1、【精品文檔】如有侵權(quán)，請(qǐng)聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除，僅供學(xué)習(xí)與交流世紀(jì)商務(wù)英語Unit 6.精品文檔.Unit 6 網(wǎng)上商務(wù)Background knowledgeElectronic businessDefinitionElectronic Business, or "e-Business", may be defined broadly as any business process that relies on an automated information system. Today, this is mostly done with Web-based technologie

2、s. The term "e-Business" was coined by Lou Gerstner, CEO of IBM.Electronic business methods enable companies to link their internal and external data processing systems more efficiently and flexibly, to work more closely with suppliers and partners, and to better satisfy the needs and expe

3、ctations of their customers.In practice, e-business is more than just e-commerce. While e-business refers to more strategic focus with an emphasis on the functions that occur using electronic capabilities, e-commerce is a subset of an overall e-business strategy. E-commerce seeks to add revenue stre

4、ams using the World Wide Web or the Internet to build and enhance relationships with clients and partners and to improve efficiency using the Empty Vessel strategy. Often, e-commerce involves the application of knowledge management systems.E-business involves business processes spanning the entire v

5、alue chain: electronic purchasing and supply chain management, processing orders electronically, handling customer service, and cooperating with business partners. Special technical standards for e-business facilitate the exchange of data between companies. E-business software solutions allow the in

6、tegration of intra and inter firm business processes. E-business can be conducted using the Web, the Internet, intranets, extranets, or some combination of these.Subsets Applications can be divided into three categories:1. Internal business systems: customer relationship management enterprise resour

7、ce planning document management systems human resources management 2. Enterprise communication and collaboration: VoIP content management system e-mail voice mail Web conferencing 3. Electronic commerce: business-to-business electronic commerce (B2B) or business-to-consumer electronic commerce (B2C)

8、 internet shop supply chain management online marketingModelsWhen organizations go online, they have to decide which e-business models best suit their goals. A business model is defended as the organization of product, service and information flows, and the source of revenues and benefits for suppli

9、ers and customers. The concept of e-business model is the same but used in the online presence. The following is a list of the currently most adopted e-business models: E-shops E-procurement E-malls E-auctions Virtual Communities Collaboration Platforms Third-party Marketplaces Value-chain Integrato

10、rs Value-chain Service Providers Information Brokerage Classification by provider and consumerRoughly dividing the world into providers/producers and consumers/clients one can classify e-businesses into the following categories: business-to-business (B2B) business-to-consumer (B2C) business-to-emplo

11、yee (B2E) business-to-government (B2G) government-to-business (G2B) government-to-government (G2G) government-to-citizen (G2C) consumer-to-consumer (C2C) consumer-to-business (C2B)Reading Skill Focus1. I found, to my surprise, that the real key to writing a good paper is to have a passion for the th

12、ings about which you are writing. 2. From these statistics and from personal experience it is evident that no one is unaffected by cancer.3. There are many stereotypes about the character of people in various parts of the United States. 4. DComprehensive Reading 大家e起來上網(wǎng)購物1 即使是最狂熱的購物者也有出師不利的日子：你找不到想買

13、的東西，每個(gè)在你后面的人都好像故意要撞你，而你的雙腿從臀部痛到腳趾。這些時(shí)候，以便利而廣受贊譽(yù)的網(wǎng)上購物聽來是個(gè)更好的選擇。2 但是就像在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界買廉價(jià)品的購物者一樣，網(wǎng)上購物者也應(yīng)該明白，在享有電子商務(wù)方便省事的同時(shí)，也要承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。通常最令人擔(dān)憂的是無法看見在另一端進(jìn)行交易的對(duì)象。到網(wǎng)上購物的人僅僅帶著信用卡，其余都得憑想象，因此必須遵循某些原則。3 了解交易的對(duì)象是網(wǎng)上購物的金科玉律。第一步是確定對(duì)方是合法的公司，銷售方式敘述詳盡，并有安全措施，而進(jìn)入這種網(wǎng)站應(yīng)該相當(dāng)容易。4 買方也應(yīng)該仔細(xì)留意交易的條款及條件，例如是否要負(fù)擔(dān)額外的運(yùn)送費(fèi)。當(dāng)然，最重要的是該公司必須保證能對(duì)消費(fèi)者的個(gè)人資料

