1、Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the starsi.單元教學(xué)目標(biāo)技能目標(biāo)Skill GoalsTalk about the science of the stars, the development of life and space travel and gravity.Practise giving instructions.Practise talking abut problems in study or life.Learn to use Noun Clause s as the subject.Learn to write an essay to

2、 show your problems and the way to overcome them.II .目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言功能句式Talk about the science of the stars, the development of life and space travel and gravityWhere do we come from?How did the universe begin?Why is the universe the way it was?How will it end?How much do you know about universe?Do you want to

3、 have a space travel?Do you know something about gravity?Do you know something about black holes?Practise giving instructionsPlease look at/ listen to.Please check that.You need.Please pay attention to.Don' t forget to.You' d better.Make sure you.Watch out for.You mustn' t.Practice talki

4、ng about problems in study or lifeMy problem is.The difficulty is.My trouble is.The question is.My advice is.What I think about it is.The fact is.My suggestion is.1四會(huì)詞匯astronomy, system, religion theory atom billion globe violent carbonatmosphere unlike fundamental harmful acid chain multiply oxygen

5、 exist thus dioxide puzzle biology biologist gravity satellite gentle physicist climate詞匯crash spaceship pull float mass2認(rèn)讀詞匯astronomer, biochemistry, geophysics, solar, Big Bang, vapour, nitrogen, dissolve, am rphibian, reptile, generally, mammal, global, comet, Issac Newton, Albert Einstein, Steph

6、en Hawking, lessen, weightlessly, cabin, exhaust, exclaim3詞組solar system, in time, lay eggs, give birth to, in one' s turn, carbondioxide, prevent - from, block out, cheer up, now that, break out, watch out語(yǔ)法Noun Clauses as the subjectNoun Clauses as the subject is also called the Subject Clause

7、. That means a Noun Clause serves as Subject in the sentence. The words which are used in this Noun Clause are: that, whether, who, what, which, when, where, how, why, etc.Example1. What it was to become was a mystery.2. It was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.III .教材分析與教材重組1 .教材

8、分析本單元以 astronomy: the science of the stars, the development of life, space travel and gravity 為話題，通過(guò)本單元的幾篇閱讀材料使學(xué)生對(duì)以上問(wèn)題有所了解，并通過(guò)文章 中的一些探討性的問(wèn)題，比如， The earth may become too hot for the lives on it. Then what will our future be?使學(xué)生更好地了解我們的地球和我們的生活環(huán)境，并引發(fā)對(duì)“地 球的將來(lái)如何”的熱烈討論，通過(guò)這些討論激發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)天文學(xué)了解和探究的強(qiáng)烈興趣。通過(guò)討論登月球需要的

9、物品和可能遇到的困難學(xué)會(huì)提出問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題的表達(dá)方法，并能就此寫(xiě)出一篇表達(dá)合理思路清晰的短文。1.1 WARMING UP以討論的形式通過(guò)三組問(wèn)題引導(dǎo)學(xué)生討論邊緣科學(xué)，討論科學(xué)的方法 以及要成為真正的科學(xué)家所必須掌握的技能。1.2 PRE-READING主要讓學(xué)生弄清楚什么是科學(xué)思想，什么是宗教信仰或文化傳統(tǒng)。在探討生命起源的科學(xué)道理之前，讓學(xué)生以聽(tīng)故事或講故事的方式，交流有關(guān)宇宙的起源的種種傳說(shuō)，既有趣味性，又能調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的相關(guān)知識(shí)，激活學(xué)生的思維。1.3 READING講述了地球上生命的起源。 水的形成使得地球有別于其他星球， 它使得地 球上生命的誕生成為可能?？茖W(xué)家認(rèn)為， 地球上的生命首先

