1、高中英語構(gòu)詞法專題一、轉(zhuǎn)化法英語構(gòu)詞法中把一種詞性用作另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫作轉(zhuǎn)化法，有的名詞可以作動詞，有的形容詞可以作副詞或動詞。 1、動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞 1）意思沒有變化，例如：I think we'd better finish the talk now.我想我們的談話最好現(xiàn)在結(jié)束。 2）意思有一定變化，例如：He is a man of strong build.他是一個體格健壯的漢子。 3）構(gòu)成短語，例如：Let's have a look first. 我們先看一下吧。2、名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞1）表示物體的，如：Have you booked the ticket?

2、你訂好票了嗎?2）表示身體部位的，如：Hand in your papers please. 請把你們的試卷交上來。3）表示一類人的，如：She nursed her husband back to health. 她看護丈夫，使他恢復(fù)了健康。4）抽象名詞，如：We breakfasted together. 我們在一起吃了早餐。3、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞少數(shù)形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞。例如：We will try our best to better our living conditions. 我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。4、副詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞有少數(shù)副詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞。例如：Murder will ou

3、t. 惡事終必將敗露。5、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞1）表示顏色的形容詞?？赊D(zhuǎn)化為名詞，如：The girl in black appears very beautiful. 那個穿黑衣服的女孩子看上去非常漂亮。2）一些形容詞如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等與the連用，表示一類人，作主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，如：We don't belong to the rich, but we don't belong to the poor either. 我們不是有錢人，但我們也不是窮人。二、派生法英語構(gòu)詞法中在詞根前面加前綴或在詞根后面加后綴，從

4、而構(gòu)成一個與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞的方法叫作派生法。 1、前綴 除少數(shù)英語前綴外，前綴一般改變單詞的意義，不改變詞性；英語后綴一般改變詞類，而不引起詞義的變化。 (1) 表示否定意義的前綴常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在單詞的前面加這類前綴常構(gòu)成與該詞意義相反的新詞。例如： agree同意disagree不同意 legal合法的illegal 非法的possible可能的impossible不可能的 valid有效的invalid無效的regular 規(guī)則的irregular 不規(guī)則的 take 拿、帶mistake 錯誤

5、stop停止nonstop 直達的 fair公平的unfair不公平的 (2) 表示其他意義的前綴常用的有a-(多構(gòu)成表語形容詞), anti- (反對；抵抗), auto- (自動), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (強調(diào)距離)等。例如： part 部分apart分離的 Japanese日本 anti-Japanese 抗日mobile移動的 automobile汽車 operate操作 cooperate 合作large大的 enlarge 使變大 write書寫rewrite 重寫way道

6、路subway 地鐵 scope范圍 telescope 望遠鏡active活躍的interactive 互動的 write書寫rewrite 重寫2、后綴單詞加后綴也是英語構(gòu)詞的一種重要方法。后綴通常會改變單詞的詞性，構(gòu)成意義相近的其他詞性；少數(shù)后綴還會改變詞義，變?yōu)榕c原來詞義相反的新詞。下面僅作簡單介紹。 (1) 構(gòu)成名詞的后綴常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (從事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ian (精通的人)，-ist (專業(yè)人員)，-ment (性質(zhì)；狀態(tài))，-ness (性質(zhì)；狀態(tài))，-tion(動作；過程)等。例如： differ不同于dif

7、ference區(qū)別 depend依靠dependence依靠 write寫writer作家 act扮演 actor演員 China中國Chinese中國人 Japan日本Japanese日本人 act表演actress女演員 host 男主人hostess女主人 music音樂musician音樂家 magic有魔力的 magician魔術(shù)師art 藝術(shù)artist藝術(shù)家 science科學(xué) scientist科學(xué)家 move移動movement 運動 develop發(fā)展development發(fā)展careful認真的 carefulness 認真 kind友好的 kindness友好、和善in

8、vite邀請 invitation邀請 educate教育 education教育(2) 構(gòu)成動詞的后綴常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容詞之后)，-fy (使化)，-ize (使成為)。例如：wide 寬的widen加寬 sharp鋒利的sharpen使變鋒利beauty美麗beautify美化 pure純凈的purify提純real真實的realize意識到 organ器官organize組織(3) 構(gòu)成形容詞的后綴常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某國人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名詞后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某國人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-is

9、h，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天氣)等。例如： nature自然natural自然的 fate 命運fatal致命的 reason道理reasonable有道理的 comfort舒適 comfortable舒服的 America美國American美國的 Canada加拿大 Canadian加拿大人的gold金子golden金的 wood木頭 wooden木頭的east東eastern東方的 north北方northern北方的 China中國Chinese中國人的 Japan日本Japanese日本的use 用處 us

