1、目 錄第一章 名詞81. 名詞的概念:81.1 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化81.2 其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化81.3 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化81.4 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示91.5. 定語名詞的復(fù)數(shù)91.6 不同國籍人的單復(fù)數(shù)101.7 名詞的格101.8 名詞練習(xí)101.9 自我歸納，總結(jié)11附：介詞練習(xí)11第二章 冠詞與數(shù)詞142. 冠詞和數(shù)詞142.1 不定冠詞a/an的用法142.2 定冠詞的用法142.3 零冠詞的用法142.4 冠詞與形容詞+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)152.5 冠詞位置152.6 數(shù)詞162.7 冠詞練習(xí)162.8 數(shù)詞練習(xí)17附：限定詞練習(xí)17第三章 代詞193. 代詞193.1 人稱代詞的用法

2、193.2 代詞的指代問題193.3 物主代詞193.4 雙重所有格203.5 反身代詞203.6 相互代詞213.7 指示代詞213.8 疑問代詞213.9 關(guān)系代詞223.10 every , no, all, both, neither, nor223.11 none, few, some, any, one, ones233.12 one，that 和it233.13 one/another/the other243.14 anyone/any one；no one/none；every/each243.15 every 和each243.16 both, either, neithe

3、r, all, any, none243.17 few, little, a few, a little253.18 代詞練習(xí)253.19 自我歸納與總結(jié)26第四章 形容詞和副詞274. 形容詞和副詞274.1 形容詞及其用法274.2 以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞274.3 用形容詞表示類別和整體274.4 多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序274.5 副詞及其基本用法284.6 兼有兩種形式的副詞284.7 形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)294.8. as + 形容詞或副詞原級(jí) + as294.9 比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞 + than 。例如：304.10 可修飾比較級(jí)的詞304.11 many, old 和 far31

4、4.12 the + 最高級(jí) + 比較范圍314.13 和more有關(guān)的詞組，314.14 形容詞和副詞練習(xí)32第五章 動(dòng)詞345. 動(dòng)詞345.1 系動(dòng)詞345.2 助動(dòng)詞355.3 助動(dòng)詞be的用法355.4 助動(dòng)詞have的用法355.5 助動(dòng)詞do 的用法365.6 助動(dòng)詞shall和will的用法365.7 助動(dòng)詞should, would的用法365.8 短語動(dòng)詞375.9 非謂語動(dòng)詞375.10 助動(dòng)詞練習(xí)37第六章 動(dòng)名詞396. 動(dòng)名詞396.1 動(dòng)名詞作主語、賓語和表語396.2 worth 的用法396.3 動(dòng)名詞不定式、分詞練習(xí)40第七章 動(dòng)詞不定式427. 動(dòng)詞不定式

5、427.1 有些動(dòng)詞可以用不定式作賓語，大致上有三種情況。427.2 不定式作補(bǔ)語427.3 不定式作主語437.4Its for sb.和 Its of sb.437.5 不定式作表語447.6 不定式作定語447.7 不定式作狀語447.8 用作介詞的to447.9 省去to 的動(dòng)詞不定式447.10 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式457.11 不定式的特殊句型tooto457.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to457.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not457.14 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)46第八章 動(dòng)名詞與不定式特殊詞精講478.特殊詞精講478.1 stop doing/to do478.2 f

6、orget doing/to do478.3 remember doing/to do478.4 regret doing/to do478.5 cease doing/to do478.6 try doing/to do478.7 go on doing/to do488.8 be afraid doing/to do488.9 be interested doing/to do488.10 mean to doing/to do488.11 begin（start） doing/to do488.12 感官動(dòng)詞 + doing/to do488.12 自我歸納總結(jié)49第九章 分詞509.分

7、詞構(gòu)成形式：509.1 分詞作定語509.2 分詞作狀語509.3 連詞+分詞（短語）519.4 分詞作補(bǔ)語519.5 分詞作表語519.6 分詞作插入語519.7 分詞的時(shí)態(tài)519.8 分詞的語態(tài)52第十章 獨(dú)立主格5310.獨(dú)立主格的構(gòu)成形式：5310.1 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)：5310.2 with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作獨(dú)立主格53第十一章 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)5511.1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法5511.2 一般過去時(shí)的用法5511.3 used to / be used to5611.4 一般將來時(shí)5611.5 be going to / will 用于條件句時(shí)，be going to表將來,will表意愿。例