10、誕生于水中，上百萬(wàn)年后， 陸地 上才長(zhǎng)出綠色植物，隨后出現(xiàn)了陸棲動(dòng)物和水陸兩棲動(dòng)物。最初的動(dòng)物靠孵化繁衍后代，后來(lái)出現(xiàn)了哺乳動(dòng)物，人類也隨之誕生了。文章最后講了令人深省的問(wèn)題：The earth maybecome too hot fo r the lives on it.1.4 COMPREHENDING過(guò)四個(gè)選擇填空題檢測(cè)學(xué)生對(duì)本文核心問(wèn)題的理解：地球上生命的起源和延續(xù)需要哪些條件？隨后通過(guò)排序的方式幫助學(xué)生弄清本文的行文線索，也就是地球上生命的起源和發(fā)展歷程。最后提出兩個(gè)問(wèn)題，考查學(xué)生的深層理解和推斷能力。1.5 LEARNING ABOULANGUAGE詞匯和語(yǔ)法兩部分。其中， Dis

11、covering useful words and expressions 通過(guò)英文釋意，短文填空，詞語(yǔ)分類和單項(xiàng)選擇等練習(xí)讓學(xué)生在語(yǔ)境中掌 握和運(yùn)用詞匯。Grammar采用先發(fā)現(xiàn)后應(yīng)用的學(xué)習(xí)方法。先通過(guò)到課文中找句子，讓學(xué)生認(rèn) 識(shí)主語(yǔ)從句，然后，設(shè)置一個(gè)用一手機(jī)發(fā)短信息的情景，讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單句與主語(yǔ)從句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換練習(xí)。最后設(shè)置情景來(lái)復(fù)習(xí)表語(yǔ)從句。1.6 USING LANGUAGE Listening 、Reading 和 Speaking and Writing三音B分交互組合而成。指導(dǎo)學(xué)生在聽(tīng)和讀的輸入性學(xué)習(xí)之后，完成說(shuō)和寫(xiě)的輸出性應(yīng)用練習(xí)。Listening的內(nèi)容介紹三位科學(xué)巨匠。不僅

12、通過(guò)聽(tīng)力填表的形式訓(xùn)練學(xué)生捕捉細(xì)節(jié)的能力，還通過(guò)四選一的方式幫助學(xué)生找主題思想。在解釋對(duì)與錯(cuò)的過(guò)程中，教師可以適當(dāng)?shù)慕榻B一下概括主題的方法。Reading是一個(gè)科幻小故事，通過(guò)作者和作者的朋友乘宇宙飛船登月球的經(jīng)歷，介 紹了重量、失重和地球引力等科學(xué)道理。Speaking以Visiting the moon為話題，要求學(xué)生討論登月球需要攜帶的物品和在月球上可能遇到的困難。Writing要求學(xué)生找出登月球可能遇到的三個(gè)困難并找出克服這些困難的方法。在聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě)綜合提高的同時(shí)，培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新意識(shí)和實(shí)踐能力。2 .教材重組2.1 將 Warming up、Pre-reading 、Reading 和

13、 Comprehending 四部分整合在一起上一節(jié)閱 讀課。2.2 將 Leaning about language 和 Workbook 中的 Using Words and expressions 以 及Using Structures整合在一起上一節(jié)語(yǔ)法課。2.3 聽(tīng)力 Using language 中的 Listening 與 Workbook 中 Listening 和 Listening task三部分話題較為接近，其中 Listening部分是介紹三位對(duì)地球引力的認(rèn)識(shí)做出巨大貢獻(xiàn)的科學(xué)偉人。在提高聽(tīng)力的同時(shí)，為下文的Reading部分作了鋪墊。Workbook中Listenin

14、g 是關(guān)于轟動(dòng)一時(shí)的航天英雄楊利偉的故事。通過(guò)聽(tīng)力練習(xí)，讓學(xué)生了解作為宇航員所需要哪些素質(zhì)。而Listening task中的聽(tīng)力則是向?qū)W生展示space travel的潛在價(jià)值。既然三部分都在談?wù)撆c Astronomy有關(guān)的內(nèi)容，所以放在一起處理比較合適。2.4 把 Using Language 中的 Speaking 和 Workbook 中的 Talking 和 Speaking task 放在一起整合成一節(jié)口語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練課。這幾部分涉及到本單元的功能句，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)如何思考需要的東西，怎樣給別人以指示以及如何向別人問(wèn)問(wèn)題。2.5 泛讀 是把 Using language 中的 Reading

