矮 壯 素 氯 化學(xué)生姓名： 馮 圣 軍 學(xué) 號(hào)： 1021407020 專 業(yè)： 園藝所在學(xué)院： 園藝學(xué)院 指導(dǎo)教師： 夏重立職 稱： 工程師2012年 3 月 8 日Pyracantha coccinea Kasan andLalandei Response to Uniconazoleand Chlormequat ChlorideJanet C. Henderson and Thomas H. NicholsDepartment of Horticultur

2、e and Landscape Architecture, Oklahoma StateUniversity, Stillwater OK 74078Additional index words. growth regulator, growth retardant, firethornAbstract. Pyracantha coccinea M.J. Roem. Kasan and Lalandei were treated with a soil drench of 30 mg a.i. chlormequat chloride per container or 0, 0.25, 0.5

3、0, or 1.00 mg a.i. uniconazole per container or with a foliar application of 3000 mg a.i. chlormequat chloride/liter or 0, 25, 50, or 100 mg a.i. uniconazole/liter. Chlormequat chloride applied as a drench did not affect growth of Kasan or Lalandei until 17 weeksafter application, when Kasan was tal

4、ler and Lalandei shorter than untreated plants. Kasan plants drenched with chlormequat chloride had more leaves with greater total leaf area and higher leaf and stem dry weights than untreated plants. However, area per leaf, root dry weight, and root : shoot ratio were not affected by the chlormequa

5、t chloride drench. In Lalandei, the chlormequat chloride drench did not affect any of these criteria, except stem dry weight. Foliar applications of chlormequat chloride had little effect on either cultivar. Height of Kasan and Lalandei decreased with increasing uniconazole rates for both applicatio

6、n methods. Area per leaf increased in Kasan but decreased in Lalandei receiving a drench applied to the medium. Foliar and drench applications of uniconazole both resulted in decreased stem dry weight of both cultivars. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat

7、chloride); (E)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (uniconazole).Uniconazole and chlormequat chloride are plant growth regulators that reduce plant growth by inhibiting gibberellin biosynthesis (Henry, 1985). These chemicals have been used to restrict the height of f

8、loricultural crops such as chrysanthemum (Holcomb et al., 1983; Wilfret, 1986), poinsettia (Conover and Vines, 1972; White and Holcomb, 1974; Wilfret, 1986) and several bedding plant species (Barrett and Nell, 1986).The use of growth regulators on woody ornamental plants is less widespread than in R

9、eceived for publication 1 Oct. 1990. Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series no. 5849. The cost of publishing this paper was defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. Under postal regulations, this paper therefore must be hereby marked advertisement solely to indicate this fac

10、t. HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 26(7), JULY 1991 the floriculture industry. The response of woody plants to uniconazole has been variable, depending on species and application rate. Extremely short internodes resulted when uniconazole was applied at 2.5 mg a.i. per container as a soil drench to ibolium privet

11、and Wonderberry pyracantha (Norcini and Knox, 1989). Uniconazole-treated hibiscus were shorter than untreated hibiscus, but foliar distortion reduced plant quality as application rate increased (Newman et al.,1989). In contrast, forsythia (Vaigro-Wolff and Warmund, 1987) and Fraser photinia (Norcini

12、 and Knox, 1989) treated with similar uniconazolerates were more compact, plant appearance was more desirable, and photinia flowers were showier than for controls. Although chlormequat chloride has not been as widely tested on woody plants, increased shoot lengths, plant diameters, and plant heights

13、 have been observed in willows, forsythias, and roses but not spirea or weigela that were treated with this growth regulator(Grzesik and Rudnicki, 1985).Pyracantha is used widely as an informal hedge and as espaliers. This species can, however, grow out of control if it is not properly pruned and ma

14、intained. The use of growth regulators to control the growth habit of pyracantha during production and after planting into the landscape could lead to wider use of this species and reduced maintenance costs. The objectives of this research were to determine uniconazole application rates that would d