14、和信用卡號(hào)碼進(jìn)行保密。否則，最后你被收取的費(fèi)用可能會(huì)高出你的意料。5 并非所有的網(wǎng)上交易都通過虛擬商店來完成。網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的拍賣運(yùn)作方式大抵與一般的拍賣無異，但有更長(zhǎng)的拍賣期限。交易物品的信息會(huì)登在舉辦拍賣的網(wǎng)站，每個(gè)人都可以在規(guī)定期限內(nèi)競(jìng)標(biāo)。順利得標(biāo)者會(huì)以電子郵件通知，再依事先約定的方式付款及取貨。6 舉辦拍賣的網(wǎng)站有兩種：企業(yè)對(duì)人的交易及人對(duì)人的交易。前者，網(wǎng)站擁有待價(jià)而沽的物品并收取拍賣所得；后者則只提供賣方直接銷售物品給顧客的方法。7 對(duì)其他形式的網(wǎng)絡(luò)購物來說，信用卡是最安全且最方便的付款方式，但在人對(duì)人的交易中，賣方可能不愿意接受這種方式，而要求買方先行付清貨款或支票才交貨。在這種情況下，

15、某些網(wǎng)站會(huì)建議使用一種“委托契約”（由第三者負(fù)責(zé)整件交易）的模式，另加收約貨品價(jià)格5%的費(fèi)用。8 幾乎所有商品都能在網(wǎng)上購得，只要處理得當(dāng)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)購物會(huì)是除了在商家間奔波之外的另一個(gè)令人滿意的選擇。所以，安靠椅背，開機(jī)上網(wǎng)！要鍛煉身體，請(qǐng)去健身房報(bào)到吧！Language points1. e-commerce: the business of buying and selling goods and services on the Internet電子商務(wù)E.g. E-commerce has been a burgeoning industry in last five years. 電子商務(wù)

16、在近五年來蓬勃發(fā)展。I am excited and interested in the idea of developing business relationships through e-commerce. 我對(duì)通過電子商務(wù)發(fā)展商業(yè)關(guān)系的理念很感興趣。2. auction: An auction is the process of buying and selling goods by offering them up for bid, taking bids, and then selling the item to the winning bidder. 拍賣是一種通過眾多買主的競(jìng)價(jià)

17、，實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)貨交易的一種買賣方式。E.g. How much did the painting go for at the auction? 這幅畫在拍賣中值多少錢?At the art auction, Van Goghs paintings were considered to be the cream of the crop and received the highest bids. 在藝術(shù)品拍賣會(huì)上，梵高的油畫被認(rèn)為是最出眾的，拍賣價(jià)格也最高。3. make a bid: to make an offer of a particular amount of money for somet

18、hing which is for sale 競(jìng)標(biāo)，投標(biāo)，出價(jià)E.g. No other buyers make bid higher than this price.沒有別的買主的出價(jià)高于此價(jià)。 Information about items for sale is posted on an auction site and anyone can make a bid within the stipulated time. 交易物品的信息會(huì)登在舉辦拍賣的網(wǎng)站上，任何人都可以在規(guī)定期限內(nèi)競(jìng)標(biāo)。4. bidder: someone who offers to pay a particular a

19、mount of money for something that is being sold 投標(biāo)人，出價(jià)者E.g. Allocation by auction, to the highest bidder, a more traditional free market approach, would also undermine state control. 通過拍賣，分配給出價(jià)最高者，這種更加傳統(tǒng)的自由市場(chǎng)方式，也會(huì)破壞州控制。5. a cashiers check: a check (also known as a cashier's cheque, bank check, o

20、fficial check, teller's check, bank draft or treasurer's check) guaranteed by a bank. A cashiers check is usually treated as cash since most banks clear it instantly. It is also check which cannot bounce because its face amount is paid to the bank when it is issued, and the bank then assumes