15、 和 Workbook 中的 Reading task 整合在 起。這兩部分禾U用science fiction story向讀者解釋 gravity 和black hole.2.6 寫(xiě)作練習(xí)是把 Using language 中的 Writing 和 Workbook 中的 Writing Task 以及 Project整合在一起上一堂寫(xiě)作練習(xí)課。3 .課型設(shè)計(jì)與課時(shí)分配（經(jīng)教材分析，本單元可以用6課時(shí)教完）1st periodIntensive Reading2nd periodLanguage study3rd periodListening4th periodExtensive Rea

16、ding5th periodSpeaking6th periodWritingIV.分課時(shí)教案The First Period Intensive ReadingTeaching goals教學(xué)目標(biāo)1. Target language 目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言重點(diǎn)詞語(yǔ)：theory, atom, billion, globe, violent, carbon, atmosphere, fundamental, harmful, acid, multiply, oxygen, exist, prevent, dioxide2. Ability goals能力目標(biāo)a. Enable Ss to talk abou

17、t the science of the stars, the development of life and space travel and gravity.Where do we come from?How did the universe begin?Why is the universe the way it was ?How will it end?How much do you know about universe?Do you want to have a space travel?Do you know something about gravity?b. Understa

18、nd the text and answer the following questions:What was there on the earth before life could begin?Why do scientists think there has never been life on the moon?Why did animals first appear in the seas?Why did green plants help life to develop?Why were mammals different from other an imals?c. Enable

19、 the Ss to understand the details about the passage, choosing the correct answer according to the text and put the order of development of life into a time line and answer questions.d. Retell the passage using key sentences.3. Learning ability goals 學(xué)能目標(biāo)Enable Ss to learn how to talk about the begin

20、ning of life on the earth.Teaching important points教學(xué)重點(diǎn)a. Talk about the beginning of life on the earth.Why did animals first appear in the seas?Why did green plants help life to develop?b. Discuss the order of development of life.Teaching difficult points教學(xué)難點(diǎn)a. Understand the beginning of life on t

21、he earth.b. Discuss the questions:What will our future be if the earth may become too hot for the lives on it?Why are humans the cleverest animals on the earth?Teaching methods 教學(xué)方法a. Skimming and scanning.b. Asking-and- answering activity to check the Ss ' underst anding of the text.c. Individu

22、al, pair or group work to finish each task.d. Discussion.Teaching aids 教具準(zhǔn)備A recorder, a computer and a projector.Teaching procedures & ways教學(xué)過(guò)程與方式Step I PresentationT: Hello, everyone! Today we ' ll come to Unit 4 Astro nomy. Before that I have a question: Where do we come from? Or we can s

23、ay: Who are our ancestors?51: Monkeys!52: Beijing Ren who lived many years ago.53: Reptiles.54: Mammals.55: Amphibians.56: Dinosaurs.T: Very good! Can you put them in right order?57: Amphibians, Reptiles, Dinosaurs, Mammals, Beijing Ren.T: Do you know what it was like before life appeared on earth?5

24、8: It was full of water, perhaps.T: Before that, what was it like?59: Sorry, I don ' t know.T: Do you want to get more information ? Today we' ll learn something about HowLife Began on the Earth. Turn to Page 25. Let ' s come to Warming up first.Step II Warming up1. Read the three questi

25、ons, while the students listen and follow.2. Give the Ss several minutes to discuss the questions.3. Collect answers from the whole class.4. Check the answers while discussing.T: I ' ll read the three questions for you. You should listen to me carefully. (Ifstudents don' t know how to discus

26、s, show them an example.) For example, medicine. Whensomeone gets serious illness,he will go to the hospital. The doctor will examinehim. He will take his temperature,measure his blood pressure and give him an X-ray,or a CT. For the whole process of the examination, what kind of science has been use