15、ecrease growth of two pyracantha cultivars while maintaining a desirable appearance, and to determine whether uniconazole controls the height of woody plants better than chlormequat chloride, a growth regulator currently used in the floriculture industry to reduce height of seasonal flowering plants

16、.One hundred 7.5-cm-long rooted cuttings of Pyracantha coccinea Kasan and Lalandei were planted in 3.8-liter containers of 3 pine bark :1 peat :1 sand (by volume) amended with 17N-3. 6P-10K slow release fertilizer at 8.3gm-3) (Osmocote, Sierra Chemical, Milpitas, Calif.), Micromax at 1.9 kgm-3 (Sier

17、ra Chemical), and dolomite at 2.3 kgm-3. Plants were grown in a greenhouse for 6 weeks at 30/15C day/night, then pruned to a 20-cm final shoot length. Plants then were treated with 30 mg chlormequat chloride per container or 0, 0.25, 0.50, or 1.00 mg uniconazole per container as a soil drench, or 30

18、00 mg chlormequat chloride/ liter or 0, 25, or 50 mg uniconazole/liter as a foliar spray and placed outside in full sun. Soil drenches were applied in 100 ml of solution to each container, and foliar applications were applied as a spray to runoff. The soil surface of plants receiving a foliar sprayw

19、as covered with plastic before spraying to assure that no uniconazole would enter the growing medium. Plastic was removed when the foliage had dried.Plant height from the medium surface to the top of the tallest shoot was measured periodically beginning 3 weeks after application. Plant widths were d

20、etermined by measuring plant diameter at the widest point and perpendicular to this point and then averaging the values. Seventeen weeks after 877 treatment, plants were harvested and leaves counted, leaf areas were measured with a LI- 3100 area meter (LI-COR, Lincoln, Neb.), and leaves, shoots and

21、roots were dried at 45C for 7 days and weighed. Average area per leaf for each plant was calculated by dividing total leaf area by leaf number. Root : shoot ratios were calculated as (leaf dry weight + shoot dry weight)/root dry weight.A randomized complete-block design with 10 single-plant replicat

22、ions and 10 treatments within each cultivar was used. Analysis of variance procedures and paired t tests were used to determine differences among chlormequat chloride and uniconazole treatments within each application method. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine linear, quadratic, and cubic r

23、elationships among uniconazole application rates.Kasan plants treated with a chlormequat chloride medium drench did not differ significantly from controls in height or width until 17 weeks after application when treated plants were taller than controls (Table 1). These results agree with observation

24、s of increased plant height in willow, forsythia, and roses treated with chlormequat chloride (Grzesik and Rudnicki, 1985). Plants receiving foliar treatments also did not differ except at week 13, when chlormequat chloride plants were shorter than control plants.Chlormequat chloride applied as a dr

25、ench resulted in more leaves, larger plant leaf areas, and higher leaf and stem dry weights in Kasan than the control treatment (Table 2).The foliar application of chlormequat chloride did not affect these measurements.Lalandei plants drenched with chlorme- 878 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 26(7), JULY 1991 qua

26、t chloride were smaller than controls after 17 weeks (Table 3). The foliar chlormequat chloride application resulted in larger plants at week 13, but this difference was not significant at week 17. Application of chlormequat chloride as a medium drench to Lalandei reduced stem dry weights, but folia

27、r applications had no effect (Table 4).Kasan height decreased as the uniconazole concentration increased for the medium drench and foliar applications (Table 1). The effect was curvilinear for foliar sprays, beginning 8 weeks after treatment and for medium drenches beginning 13 weeks after treatment

28、. Similar results were obtained by Norcini and Knox (1989), with ibolium privet, fraser photinia, and Wonderberry pyracantha, all being shorter when treated with uniconazole,particularly when environmental conditions favored rapid growth.Uniconazole did not affect the number of leaves per plant or p

29、lant leaf area, leaf and root dry weights, or the root : shoot ratio of Kasan (Table 2). The medium drench resulted in a curvilinear increase in area per leaf, while both application methods curvilinearly decreased stem dry weights. Decreased stem and leaf dry weight with uniconazole was also noted