21、 the obligation. 銀行本行支票，銀行本票，即期支票銀行本票是由銀行從其自己的資金中提取并由該銀行出納員簽字的支票。由于保證受款人一定可以從開票銀行領(lǐng)到那筆款項(xiàng)，通常金額比較大的交易會(huì)要求用銀行本票（例如：買車）。銀行本票上會(huì)打上受款人的名字。收費(fèi)一般在十元以下。銀行本票和匯票的匯兌方式一樣，當(dāng)你要匯兌時(shí)，銀行會(huì)先托收你的支票，等你的銀行向開立該支票的外國銀行收款后，再將金額匯入你的賬戶。請(qǐng)注意，兌換銀行支票，賣家需支付銀行手續(xù)費(fèi)和電匯費(fèi)。E.g. Only cash, Money Order, Cashier's Check is acceptable.請(qǐng)以現(xiàn)金、匯票、

22、銀行本票付費(fèi)。I have a cashier's check for $1000. I guess I need to endorse it.我?guī)Я艘粡?,000元的銀行開出的支票。我想我必須在后面背書。Cashiers check fraud is one of the most popular crimes in the internet age.銀行本票欺詐是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代最常見的犯罪行為之一。6. escrow: an agreement between two people or organizations in which money or property is kept

23、by a third person or organization until a particular condition is completed 附條件委托契約由第三者保存、待條件完成后即交受讓人的契約或證書，附條件交付契據(jù)，待完成的擔(dān)保證書，第三者保存的契據(jù)。從定義來看，escrow 最基本的意思就是“委托管理”，也就是說經(jīng)過第三者(基本性質(zhì)是公證人)來完成一個(gè)愿望。最基本的“委托管理”需求環(huán)境是必須要有一個(gè) “給方”, 一個(gè)“受方”, 和一個(gè)受方必需符合的“條件”(由給方規(guī)定；也有例外，如給方已去世，可能由法庭規(guī)定)。根據(jù)韋伯國際字典的解釋，Escrow：A deed, bond,

24、or other written engagement, delivered to a third person, to be held by him till some act is done or some condition is performed, and then to be by him delivered to the grantee，指一種代管契約，由第三人保管某特定文件、契約、金錢、證券或其他財(cái)產(chǎn)，當(dāng)特定條件成就或法律事件發(fā)生時(shí)，該第三人即將其保管物交給特定之人。課文中“escrow service”主要指網(wǎng)上交易過程中的委托服務(wù)。就互聯(lián)網(wǎng)escrow交易方式而言，在網(wǎng)上提

25、供escrow服務(wù)的經(jīng)營者接受網(wǎng)絡(luò)商家與消費(fèi)者的委托，收取消費(fèi)者交付的貨款，即通知網(wǎng)絡(luò)商家發(fā)出商品；在消費(fèi)者收到商品后，在驗(yàn)貨后無退貨要求，網(wǎng)上escrow經(jīng)營者再將貨款轉(zhuǎn)交給網(wǎng)絡(luò)商家。另一方面，如果消費(fèi)者未如期交付貨款時(shí)，網(wǎng)上escrow經(jīng)營者將不通知網(wǎng)絡(luò)商家發(fā)出商品，也不會(huì)“代消費(fèi)者交付貨款”。E.g. The money was placed in escrow. 這筆錢暫交第三方保管。Details of the escrow agreement havent yet been finalized.第三者保管契約的細(xì)節(jié)尚未最后定下來。Where the subject matter i

26、s not fit for escrow, or the escrow expenses will be excessive, the obligor may auction or liquidate the subject matter and place the proceeds in escrow.標(biāo)的物不適于提存或者提存費(fèi)用過高的，債務(wù)人依法可以拍賣或者變賣標(biāo)的物，提存所得的價(jià)款。Notes1. (Para. 6) In the former, it is the Web site that has possession of the goods on sale and accepts

27、 payment for them, whereas a person-to-person auction site merely provides a means by which sellers can sell their goods directly to customers.此句中，“the former”指代“business-to-person auction”。連詞whereas表示的是一種對(duì)比關(guān)系，說明“business-to-person auction”和“person-to-person auction”兩者之間的不同。在“whereas”引出的并列句中還包含一個(gè)定語從

28、句，其中，“means”作為定語從句的先行詞，介詞“by”提到關(guān)系代詞“which”前面，可以按照“sellers can sell their goods directly to customers by a means provided by a person-to-person auction site”來理解這個(gè)并列句。Answer the Following Questions1、3略2. Online shopping procedure: Choose your products; add to shopping cart; enter your shipping informa