27、d?51: Biology.52: Chemistry.T: So we can say medicine combines biology and chemistry. What about biochemistry and geophysics?53: I think biochemistry combines biology and chemistry.54: Geophysics combines geology and physics.T: What about astronomy?55: Physics.56: Mathematics.T: Very good. We should

28、 know that astronomy is a multidisciplinary subject and if we want to do some research on it, we should know many science subjects related to it. Now discuss the second question:What do we mean when we say we are studying a subject scientifically? Or what' sthe correct attitude towards science?5

29、7: We should be objective, not superstitious.T: What' s the correct way to prove a scientific idea?58: We should design experiments to test it for several times.59: Then we can analyze the results and draw a conclusion at last.T: Let ' s sum up the answers. To study a subject scientifically,

30、 we must try to beobjective. In order to test our idea, we should design experiments, then analyze the results and draw a conclusio n. Now let ' s talk about the third question. What are the most important skills we need to be real scientists?510: We should be very careful.511: Be objective and

31、logical.512: Weshould be wise enough to design an experiment and write the reports clearly. S13: We should be able to draw conclusions from the experiments and not impose conclusions on the data.T: I think you have done great work. From the discussion we know that it ' s not easy to be a scienti

32、st. So you should work harder if you want to be a scientist.Step in Pre -readingGet the Ss to discuss the questions on Page 25 with their partners. Then ask theSs to tell their stories. Encourage the Ss to tell different stories. If they don' t know any, tell them some.T: Nowplease look at the s

33、lide show. And discuss these questions with your partners. Then I ' ll ask some students to tell us their stories. Are you clear?Ss: Yes, Sir/Madam.1. Do you know each religion or culture has its own ideas about the beginning of the universe? Please give an example if you know.2. Do you know wha

34、t a scientific idea is?After the Ss ' discussion, teacher says the following.T: Now who' d like to tell us a story? Volunteer!S1: Let me try. In China, we all know that Pangu separates the sky from the earth.T: Can you describe the story in details?51: Sorry, I can ' t remember clearly.T

35、: Who can? Nobody? Now I ' ll tell you. Look at the screen.Pangu separates the sky from the earthThe sky and the earth were at first one blurred entitylike an egg. Pangu was born into it. The separation of the sky and the earth took18,000 years- the Yang which was light and pure rose to become t

36、he sky, and the Yin which was heavy and murky sank to form the earth. Between them was Pangu, who went through nine changes every day, his wisdom, greater than that of the sky and hisability greater than that of the earth. Every day the sky rose ten feet higher, the earth became ten feet thicker, an

37、d Pangu grew ten feet taller.Another 18,000 yearspassed, and there was an extremely high sky, an extremely thick earth, and an extremely tall Pangu. Then came the Three Emperors (the Emperor of the Sky, the Emperor of the Earth, and the Emperor of the Men.)So these numbers came into existence and ev

38、olve like this. The number begins with one, becomes established at three, is completed at five, prospers at seven, and ends in nine. So the sky is ninety thousand li from the earth.Other legends about the beginning of universe The Biblical Account“In the beginning God created the heavens and the ear

39、th. The earth was for mless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the spirit of God was hovering over the waters. And God said. ”Day 1: God spoke and separated light from darkness creating Day and NightDay 2: God spoke and separated the water creating sky and oceanDay 3: God spok

40、e and created dry landDay 4: God spoke and created the sun, moon and starsDay 5: God spoke and created living creatures in the air and seaDay 6: God spoke and created the land animals and man Day 7: God rested and blessed this day calling it Holy IndiaBrahma has created the world many times. Thi s c

41、reation is repeated every four ages or yugas. There are four yugas in one eon or kalpa. In the beginning of each kalpa the world is a watery chaos.As Brahma thought beings were created. The demons were created by a wind from his rectum. After creating the demons he discarded his body whichbecame nig

42、ht. Heassumed a new body and out of his mouth came the shining gods or devas. This body was also discarded and became day. With his next body hecreated ancestor spirits.With his fourth body Brahma created human beings. This discarded body became the moon. With the fifth body Brahma had a strange tho

