1、Lesson two 2008.09.24Part One Preview Knowledge(2) Kong NannanIV. Passive Voice一.構(gòu)成 主語(yǔ)+Be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+by短語(yǔ) （復(fù)合式謂語(yǔ)）E.g. Machines are run by electricity.注意：be的五種基本形式p13.助動(dòng)詞V-ed形式二.主動(dòng)句轉(zhuǎn)為被動(dòng)句1）把原來(lái)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)變?yōu)閎y短語(yǔ)放在位于后面。2）原來(lái)謂語(yǔ)變?yōu)閎e的合適形態(tài)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞。3）其他照抄，基本不變化。e.g.The professor will read an important academic pap

2、er at the conference.An important academic paper wil be read by the professor at the conference.補(bǔ)充： The cases where there are no passive forms1) vi.不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。2) vt. mainly expressing a state “have; afford; fit; resemble; ” e.g. We can not afford the high tuition.3) vi + prep. expressing a state “belon

3、g to; consist in; ”4) vt. + n. = vi. “take place”5)vt. + n. expressing a passive meaning “find use applications (in)” 6）vt. + object （反身代詞）“myself; ” reciprocal pronoun（相互代詞）“each other; ” 7）cognitive object （同源賓語(yǔ)） “He slept a sound sleep.” 三.翻譯注意事項(xiàng)（1）由、被、受、用、以、通過(guò)，有時(shí)譯為是的。 E.g. 見(jiàn)P14。（2）根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，部分句子不采用

4、以上幾個(gè)詞來(lái)翻譯。 a.原句帶有by短語(yǔ)，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)出者時(shí)，把動(dòng)作發(fā)出者譯為句子主語(yǔ)。 This kind of machines can be manufactured by our factory. 我們廠能制造這種機(jī)器。 b.原句沒(méi)有by短語(yǔ)，若譯為漢語(yǔ)主動(dòng)句的話(huà)往往可以添加“我們”，“人們”，“大家”。p16 This kind of change is called a chemical change. 我們把這種變化稱(chēng)為化學(xué)變化。 或者譯為無(wú)主句。 In this case, a computer can be used. 在這種情況下，可以使用計(jì)算機(jī)。四、四、The follow

5、ing points should be paid attention to.1.The case when a verb (such as “give, tell, assign, deny, inform, convince,”) has two objects A retained object (or a retained object clause) will appear after the passive predicate. E.g. Assign each of the user a frequency band.Each of the users has been assi

6、gned a frequency band. A frequency band is assigned to each of the users. 每個(gè)用戶(hù)被分配了一個(gè)頻段。 Another example:That engineer gave us a lot of help.We were given a lot of help by that engineer.A lot help was given to us by that engineer.2. The case when a phrasal verb is used(1) vi. + preposition or: vt. +

7、adverb = vt. (p17) Chemistry deals with substances. Substances are dealt with in chemistry.A receiver can pick up radio waves. Radio waves can be picked up by a receiver.（2）vt. + n. + prep. = vt. (make use of; pay attention to; take care of, ) We make use of this characteristic in feedback amplifier

8、 design. Use is made of this characteristic in feedback amplifier design. This characteristic is made use of in feedback amplifier design. Another example: 必須充分利用現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備。(You are required to use the phrasal verb “make use of”.)We must make full use of the devices available.Full use muse be made of the

9、 devices available.The devices available must ba made use of. 3. Special forms of passive voice（了解）get + pp. for stressing the statebecome + pp. for stressing the state The energy that is stored in the inductor（電感器）and capacitor（電容器）eventually gets dissipated（消耗）by the resistor（電阻器）. This has become

10、 accepted by industry. The air throughout the room becomes heated by convection currents（對(duì)流氣流）. A matrix（矩陣）is becoming used much more widely than in previous years.V. TenseThe present tense is widely used. Most of EST sentences are declarative in simple present tense. Simple present: This paper dis

11、cusses Present perfect: It has been recognized that 本文論述了計(jì)算機(jī)的原理。(摘要）*This article dealt with the principles of a computer.This article deals with the principles of a computer.1.“近年來(lái)，他們一直在研制一種新的電腦?！盜n recent years,Of late years, they have been developing a new Over the years, kind of computer。2.“到十九世

12、紀(jì)二十年代末，人們認(rèn)識(shí)到了這種金屬可用在制造電燈上。”By the end of the 1820s, it had been realized that this metal could be used in manufacturing electric lamps.3.“到今年年底，他們?cè)谖麟姽ぷ鲄④娙炅?。”By the end of this year, they will have worked in Xidian University for thirty years. By the end of this year, they will be in the army for t