8、如：5611.6 be to和be going to5611.7 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來5611.8 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來5711.9 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)5711.10 比較一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)5711.11 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型5711.12 比較since和for5811.13 since的四種用法5811.14 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞5811.15 過去完成時(shí)5911.16 用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)5911.17 將來完成時(shí)6011.18 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)6011.19 不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞6011.20 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)6011.21 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)6111.22 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)6111.23 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替

9、一般過去時(shí)6111.24 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)6111.25 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。6111.26 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來時(shí)6211.27 時(shí)態(tài)一致6211.28 時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間狀語6211.29 時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)練習(xí)6211.30 自我歸納總結(jié)64第十二章 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)6512.動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)分類：6512.1 let 的用法6512.2 短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)6512.3 表示據(jù)說或相信 的詞組6512.4 不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的情況6512.5 主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義6612.6 被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義，6612.7 need/want/require/worth66第十三章 句子的種類6713.句子的種類6713

10、.1 祈使句結(jié)構(gòu)6713.2 感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)6813.3 強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)6813.4 用助動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)6913.5 反意疑問句6913.6 反意疑問句練習(xí)70第十四章 倒裝7214.1 倒裝句之全部倒裝7214.2 倒裝句之部分倒裝7214.3 以否定詞開頭作部分倒裝7214.4 so, neither, nor作部分倒裝7314.5 only在句首倒裝的情況。例如：7314.6 as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句7314.7 其他部分倒裝7314.8 倒裝練習(xí)74第十五章 主謂一致7615.主謂一致概念：7615.1 并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，例如：7615.2 主謂一致中的靠近原則7615.3

11、謂語動(dòng)詞與前面的主語一致7615.4 謂語需用單數(shù)7615.5 指代意義決定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)7715.6 與后接名詞或代詞保持一致7715.7 主謂一致練習(xí)77第十六章 虛擬語氣7916.虛擬語氣常用語境：7916.1 真實(shí)條件句用于陳述語氣，假設(shè)的情況有可能發(fā)生。各種結(jié)構(gòu)參見下表：7916.2 非真實(shí)條件句7916.3 混合條件句8016.4 虛擬條件句的倒裝8016.5 特殊的虛擬語氣詞should8016.6 wish的用法8116.7 比較if only與only if8116.8 It is （high） time that8116.9 need 不必做和本不必做8116.10 虛擬語氣

12、練習(xí)82第十七章 名詞性從句8317.名詞性從句概念：8317.1 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞8317.2 名詞性that-從句8317.3 名詞性wh-從句8317.4 if, whether引導(dǎo)的名詞從句8417.5 否定轉(zhuǎn)移84第十八章 定語從句8618.定語從句概念：8618.1 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句8618.2 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句8618.3 判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞8618.4 限制性和非限制性定語從句8718.5 介詞+關(guān)系詞8718.6 as, which 非限定性定語從句8818.7 先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一8818.8 what/whatever; that/what; who

13、/whoever8818.9 關(guān)系代詞that 的用法89第十九章 狀語從句9019.1 地點(diǎn)狀語從句9019.2 方式狀語從句9019.3 原因狀語從句9019.4 目的狀語從句9019.5 結(jié)果狀語從句9119.6 條件狀語從句9119.7 讓步狀語從句9119.8 比較while, when, as9119.9 比較until和till9219.10 表示一就的結(jié)構(gòu)92第二十章 連詞9320.連詞概念：9320.1 并列連詞與并列結(jié)構(gòu)9320.2 比較and和or9320.3 表示選擇的并列結(jié)構(gòu)9420.4 表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ?420.5 表原因關(guān)系9420.6 比較so和 such9420

14、.7 連詞和從句練習(xí)94第二十一章 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞10021.1 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語法特征10021.2 比較can 和be able to10021.3 比較may和might10021.4 比較have to和must10021.5 must表示推測(cè)10121.6 表示推測(cè)的用法10121.7 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have +過去分詞10121.8 should 和ought to10221.9 had better10221.10 would rather表示寧愿10221.11 will和would10221.12 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的回答方式10221.13 帶to 的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞10321.14 比較need和da

15、re103附錄：各章練習(xí)答案104- 101 -第一章 名詞一、 名詞的概念: 名詞的分類表名詞專有名詞不可數(shù)名詞普通名詞物質(zhì)名詞 (air)抽象名詞 (work)集體名詞 (family)可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞 (gun)1.1 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化情況構(gòu)成方法讀音例詞一般情況加 -s清輔音后讀/s/map-maps濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/bag-bags /car-cars以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾加 -es讀 /iz/bus-buses/ watch-watches以ce, se, ze,等結(jié)尾加 -s讀 /iz/license-licenses以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾變y 為i再加es讀 /z

16、/baby-babies1.2 其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化 1） 以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。例如： two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays2） 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)： a. 加s，如： photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos； b. 加es，如：potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如zero-zeros / zeroes。 3） 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)： a.