29、tion; pay by credit card; receive purchase confirmation; finish. After you make your purchase, the system will confirm the transaction through e-mail.Comprehension CheckPart 1cfadbePart 21. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. T8. TVocabulary CheckPart 11. bargain 2. workout 3. bumped into 4. Log on 5. has

30、 bid 6. practically 7. guarantees 8. rewardingPart 2NounAdjectiveAdverbAntonymconvenienceconvenientconvenientlyinconvenientinvisibilityinvisibleinvisiblyvisibilitylegalitylegallegallyillegalclarityclearclearlyunclearlyregularityregularregularlyirregularsuccesssuccessfulsuccessfullyunsuccessfulusualn

31、essusualusuallyunusuallywillingnessunwillingunwillinglywillingessenceessentialessentiallyinessentialindependenceindependentindependentlydependentpracticepracticalpracticallyimpractically/ appropriateappropriatelyinappropriatePractical Reading1. Sign in for your status 2. Place Bid 3. Click the “Watc

32、h this item” button.4. 100% Positive. 5. Click “Read feedback comments” 6. Yes. 7. $125Language points1. online auction網(wǎng)絡(luò)拍賣（Auction Online）是通過因特網(wǎng)進(jìn)行在線交易的一種模式，最早開始于1995年，美國的小程序員皮爾·歐米達(dá)（Pierre Omidyar）建立起一個(gè)小網(wǎng)站，他最初建立這個(gè)網(wǎng)站是為了向人們提供變種的埃博拉病毒代碼。后來他在網(wǎng)站上加了一個(gè)小的拍賣程序，利用這個(gè)功能幫助他的女朋友和其他的人交換各自的收藏品。因?yàn)榫W(wǎng)站上的拍賣發(fā)展得十分迅速，

33、一年后他辭職并開始創(chuàng)建發(fā)展網(wǎng)絡(luò)拍賣業(yè)務(wù)，于是就誕生了現(xiàn)在全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)拍賣的巨頭eBay。E.g. Selling your things is easy at online auction. 在網(wǎng)上拍賣東西很容易. One of the most popular sites offering online auction for buying and selling goods online is eBay, which manages online auctions and provides sale and purchase of products and services around th

34、e world.在眾多提供網(wǎng)上拍賣進(jìn)行商品買賣的網(wǎng)站中，eBay是最受歡迎的，主要管理網(wǎng)上拍賣并提供世界范圍內(nèi)的商品和服務(wù)交易。 2. an English auction: in an English auction (also called an Open-outcry auction), the auctioneer begins the auction with the reserve price (lowest acceptable price) and then takes larger and larger bids from the customers until no one

35、 will increase the bid. The item is then sold to the highest bidder. 英式拍賣 a Dutch auction: a type of auction where the auctioneer begins with a high asking price which is lowered until some participant is willing to accept the auctioneer's price, or a predetermined reserve price (the seller'

36、s minimum acceptable price) is reached. The winning participant pays the last announced price. 荷蘭式拍賣3. Treasury bills: Treasury bills, or T-bills, are sold in terms ranging from a few days to 26 weeks. Bills are sold at a discount from their face value. 國庫券美國國庫債券之一，以拍賣方式折價(jià)出售，期限不超過一年，以三個(gè)月最為普遍。美國國庫券亦簡(jiǎn)

37、稱T-bills，指一年或一年以內(nèi)到期的公債，通常發(fā)行期間為52天、91天或182天，到期前不付息。 Treasury notes及Treasury bonds為較長(zhǎng)期的美國公債，每半年按固定的票面利率付息一次，到期償還本金。Treasury notes的年期為一年以上，10年以內(nèi)，而Treasury bonds則是10年以上。其他國家在bills， notes及bonds的年期劃分上可能各有不同。E.g. Treasury bills represent the simplest form of borrowing: the government raises money by sellin