10、eful有用的 help幫助 helpful有幫助的 music音樂musical音樂的 physics物理physical物理的、身體的 child孩子childish孩子氣的 self自我 selfish自私的product產(chǎn)品productive多產(chǎn)的 attract吸引attractive引人注目的care關(guān)心 careless粗心的 use使用 useless無用的dream夢想 dreamlike像夢一樣的 war戰(zhàn)爭warlike 好戰(zhàn)的 friend朋友friendly友好的 cost成本 costly昂貴的danger危險 dangerous危險的 poison毒藥poiso

11、nous有毒的trouble麻煩 troublesome 棘手的 tire疲憊 tiresome煩人的snow雪snowy雪的 rain雨水 rainy多雨的(4) 構(gòu)成副詞的后綴常用有-ly (主要用于形容詞之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的詞之后表示方向)。例如： angry生氣的angrily生氣地 happy幸福的 happily 快樂地 to到towards朝，向 up上 upwards朝上 east東方eastward向東 back后面 backward向后(5)構(gòu)成數(shù)詞的后綴常見的構(gòu)成數(shù)詞的后綴有-teen (十幾)，-ty (幾十)，-th (構(gòu)成序數(shù)

12、詞)。例如：six六sixteen十六sixteenth第十六four四forty四十fortieth第四十三、合成法英語構(gòu)詞法中把兩個單詞連在一起合成一個新詞，前一個詞修飾或限定后一個詞，這樣的方法就是合成法。 1、合成名詞        名詞名詞：weekend周末        名詞動詞：daybreak黎明        名詞動名詞：handwrit

13、ing書法        名詞及物動詞eror： pain-killer止痛藥        名詞介詞名詞：sister-in-law嫂子        代詞名詞：she-wolf母狼        動詞名詞：typewriter打字機   

14、0;    動名詞名詞：reading-room閱覽室        現(xiàn)在分詞名詞：flying-fish飛魚        形容詞名詞：freshman大一新生        副詞動詞：outlook景色，風(fēng)光        介詞名詞：a

15、fter-brain后腦 2、合成形容詞 名詞形容詞：blood-red血紅的 名詞現(xiàn)在分詞：French-speaking講法語的 名詞to名詞：one-to-one一對一的 名詞過去分詞：man-made人造的 數(shù)詞名詞：one-way單行道的 數(shù)詞名詞形容詞：three-year-old三歲的 數(shù)詞名詞ed： ten-storeyed十層的 動詞副詞：one-off 一次性的 形容詞名詞：high-quality高質(zhì)量的 形容詞名詞ed： noble-minded高尚的 形容詞形容詞：light-green淺綠色的 形容詞現(xiàn)在分詞：ordinary-looking相貌一般的 副詞形容詞：

16、ever-green常青的 副詞現(xiàn)在分詞：hard-working辛勤的 副詞過去分詞：well-known著名的 副詞名詞：fast-food專門提供快餐服務(wù)的 介詞名詞：indoor室內(nèi)的 3、合成動詞 名詞動詞：sleep-walk夢游 形容詞動詞：white-wash粉刷 副詞動詞：overwhelm壓倒，制服 4、合成副詞 形容詞名詞：hotfoot匆忙地 形容詞副詞：everywhere到處 副詞副詞：however盡管如此 介詞名詞：beforehand事先 介詞副詞：forever永遠 5、合成代詞 代詞賓格self： herself 她自己 物主代詞self： myself

17、我自己 形容詞名詞：anything 一切 6、合成介詞 副詞名詞：outside在外面 介詞副詞：within在之內(nèi) 副詞介詞：into進入四、截短法(縮略法) 將單詞縮寫，詞義和詞性保持不變的英語構(gòu)詞法稱為截短法，主要有截頭、去尾、截頭去尾等形式。 1、截頭 telephone phone airplane plane 2、去尾 mathematics maths examination exam kilogram kilo laboratory lab taxicab taxi 3、截頭去尾 influenza flu refrigerator fridge prescription s

18、cript五、混合法(混成法)英語構(gòu)詞還可以將兩個詞混合或各取一部分緊縮而成一個新詞，前半部分表屬性，后半部分表主體。這樣的英語構(gòu)詞法就是混合法。 news broadcast newscast新聞廣播 television broadcast telecast電視播送 smoke and fog smog煙霧 photo and graphy photography攝影，攝影術(shù) helicopter airport heliport直升飛機場六、首尾字母縮略法 用單詞首尾字母組成一個新詞的英語構(gòu)詞法叫做首尾字母縮略法。這種形式的英語構(gòu)詞生成的新詞，讀音主要有兩種形式，即各字母分別讀音；作為一

19、個單詞讀音。 Testing of English as a Foreign Language TOEFL托福 Teach English as a Foreign Language TEFL將英語作為外語進行教學(xué) Teach English as a Second Language TESL將英語作為第二語言進行教學(xué) Graduate Record Examination GRE美國研究生入學(xué)考試Voice of America VOA 美國之音British Broadcasting Company BBC 英國廣播公司專題鞏固練習(xí)Part A: 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識選擇正確答案。1. That