30、by Norcini and Knox (1989) onWonderberry pyracantha, fraser photinia, and ibolium privet. The increased individual leaf areas were in contrast to the decrease in total foliage areas observed in treated privet seedlings and American sycamore when uniconazole was injected into plants (Sterrett, 1988);

31、 however, individual leaf areas were not measured in that study.Height and width of Lalandei decreased beginning 8 weeks after drench applications HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 26(7), JULY 1991 879 (Table 3). At this time, there was a curvilinear relationship between application rates and height and width. Foli

32、ar applications decreased plant height curvilinearly by 3 weeks after application. There was a linear relationship between foliar application rate and width at week 3, but it was curvilinear by week 5.Both application methods decreased leaf count and stem dry weight curvilinearly in Lalandei (Table

33、4). The drench resulted in a curvilinear decrease in area per leaf, while the foliar treatment resulted in a curvilinear decrease in root dry weight.In this study, chlormequat chloride had little effect on plant growth and visual appearance of either Pyracantha coccinea Kasan or Lalandei. In contras

34、t, uniconazole decreased height of both. Kasan was most affected by the soil drench, while Lalandei responded more to foliar applications. Uniconazole-treated plants of both cultivars had a desirably compact growth habit and darker green foliage and were considered more desirable in appearance than

35、those not treated with the growth regulator or with chlormequat chloride.Literature CitedBarrett, J.E. and T.A. Nell. 1986. Evaluation of XE-1019 and paclobutrazol for height control of flowering annuals. Proc. Plant Growth Regulat. Soc. Amer. 13:62-64.Conover, C.A. and H.M. Vines. 1972. Chlormequat

36、 drench and spray applications to poinsettias. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 97:316-320.Grzesik, M. and R.M. Rudnicki. 1985. The use of growth regulators in nursery production of woody ornamental plants. Acta Hort. 167:401415.Henry, M.J. 1985. Plant growth regulating activity of sterol and gibberellin bi

37、osynthesis inhibitors. Bul. Plant Growth Regulat. Soc. Amer. 13(2):9-11.Holcomb, E.J., S. Ream, and J. Reed. 1983. The effect of BAS 106, ancymidol, and chlormequat on chrysanthemum and poinsettia. HortScience 18:364-365.Newman, S.E., S.B. Tenney, and M.W. Follett. 1989. Influence of uniconazole (Su

38、magicr) on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Mississippi Agr. Expt. Sta. Res. Rpt. 14(4):1-3.Norcini, J.G. and G.W. Knox. 1989. Response of Ligustrum ´ ibolium, Photinia ´ fraseri, and Pyacantha koidzumii Wonderberry to XE-1019 and pruning. J. Environ. Hort. 7:126-128.Sterrett, J.P. 1988. XE-1019:

39、 Plant response, translocation, and metabolism. J. Plant Growth Regulat. 7:19-26.Vaigro-Wolff, A.L. and M.R. Warmund. 1987. Suppression of growth and plant moisture stress of forsythia with flurprimidol and XE-1019.HortScience 22:884-885.White, J.W. and E.J. Holcomb. 1974. Height control methods for

40、 poinsettia. HortScience 9:146-147.Wilfret, G.J. 1986. Growth retardation of chrysanthemum and poinsettia with Ortho XE-1019.Proc. Plant Growth Regulat. Soc. Amer. 13:65.(Abstr.)譯文：全緣火棘“卡?！焙汀凹{蘭得”烯效唑響應(yīng)和矮壯素氯化珍妮特C。亨德森和托馬斯H尼科爾斯 ， 園藝與園林系，俄克拉何馬州大學(xué)，斯蒂爾沃特確定74078額外的索引詞:生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑，生長(zhǎng)阻燃，火棘摘要：全緣火棘兆焦耳香椿。“卡?！焙汀凹{蘭得”治療與