43、ught and he created ogres, terrible creatures that wanted to devour the primordial sea of chaos. In shock at what he had done he then created ghouls. Finally he regained his senses and created birds, mammals, plants and all the other life that we see today.JapanIn the beginning the world was chaos u

44、ntil the heaven and earth separated. When this separation occurred the Three High Deities created two principles, the passive, Izanami or the Female, and the active, Izanagi or the Male. It was these two people who are our ancestors.In the beginning the heaven and the earth were one. The In (Yin) an

45、d Yo (Yang) had not been separated. All that existed was chaos in the form of an egg. This egg contained the seeds of the creation. Heaven, being made of the purer portion of the substance rose and the earth being heavier did not. As the heaven rose , the islands began to be formed. Later a strange

46、plant grew between heaven and earth which became a great male god. Two additional male gods followed. These three were formed by the will of heaven. Following this six deifies were formed and then Izanagi (the male ) and Izanami (the female ). Izanagi and Izanami were the first ancestors. They thrus

47、t down the jeweled spear of heaven into the sea. As they lifted the spear the liquid on the tip formed the islands of Japan.EuropeCelticThere were giants in the past. These giants were the gods. During the first winter a large giant was made from the hoarfrost. When this giant was exposed to fire he

48、 naturally melted. The body of this giant became the world. His hair became the forests. His skull became the sky. His blood produced the sea. His bones produced the mountains. In the middle of the earth on high mountains live the gods. South AmericaIncaThe Incas worshiped a god named Pachacamac, al

49、so known as Viracocha. This god had originally risen from the water of Lake Titicaca and created the stars, planets and the moon. Pachacamac created everything, includingpeople, out of clay. Becausehe felt sorry for humans, Pachacamac sent his daughter, the moon god, to teach humans how to build hou

50、ses, grow crops and make clothes. The children of Pachacamac lived at lake Titicaca but could travel. When they traveled they were required to stick into the ground a golden rod they received from their father, Pachacamac. Each time this happened the humans would build a city.T: Are they interesting

51、? Though they are interesting, they are only legends. We should believe a scientific idea. What ' s a scientific idea?52: It should be an idea coming from scientific theory.T: Quite right. Now we ' ll come to Reading. That ' s a scien tific idea.Step IV ReadingRead the passage carefully

52、and analyse its structure. Writedown the main idea foreach paragraph.Para.1: A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe Para 2: The formation of the earth Para.3: The importance of water for lifePara.4: The development of plants and animals on the earthPara.5: The arrival of humans

53、 and their impact on the earthReading and answer the questions.1. Why was the earth different from other planets?The water remained.2. Why was life able to develop on the earth but not on other planets?The water stayed on the earth but not on other planets.3. Why was it necessary for plants to grow

54、before animals?Plants provided oxygen for animals to breathe.4. What problem is caused by human beings?They cause global warming.5. Why is it wrong in films and stories to show dinosaurs and people together?Because dinosaurs died out long before human beings developed on the earth.6. Why do you thin

55、k that humans are the cleverest animals on the earth?They are the cleverest animals because they have larger brains than any other creature on the earth so far.7. Why is it wrong in films and stories to show dinosaurs and people together?Because dinosaurs died out long before human beings developed

56、on the earth.8. There used to be nine planets in the solar system. Recently scientists have decided that one of them can no longer be considered a planet. Do you know the name of that planet? Do you know why they removed it?Pluto. Scientists now think it is too small to be called a planet.Analyze ho

57、w life began on earth.ListeningListen to the tape for the students to follow and have further understanding of the passage.T: Read after the tape, then answer me some questions with your book closed. Play the tapeT: How did water come into being on the earth?If one student can ' t answer complet

58、ely, ask two or three or more students.Ss: The explosion of the earth produced water vapor, which turned into water when the earth cooled down.T: Why is water important on the earth?Ss: Because water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases into the oceans and seas.T: No.3, finish the following form.2. shellfish and all sorts of fish 5.amphibian(on land and in water)127. reptiles (on l