20、 man was _enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.A. care B. carefulC. carelessD. carelessness2. The soldier died for saving the child，so his_ is heavier than Mount Tai.A. dieB. deadC. diedD. death3. The child looked _at his brother who was badly wounded.A. sadlyB. sadnessC. sadd

21、enD. sad4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a _.A. chemistryB. chemical C. chemistD. physician5. The three- _chair isnt suitable for a young child. He may fall off.A. leggingB. leggedC. legsD. leged6. Stephenson became the_ railway engineer in the world.A. lead B. leaderC. leadingD. lea

22、dership7. When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked_ about at his classmates.A. proudB. proudlyC. prideD. pridely8. To everyones _，the girl finished the job quite well.A. satisfiedB. satisfactory C. satisfyingD. satisfaction9.What are you doing here?Oh，my teacher ask

23、ed me to write a passage about _in English.You can write_ passage in English?A. 600 words；a 600-words B. 600-word；a 600-wordsC. 600 words；a 600-word D. 600 words；a 600-words10. No one should enter the spot without the_ of the police.A. permitB. permission C. permittingD. permittence11. You must come

24、 with us to the police _.Our head is waiting for you.A. headquartersB. headline C. headmasterD. headache12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it _.A. intendB. intention C. intentionally D. intentional13. The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a_ smile.A. practiceB. practice C. p

25、racticalD. practiced14. The_ ordered him to pay a $100 fine.A. judgerB. judgment C. judgeD. judgement15. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me the_ news about Iraq War? A. latelyB. latest C. laterD. latter16. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in _.A. longerB. length C. longD. longing17.To my _，I

26、passed the exam easily.A. joyB. joyful C. joylessD. joyness18. Canada is mainly an_ country.A. English-speaking B. speak-English C. spoken-EnglishD. English-spoken19. How_ he is! He is always acting_. He is really a _.A. foolish；foolishly；fool B. fool；foolish；foolC. foolish；fool；fool D. foolishly；fo

27、olish；fool20. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. Its of great _.A. valuableB. value C. valuelessD. unvaluable21. There were_ fish in the river in South America.A. in dangerB. danger C. dangerousD. dangerless22. The child looked at me_.A. strangerB. strangely C. strangeD. strangeless23. Th

28、e black people were against slavery and fought for their_ bravely.A. freeB. freely C. freedomD. frees24. What you said sounded_ but in fact it was untrue.A. reasonableB. reasonful C. reasonlessD. unreason25. We have to learn _technology from other countries.A. advanceB. advancing C. advantageD. adva

29、nced26. The children live in a village _.They come here almost every day.A. nearbyB. near C. nearlyD. near by27.Mr Black is an _in the army，not an _in the government. You can not easily find him in his_.A. official；officer；office B. officer；office；officialC. official；official；official D. officer；off

30、icial；office28. Youd better give up smoking if you want to keep _.A. healthB. healthy C. healthilyD. healthier29._ speaking，I didnt do it on purpose.A. HonestlyB. HonestC. HonestyD. DishonestPart B: 用所給詞語的正確形式填空，使得句子完整。1.The first tomb was built at the_ (begin) of the 15th century.2.Painting is a _

31、(create) process.3.The _ (discover) of gold on their land made the people rapidly rich.4.The first lesson was very_ (enjoy). I like it a lot!5.A smile is the universal_ (face) expression-it is intended to put people at ease.6.The governments new program is designed to help the_ (job).7._ (Luck), Pet

32、er didnt get the job.8.The old man had no child so he suffered a lot from_ (lonely).9.Try to act_ (nature), even if you are tense.10.The baby was sleeping_ (peace).11.He showed us_ (person) around the factory.12.Large_ (quantity) of fish have been caught.13.The price of this dress is_ (reason). I ca

33、nt afford it.14.Easter is an important_ (region) and social festival in Christian countries.15.It goes without_ (say) that the proposal will be accepted.16.It is a colorless, odorless and_ (taste) gas, slightly heavier than air.17.Its_ (believe) that the event repeated itself years later in the same

34、 place.18.Overpopulation is a _ (universe) problem.19.Health problems are_(close) connected with bad eating habits and a lack of exercise.20.You may_(like) the food because it do not look, smell or taste very nice.21.A thousand words will not leave so deep an_ (impress) as one deed.22.The best_ (pre

35、pare) for good work tomorrow is to do good work today.23.He answered me_ (rude) and said he would not come back.24.Cuzco is a lively city where both Indian and_ (Spain) culture and are can be seen.25.Brazil is a country located in the _ (south) hemisphere.Part 3: 根據(jù)英語構(gòu)詞法知識，改正下列句子。1. The Milu deer are living in the wild in a natural park.2. This blouse is fir for him at all. Its too long and the color has ru