13、hirty years.（狀態(tài)） present perfect past perfect with action verbs future perfectBy time, present past with state verbs“be, have, ” futureVI. Comparisons P22基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)構(gòu)成1.單音節(jié)： 普通，以輔音y結(jié)尾的詞，詞尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞，2.多音節(jié)3.不規(guī)則詞匯1. The way to express the idea of “得多得多”p24Formula:much many far (by far)very mucha

14、lot + comparative degree (than)a great dealconsiderablyNoticeablyE.g.This circuit requires many more components than the circuit shown on page 3.該電路比第三頁(yè)所示電路需要的元件多得多。This machine works much better than that one.這臺(tái)機(jī)器的性能比那臺(tái)好得多。This device is far more useful than that one.這臺(tái)設(shè)備比那臺(tái)有用多了。Noticeably， much ma

15、ny ，far (by far) 2. The ways to express the idea of “越來(lái)越越來(lái)越” (1) for monosyllabic words - using the synthetic form ： “.er and .er” E.g. You can see the car moving faster and faster. for polysyllabic words - using the analytic form “more and more .” E.g. That girl is more and more beautiful. (2) ever

16、 + er - mainly for monosyllabic words E.g. Computers are becoming ever smaller. (3) increasingly + positive degree - mainly for polysyllabic words E.g. Electronic devices are getting increasingly complicated.(4) a main clause containing a comparative degree + an as-clause expressing time “隨著” E.g. T

17、he accelerating（加速）force becomes smaller as the body approaches the center.3. The ways to express the idea of “越，越，就就越越”（1）the normal pattern p27 the + comparative degree , the + comparative degree condition = if-clause main clause E.g. The smaller the resistance, the larger/greater current you will

18、 obtain. E.g.物體被提得越高，它具有的位能就越大。 The higher a body is lifted, the more potential energy it possesses.4. The way to express the idea of “達(dá)達(dá)到到 -”p26 Formula: “as adj. as + quantity” E.g. That cable is as long as three kilometers. three kilometers long. E.g.地球離月球的距離遠(yuǎn)達(dá)240,000英里。 The distance of the earth

19、 from the moon is as long/great as 240 thousand miles. 5. Three special types of “as as ” pattern(1) as adj. A as adj. B = not only B but also A E.g. Such books are as political as educational. 這本書(shū)既有教育意義也有宣傳性。 (2) as many (+ n.A) as there are n.B “有多少個(gè)B 就有多少個(gè)A” E.g. There are as many designs as ther

20、e are designers. (3) more noun A than noun B “與其說(shuō)B不如說(shuō)A”E.g. Java is more a technology than a programming language.6. “n” times +比較級(jí)比較級(jí)+than= “n” times as +原級(jí)原級(jí)+as (英譯漢時(shí)減一倍英譯漢時(shí)減一倍)A是是B的的n倍倍=A比比B大大n-1倍倍 E.g.This wire is four times longer than that one.這根導(dǎo)線是那根的4倍長(zhǎng)。這根導(dǎo)線比那根長(zhǎng)3倍E.g. This book is four times

21、 thicker than that one.這本書(shū)是那本書(shū)的四倍厚。這本書(shū)比那本厚三倍。如果比較級(jí)前是數(shù)字，那么表示純倍數(shù)增加減少p24This wire is five meters longer than that one.這跟線比那根長(zhǎng)5米。VII. Adjective Phrases1.Formation 3種2. Functions Predicative Complement Attribute - as a postmodifier only Adverbial1.Formation - the definition in a narrow sense“adj.+ prepos

22、itional phrase” similar to different from dependent on small in size “adj. + infinitive” able to do necessary to do ready to do free to do too.to do “adj. + adverbial clause” of comparison - as . as . than of result - so that .2. Functions (mainly the same as those of a single adjective) Predicative

23、 This computer is different in size from that one. This current is as large as 5 amperes. Complement最常見(jiàn)是由make要求的 This rule makes matrix A equal to matrix B. This voltage is set equal to zero. Attribute - as a postmodifier only This is a number larger than 1. This text is a help to digital designers

24、both new and old. The free electrons are affected by this field（電場(chǎng)）and are urged to move in the opposite direction to it. This has a similar mathematical form to the gravitational force. AdverbialIn this case, its logical subject is, in general, the subjectof the sentence (or sometimes the whole sentence afteror before it). . Before the subject - Its meaning is determined by the trial-and-error method. reaso