41、土壤淋了30毫克每個(gè)容器或0，0.25，0.50，或1.00毫克矮壯素氯烯效唑每個(gè)容器或與葉面噴施3000毫克AI的矮壯素氯/升或0，25，50，或100毫克AI烯效唑/升。矮壯素1雨淋氯化物中的應(yīng)用沒(méi)有影響，直到17個(gè)星期的“卡?！被颉凹{蘭得“增長(zhǎng)申請(qǐng)后，當(dāng)“卡?！备吆汀凹{蘭得”比未經(jīng)處理的植物短。 “卡?！敝参锱c矮壯素氯濕透了更多更大的總?cè)~面積和較高的葉和莖比未經(jīng)處理的植物干重的葉。然而，每葉面積，根干重，根：根冠比未受影響由的矮壯素氯化淋。矮壯素的氯化淋在“納蘭得”'，不影響任何這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，除莖干重。葉面噴施矮壯素氯化應(yīng)用，無(wú)論是品種的影響不大。 “卡?！焙汀凹{蘭得”高度增加兩種

42、應(yīng)用方法的烯效唑率下降。每葉面積增加了“卡?！?，但接收雨淋適用于中等在“納蘭得“下降。葉面噴施烯效唑和雨淋的應(yīng)用導(dǎo)致兩個(gè)品種在減少干干重?；瘜W(xué)名稱：2 - 氯-N，N，N-三甲基乙胺氯化物（矮壯素氯）；（五）-1 - （P-氯苯基）-4,4 - 二甲基-2 - （1,2,4 - 三唑-1 - 基）-1 - 戊烯-3 - 醇（烯效唑）。烯效唑，矮壯素氯是植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑，植物生長(zhǎng)抑制赤霉素的生物合成（亨利，1985年）減少。這些化學(xué)品被用來(lái)限制高度的花卉作物，如菊花（霍爾庫(kù)姆等人，1983年; Wilfret，1986），一品紅（康諾弗和藤本植物，1972年，白色和霍爾庫(kù)姆，1974年; Wilf

43、ret，1986年）和一些床上用品廠物種（Barrett和內(nèi)爾，1986年）。木本觀賞植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑的使用是低于1990年110月出版，收到廣泛。俄克拉何馬州農(nóng)業(yè)實(shí)驗(yàn)站 - 系列沒(méi)有。 5849。發(fā)布本文費(fèi)用中支付部分由版面費(fèi)的支付。在郵政法規(guī)，因此，本文必須特此標(biāo)記的廣告僅表示這一事實(shí)。園藝科學(xué)， 26（7），1991年7月的花卉產(chǎn)業(yè)。木本植物烯效唑的反應(yīng)一直是變量，取決于物種和應(yīng)用率。極短的節(jié)間導(dǎo)致時(shí)，烯效唑在2.5毫克AI應(yīng)用每土壤淋到“ibolium”女貞和“Wonderberry”火棘（Norcini和Knox，1989）的容器。烯效唑的治療芙蓉比未處理芙蓉較短，但葉面扭曲降低了工廠

44、的質(zhì)量，為提高應(yīng)用率（紐曼等，1989）。相比之下，連翹“（Vaigro沃爾夫和Warmund的，1987年）和弗雷澤石楠（Norcini和Knox，1989）處理類似的烯效唑率更緊湊，廠房外觀是更可取的，和石楠花比對(duì)照showier。雖然矮壯素氯化物一直沒(méi)有廣泛測(cè)試木本植物，拍攝長(zhǎng)度增加，廠房直徑，株高已觀察柳樹(shù)，連翹，玫瑰，但繡線菊或錦帶，與此生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)（Grzesik和Rudnicki的治療， 1985年）?；鸺粡V泛使用作為一個(gè)非正式的對(duì)沖基金和墻樹(shù)。然而，這一物種增長(zhǎng)失控，如果沒(méi)有適當(dāng)?shù)男藜艉途S護(hù)。使用植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑，控制在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中和之后的景觀種植的火棘的生長(zhǎng)習(xí)性，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致這一物種