17、加s，如： belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs； b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halves knife-knivesleaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves；c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。 1.3 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化 1） child-children foot-feet tooth-teethmouse-mice man-men woman-wome

18、n 注意：由一個(gè)詞加 man 或 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。2） 單復(fù)同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民幣的元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出

19、現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。例如：peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國民總稱時(shí)，作復(fù)數(shù)用，如The Chinese are industries and brave.中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。4） 以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如：a. maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，一般是

20、不可數(shù)名詞，為單數(shù)。b. news 為不可數(shù)名詞。c. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國是1945年組建起來的。d. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。例如：The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事書。5） 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses （眼鏡）trousers,clothes等，若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair（對(duì)

21、，雙）;suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。6） 另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思，如：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚。 1.4. 定語名詞的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。1) 用復(fù)數(shù)作定語。例如：sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室 talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語系2） man, woman, gentleman等作定語時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單

22、復(fù)數(shù)而定。 例如：men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials3） 有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語時(shí)，s保留。例如：goods train （貨車）arms produce武器生產(chǎn)customs papers 海關(guān)文件 clothes brush 衣刷4） 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。例如：two-dozen eggs兩打雞蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹 a five-year plan.一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃1.5 不同國籍人的單復(fù)數(shù) 國籍總稱（謂語用復(fù)數(shù)）單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)中國人the Chi

23、nesea Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss澳大利亞人the Australians an Australiantwo Australians俄國人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians希臘人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks法國人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese美國人the Americansan Am

24、ericantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadiantwo Canadians德國人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英國人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes 1.6 名詞的格 名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：1） 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加s，如the boys bag 男孩的書包，mens room 男廁所。2） 若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ，只加

25、，如：the workers struggle工人的斗爭(zhēng)。3） 凡不能加s的名詞，都可以用名詞+of +名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。4） 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barbers 理發(fā)店。1.7 名詞練習(xí)1. He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_. a little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wage

26、s2. Most of the houses in the village were burnt to _ during the war.a. an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes3. The students at colleges or universities are making _ for the coming New Year.a. many preparations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation4. Painting in _ is one of their spare-time

27、 activities.a. oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil5. In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here.a. much b. lots of c. a great deal of d. many6. The large houses are being painted, but _.a. of great expense b. at a great expense c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense7. The room was s

28、mall and contained far too _.a. much new furniture c. much new furnituresb. many new furniture d. many new furnitures8. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the _.a. rooms number b. room number c. rooms numbers d. room numbers9. Computers can do _ work in a short

29、 time, but a man can not do _ by himself. a great manymany c. mucha great deal b. a great deal ofmuch d. manya great many10. She didnt know _ he had been given. how many information c. how many informations the number of information d. how much information11. All the _ in the hospital got a rise las

30、t month.a. women doctors c. woman doctorsb. women doctor d. woman doctor12. After ten years, all these youngsters became_.a. growns-ups c. growns-upb. grown-up d. grown-ups13. The police investigated those _ about the accident.a. stander-by c. standers-byb. stander-bys d. standers-bys14. The manager

31、 was greatly appreciating that _ made by Linda lately.a. new reel b. news reel c. new-reels d. news reels15. Marys dress is similar in appearance to her _. a. elder sister b. elder sisters c. elder sisters d. elder sisters dress16. All the people at the conference are _. a. mathematic teachers c. ma

32、thematics teacherb.mathematics teachers d. mathematics teachers17. Professor Mackay told us that _ of lead are its softness and its resistance.a.some property c. propertiesb. some properties d. property18. Physics _ with matter and motion.a. deal b. deals c. dealing d. are19. He has written several

33、books, but his last works _ well known among his friends.a. have b. have been c. is d. are 20. .After he checked up my _ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.a. father-in-laws c. fathers-in-lawb. father-in-law d. fathers-in-laws21. I had my hair cut at the _ around the corner.a.barbe

34、r b. barbers c. barbers d. barbers22. Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at _.a. Peter and Helens c. Peter and Helenb. Peter and Helens d. Peters and Helens1.8 自我歸納，總結(jié)1. 名詞可分為哪些類別？2. 請(qǐng)列舉5個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)不規(guī)則變化的名詞？3. 什么叫名詞的格？附：介詞練習(xí)1. She is such an irritating woman, I dont know how you can _ her.a. put up b

