1、會計(jì)學(xué)1miocrobiology藥學(xué)英語大二下有難啊藥學(xué)英語大二下有難啊 Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or multicellular microscopic organisms. This includes eukaryotes such as fungi and algae(藻類) and prokaryotes such as bacteria. Viruses, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also s

2、tudied. Microbiology is a broad term which includes many branches like virology, mycology, parasitology and others. A person who specializes in the area of microbiology is a microbiologist.第1頁/共29頁第2頁/共29頁infectious diseases.第3頁/共29頁2.1 Morphology Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and size

3、s, called morphologies. Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci (sing. coccus) or rod-shaped, called bacilli (sing. bacillus). Some rod-shaped bacteria, called vibrio（弧菌）, are slightly curved or comma-shaped; others, can be spiral-shaped, called spirilla（螺菌）.第4頁/共29頁coccus (cocci)S

4、treptococcus pneumoniae 肺炎鏈球菌Sarcina lutea藤黃八疊球菌藤黃八疊球菌Staphylococcus aureus金黃色葡萄球菌金黃色葡萄球菌第5頁/共29頁Escherichia coli大腸埃希桿菌大腸埃希桿菌Bacillus bifidus 雙歧桿菌雙歧桿菌Bacillus anthracis炭疽芽孢桿菌炭疽芽孢桿菌bacillus (bacilli)第6頁/共29頁Vibrio cholerae霍亂弧菌霍亂弧菌Spirilla螺旋菌螺旋菌第7頁/共29頁2.2 Cell structure第8頁/共29頁peptidoglycan surrounde

5、d by phospholipid，lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide( LPS,脂多糖)第9頁/共29頁nPili（菌毛） and Flagella（鞭毛） : Swimming movement, composed of protein第10頁/共29頁第11頁/共29頁 第12頁/共29頁第13頁/共29頁Hepatitis B virus乙型肝炎病毒乙型肝炎病毒Influenza virus流感病毒流感病毒第14頁/共29頁Human immunodeficiency virus 人免疫缺陷病毒人免疫缺陷病毒 SARS virusSARS 病毒病毒第1

6、5頁/共29頁3.3 Replication第16頁/共29頁Attachment（吸附） is a specific binding between viral capsid proteins and specific receptors on the host cellular surface. This specificity determines the host range of a virus. For example, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects only human T cells, because its su

7、rface protein, gp120, can interact with CD4 receptor on the T cells surface.Penetration（侵入）: following attachment, viruses enter the host cell through receptor mediated endocytosis or membrane fusionUncoating（脫殼）: a process in which the viral capsid is degraded by viral enzymes or host enzymes thus releasing the viral genomic nucleic acidBiosynthesis（生物合成）: synthesis of viral protein and replication of viral genome.Assembly（裝配）: assembly of intact virus Release（釋放）: Viruses are released from the host