45、的廣泛使用和降低維護(hù)成本。這項(xiàng)研究的目的是確定烯效唑的應(yīng)用率將減少兩個(gè)火棘品種的增長(zhǎng)，同時(shí)保持一個(gè)理想的外觀，以確定是否烯效唑控制木本植物優(yōu)于矮壯素氯化的高度，生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑目前在花卉產(chǎn)業(yè)降低高度季節(jié)性的開(kāi)花植物。7.5厘米長(zhǎng)的一百年植根全緣火棘“卡?！焙汀凹{蘭得”扦插種植在3.8升的容器3松樹(shù)皮：泥炭：1砂（體積比）與17N-3修訂。 6P-10K在8.3克緩釋肥料M-3）（Osmocote，塞拉利昂，化工，位于加州Milpitas），Micromax1.9公斤M-3（塞拉利昂化工），白云石2.3公斤的M-3。植物生長(zhǎng)在溫室30/15C日/夜6周，然后修剪到20厘米的最后拍攝長(zhǎng)度。然后分別用容器

46、或0，0.25，0.50，或1.00毫克每貨柜烯效唑30毫克每土壤雨淋，或3000毫克矮壯素毫克/升的氯化物或0，25，或50的烯效唑/升矮壯素氯作為葉面噴霧和放置在充足的陽(yáng)光之外。土壤淋應(yīng)用解決方案，每個(gè)集裝箱的100毫升，葉片上的應(yīng)用作為徑流噴霧應(yīng)用。接受植物葉面噴灑，以確保沒(méi)有烯效唑?qū)⑦M(jìn)入生長(zhǎng)介質(zhì)之前用塑料覆蓋噴霧土壤表面。塑料被拆除時(shí)，葉子已經(jīng)干了。申請(qǐng)后3個(gè)星期開(kāi)始定期測(cè)量株高從介質(zhì)表面最高拍攝。植物的寬度決定通過(guò)測(cè)量植物直徑最寬處和垂直于這一點(diǎn)，然后平均的值。 877治療17周后，植物收獲和葉算，葉面積測(cè)定的Li-3100區(qū)計(jì)（LI-COR公司，林肯，內(nèi)布拉斯加州），葉，莖和根干燥

47、45C為7天，體重?？?cè)~面積，葉片數(shù)除以每個(gè)工廠平均每葉面積計(jì)算。根：根冠比進(jìn)行了計(jì)算（葉干重+地上部干重）/根干重。在每個(gè)品種10個(gè)處理完全隨機(jī)塊設(shè)計(jì)。方差程序和配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)分析被用來(lái)確定在每個(gè)應(yīng)用程序的方法矮壯素氯化物和烯效唑治療之間的差異。正交對(duì)比來(lái)確定線性，二次和三次烯效唑的應(yīng)用率之間的關(guān)系“卡?！敝参锱c矮壯素氯化物介質(zhì)雨淋治療沒(méi)有顯著不同的高度或?qū)挾鹊目刂?，直?7周后，應(yīng)用處理廠時(shí)，分別比對(duì)照（見(jiàn)表1）高。這些結(jié)果與柳樹(shù)，連翹，株高增加，并與矮壯素氯化處理的玫瑰“（Grzesik和Rudnicki，1985年）的意見(jiàn)。接收葉面處理的植物也沒(méi)有差別，除了在第13周時(shí)，矮壯素氯植物分別比對(duì)照植株矮。矮壯素1雨淋氯化物中的應(yīng)用導(dǎo)致更多的樹(shù)葉，植物葉面積較大，較高的葉和莖干重比對(duì)照（見(jiàn)表2）在“卡?！比~面噴施矮壯素氯化沒(méi)有影響這些測(cè)量?！凹{蘭得”植物與chlorme-878 HORTSCIENCé，音量濕透。 26（7），1991年7月第四紀(jì)氯比對(duì)照組少17個(gè)星期后（見(jiàn)表3）。葉面噴施矮壯素氯應(yīng)用在13周大的植物，但這種差異并不在第17周顯著。作為一個(gè)中型淋氯化矮壯素'納蘭得i'的應(yīng)用減少干的干重，但葉片上的應(yīng)用沒(méi)有任何影響（見(jiàn)表4）?！翱ㄉ！备叨认陆档南┬н驖舛仍黾又衅谟炅芎腿~片上