38、g bills to public.國庫券代表借款的最簡(jiǎn)單形式：政府通過向公眾出售國庫券籌集資金。T-bills with initial maturities of 91 days or 182 days are issued weekly.初始期限為91天或182天的國庫券每周發(fā)行。Fast Reading 對(duì)Google的狂熱1 22年前一個(gè)年輕人離開了家鄉(xiāng)，他是一個(gè)不常寫信的人，過了一段時(shí)間他就不寫信了，整整六年的時(shí)間他的家人都沒有收到他的消息。后來，他的姐姐在網(wǎng)上的Google搜索引擎里輸入了他的名字，她發(fā)現(xiàn)：“他就在巴西的一個(gè)保齡球隊(duì)?！爆F(xiàn)在他們經(jīng)常通信和交換照片。2 誰知道巴西保

39、齡球聯(lián)盟有網(wǎng)站？Google知道。因?yàn)镚oogle知道，或幾乎知道所有的東西。3 這個(gè)名字來自于“google”，一個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)術(shù)語表示1后面跟著100個(gè)0。它的意思是“遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于宇宙里的所存在的東西?！盙oogle人選擇它是因?yàn)樗麄兿胍砭W(wǎng)上的所有數(shù)據(jù)。4 Google始建于1998年，當(dāng)時(shí)兩個(gè)26歲的青年，瑟蓋·布林和拉里·佩奇在一間狹小的辦公室里成立了公司?，F(xiàn)在他們?cè)诩永Ｄ醽喼萆骄奥返囊粭澊髽抢镛k公，他們的地區(qū)辦公室遍布全球。Google已經(jīng)成為最好最成功的搜索引擎。5 Google的新聞報(bào)道鏈接了全世界4,500個(gè)新聞來源。在電腦屏幕上它看上去特別像一個(gè)新聞網(wǎng)頁，有圖片

40、也有大標(biāo)題，當(dāng)報(bào)紙和廣播更新網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容，Google也隨之更新。如果一篇報(bào)道在很多報(bào)紙上都被置于突出位置，那么它在Google上也會(huì)繼續(xù)存在。電腦每分鐘都在更新網(wǎng)頁和整理相關(guān)報(bào)道，同時(shí)替換掉一些其他新聞。不是由人類編輯決定要強(qiáng)調(diào)什么。這聽起來好象很荒謬，但這一點(diǎn)都不賴。6 但是Google很愛自夸。它總是在告訴你它有多么快，快到不可思議。如果你在Google上搜索“中國考古”，它會(huì)搜到29,400個(gè)鏈接，并補(bǔ)充道：“搜索用時(shí)0.14秒?！? 另一個(gè)問題是，相同的名字經(jīng)常會(huì)使Google很困惑。它無法自動(dòng)區(qū)分20世紀(jì)的畫家弗朗西斯·培根和17世紀(jì)的哲學(xué)家弗朗西斯·培根。有時(shí)候G

41、oogle顯得有點(diǎn)傻。8 由于“去Google”已經(jīng)成為語言中的一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，對(duì)于某些人來說，Googling已經(jīng)成為了一個(gè)道德問題。一位女士給紐約時(shí)報(bào)的倫理學(xué)家蘭迪科恩寫信，講述一個(gè)朋友發(fā)生的事。這個(gè)朋友曾經(jīng)與一名醫(yī)生約會(huì)，在她回家后就在Google上搜索他的信息，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)他曾經(jīng)有幾次因治療不當(dāng)而遭到起訴。這位女士問科恩，做這樣的事是不是不夠正當(dāng)，他回答說這是正當(dāng)?shù)?，而且他自己也這樣做過?？贫髡f，這位女士在Google上的搜索，就如同向朋友們打聽這個(gè)人的情況，沒什么問題。9 你厭倦Google了嗎？恐怕那些厭倦了Google的人也厭倦生活了吧。Notes1. (Para. 3) The name

42、 comes from “google”, the mathematical term for a 1 followed by 100 zeros. the mathematical term是 “google” 的同位語。2. (Para. 6) Ask it for information on Chinese archaeology and it gathers 29,400 links, adding: “search took 0.14 seconds.”連詞and此處的意思是“那么，則”，連接兩個(gè)分句，后一分句表示前一分句的結(jié)果；adding為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，動(dòng)作的邏輯主語是i

43、t。3. A woman wrote to Randy Cohen, the New York Times ethicist, about a friend who had gone out with a doctor and then Googled him when she got home, discovering that he had been involved in several malpractice suits.the New York Times ethicist作Randy Cohen的同位語，about與前面的動(dòng)詞wrote搭配，a friend作介詞about的賓語，