35、. stand up to c. stand with d. put up with2. To get my travelers check I had to _ a special check to the bank for the total amount.a. make for b. make out c. make off d. make up3. Little boys are easily _.a. taken in b. taken away c. taken out d. taken over4. The company is going to hand _ the free

36、samples tomorrow.a. up b. out c. on d. down5. It was purely _ chance that the mistake was discovered.a. in b. for c. by d. from6. The magician picked several persons _ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.a. by accident b. on occasion c. on average d. at random7. I left

37、for the office earlier than usual this morning _ traffic jam.a. in case of b. in line with c. for the sake of d. at the risk of 8. Some areas, _ their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated.a. but for b. in spite of c. due to d. with regard to9. Visitors are asked to comply _ the regulation

38、s.a. at b. in c. with d. on 10. He _ so much work that he couldnt really do it efficiently.a. put on b. took on c. brought on d. turned on 11. In order to save time, I _ my shopping to once a week.a. cut off b. cut out c. cut up d. cut down12. The idea has _ that science cannot be wrong.a. piled up

39、b. picked up c. grown up d. put up13. he did everything he could to prevent if from _ into fighting.a. breaking off b. breaking up c. breaking out d. breaking of14. The construction of the new building will cost _ 1,000,000 dollars, and its not easy to get so much money.a. at last b. at most c. at l

40、east d. at large15. The thief ran away as fast as he could _ the policeman.a. in sight b. within the sight of c. within sight d. at the sight of16. For too long, European can makers have fought to _ old ways and old privileges.a. hang on to b. have access to c. refer to d. see to17. Whoever _ a full

41、 nights sleep will be more than rewarded in heightened productivity, creativity and focus.a. invests at b. invests in c. invests by d. invests with18. Prior _ his departure, he wrote a letter to his mother.a. of b. from c. to d. in 19. The company is very famous _ the high quality of its products.a.

42、 in b. for c. by d. with20. Once he was given a chance to improve his position in the firm, he seized it _ both hands and is now on his way to the top.a. on b. at c. in d. with21. These misfortunes almost deprived him _ his future career.a. with b. of c. from d. beyond22. I dont _ the expense; I wan

43、t the party to be a real success.a. care for b. care about c. be in care of d. take care of23. We must get the roof mended before the wet weather sets _.a. about b. on c. up d. in 24. The car pulled _ beside me and the driver asked me to way to the Great Wall.a. down b. off c. up d. out25. After the

44、 war, many warships were laid _ as they were not needed any longer.a. up b. aside c. down d. over26. When the rebellion died _ things quickly returned to normal.a. out b. away c. down d. through27. Ill pick you _ at your college gate and take you straight to the station.a. on b. off c. out d. up28.

45、Will you please see _ our luggage when I am away?a. to b. in c. with d. for29. _ they reached the small village before dusk.a. Towards the end b. By the end c. In the end d. At the end30. Mary has left the book on the table _ purpose so that you can read it.a. with b. on c. in d. out of 31. That noi

46、se is getting louder because the engineers are _ the engine to see if the plane is ready to fly.a. doing with b. running up c. turning in d. trying for32. The government is looking _ new methods of raising money without increasing taxes.a. down on b. upon c. out for d. around 33. Man is superior to

47、the animals _ he sues language to convey his thoughts.a. and that b. in that c. so that d. in order that34. Not long ago, a person who I know every well was _ an accident.a. related to b. included in c. involved in d. subject to35. I _ to him for the error.a. excused b. pardoned c. forgave d. apolog

48、ized36. Though we have no interests _ common, we are good friends.a. on b. in c. for d. at37. The purse has returned to the original owner _.a. in a long time b. in a long run c. in no time d. at no time38. We cant hope to catch up with that car _ us.a. in advance of b. in the front of c. at the fro

49、ntier of d. ahead of39. Some animals will modify their behavior to _ their environment.a. adapt to b. adopt to c. suit to d. conform to40. Dont _ going abroad this summer, we may not have enough money.a. count on b. come on c. attend upon d. frown upon第二章 冠詞與數(shù)詞二、 冠詞和數(shù)詞英語中的冠詞有三種，一種是定冠詞，另一種是不定冠詞，還有一種是零冠詞。2.1 不定冠詞a/an的用法1） 表示一個(gè)，意為one；指某人或某物，意為a certain。例如： A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 有位姓凌的先生在等你。2） 代表一類人或物。例如： A knife is a tool for cutting with. 刀是切割的工具。 Mr. Smith is an engineer. 史密斯先生是工程師。3） 組成詞組或成語，如a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in