44、who引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾a friend，discovering為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，動(dòng)作的邏輯主語是who。Comprehension Check1.A2.A3.B4.D5.A6.D7.A8.BSupplementary Reading 電子商務(wù)1 電子商務(wù)讓經(jīng)營者與世界各地的客戶進(jìn)行直接交流成為可能。每一個(gè)上網(wǎng)的人都是潛在客戶。這不僅改變了銷售商品的方式，同時(shí)也改變了經(jīng)營活動(dòng)的方式。電子零售是電子商務(wù)的一個(gè)典型范例。2 電子商務(wù)的革命始于A的企業(yè)家杰夫·貝佐斯。A是一個(gè)既有實(shí)體企業(yè)又提供網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)的公司。事實(shí)上，A是一家著名且信譽(yù)度極高的電子零售商。E-tail就是電子零售。企業(yè)通過

45、網(wǎng)絡(luò)來銷售產(chǎn)品。電子商務(wù)的主要活動(dòng)就是進(jìn)行商品和服務(wù)的交易。任何公司都可以上網(wǎng)銷售任何產(chǎn)品。3 JCPenney，一家大型商場(chǎng)，在店內(nèi)銷售商品的同時(shí)，也通過郵件和網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行銷售。這類公司被稱為多渠道零售商，因?yàn)樗鼈儾扇〔煌姆绞絹礓N售商品。公司企業(yè)通常將它們的商店和倉庫稱為“紅磚與灰泥”，指的是它們需要用建筑材料來建造；而同時(shí)也利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)銷售的公司則被稱為“網(wǎng)絡(luò)與實(shí)體”經(jīng)營。4 電子商務(wù)使電子零售商給消費(fèi)者郵寄產(chǎn)品目錄更為簡(jiǎn)單易行，對(duì)于那些進(jìn)行大量郵購生意的公司這更為有用。不通過郵局來郵寄，而是在網(wǎng)上刊登產(chǎn)品目錄能為這些公司節(jié)省大量的印刷費(fèi)和郵費(fèi)。5 作為消費(fèi)者，電子商務(wù)對(duì)你有什么益處呢？以下就是

46、：6 方便 你可以不用去商店，在家就能購物。網(wǎng)絡(luò)從來不會(huì)關(guān)閉，你每時(shí)每刻都能上網(wǎng)購物。如果你需要或想買一件東西卻沒有交通工具，那么你就上網(wǎng)購買，這很方便。7 多種選擇 在網(wǎng)上銷售產(chǎn)品的公司數(shù)量眾多，這給了你更多的選擇，而且讓你能夠更容易地比較價(jià)格。有一些網(wǎng)絡(luò)銷售公司允許你下載音樂，電子游戲或電影預(yù)告片。查詢網(wǎng)址就可以比較和對(duì)比貨物，比如ZDN。在購買新車或二手車之前，你可以在網(wǎng)上查到很多公司來搜尋所有有關(guān)交易的問題。8 另一方面，電子零售也有其缺點(diǎn)，包括：9 購買力 網(wǎng)上購物很容易超支。如果你不夠細(xì)心，就有可能錯(cuò)誤地訂購某些商品。10 其他費(fèi)用 因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)網(wǎng)上銷售的商品都是郵寄的，你就必須付郵

47、費(fèi)，通常還要交稅。交易和退貨的費(fèi)用有可能比在商店購買商品時(shí)貴。11 即時(shí)性 雖然網(wǎng)上購物很方便，但多數(shù)商品你都得等上一段時(shí)間才能收到。（當(dāng)然，除非你住在紐約，Barnes & Noble網(wǎng)絡(luò)銷售會(huì)在你訂書的同一天送貨上門。）12 依賴于觀察圖片 買沙發(fā)時(shí)除非你坐在沙發(fā)上去感受一下，否則你很難確切地知道你是否喜歡它。買衣服，CD，或書籍時(shí)也是一樣。網(wǎng)上購物要求你只能依靠圖片和描述，而不能實(shí)際觸摸你想買的東西。Notes1. (Para. 4) Putting catalogs on the Internet rather than shipping them by mail saves a lot of money in printing and mailing costs.現(xiàn)在分詞短語 “Puttingshipping” 做主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。L