1、REFERENCEMATERIALSFORJOURNALISM&COMMUNICATIONSTUDIES1 .Whatisthefunctionofcommunicationtheory（?f義）Surveillance（監(jiān)測環(huán)境提供并告知新聞）Correlation（協(xié)調(diào)社會，對周圍環(huán)境信息的選擇和解釋）transmittersforculture（傳承文化、教育，增加社會凝聚力和繼續(xù)社會化的過程）entertainment（娛樂，個人休息調(diào)整，充實閑暇時間，藝術音樂）2 .Thebuildingofcommunicationtheoryneedsthefollowing#義）Agr

2、eatdealoffocusedobservation觀察,hypothesizing假設andrevision修改3 .Seventraditionalstandpointsthatenterthiscommunicationdialogu到義）7traditionalstandpointsTherhetoricaltradition（修辭學）Thesemiotictradition（語義學）Thephenomenologicaltradition（現(xiàn)象學）Thecybernetictradition（控制論）Thesociopsychologicaltradition（社會心理學）Soci

3、oculturaltradition（社會文化學）Thecriticaltradition（批判學）4.Basictypesofcommunication講義）InterpersonalcommunicationGroupcommunicationOrganizationalcommunicationMasscommunication5 .whataretheDenisMcQuail'snormativetheories（課本，P4）Authoritariantheory集權(quán)主義理論FreePresstheory自由新聞理論SocialResponsibilitytheory社會責任理

4、論Soviettheory蘇維埃理論（報刊的蘇聯(lián)共產(chǎn)主義理論）Developmenttheory發(fā)展理論Democratic-participanttheory民主參與理論6 .whatcharacteristicsdoeshot/coldmediumhaVe（課本,P8）hotmediumishighindefinitionandlowinparticipation；coldmediumislowindefinitionandhighinparticipation7 .whatisthedisciplineofauthoritariantheoryincluded果本,P4）Themedia

5、areservantsofthestate,mouthpieceofgovernment.<1>Thefunctionofthepressistosupportthepoliciesandactionsofthestate,anditsauthorities<2>Thestatehastherighttocontrolthepressfortheoverallpublicgood.Inmanycases,controllingthepressmeanspreventingthepressfromembarrassingtheexistinggovernment,tore

6、presscriticismandprotest,andtoseverelyrestrictpressfreedom(參考PPTCommunicationscontrol")(如何展開：政府對媒體的角色是主導者，控制者，媒體相對于政府是被控制者，仆人，喉舌。以這兩點為中心展開)8.Inwesternfilms,thecharacterswhosymbolizesocialtypesaf課本,P70)theheroesthevillains惡棍thesociety.9. Thebookpublishingcanbedividedintothefollowingparts課本，P25)E

7、ducational/professionalTrade/general10. whichis(are)themilestonesinphotojournalism國家地理雜志的里程碑)(1)1903:aphotoofabare-breastedFilipinowomanfield-workershockedsomeGeographicreaders,butGrosvenorpersistedagainstVictoriansensitivitiestoshowthepeoplesoftheworldastheylived.(2)1905:thefirstphotographsfromTibe

8、t,byRussianexplorers,appearedinan11-pagespread-extraordinaryvisualcoverageforthetimethatconfirmedphotography'sroleinjournalism(3)1911:a17-page,8-footfoldoutpanorama(插頁全景)oftheCanadianRockiesshowedthatphotojournalismneednotbelimitedbyformat(4)1988:themagazine's100thanniversarycoverwasthefirst

9、hologram(全息圖)-a3-dimensionalphotograph(三維照片)-everpublishedinamass-audiencemagazine.11. Whyisinterpersonalcommunicationcloselyrelatedtorelationship?Natureofinterpersonalcommunication:(1)Relationshipsarecentraltothestudyofinterpersonalcommunication.(2)Arelationshipisasetofexpectationstwopeoplehavefort

10、heirbehaviorbasedonthepatternofinteractionbetweenthemRelationshipandcommunication:(1)relationshipsarealwaysconnectedtocommunicationandcannotbeseparatedfromit關系總是同傳播緊密聯(lián)系在一起，不可分割(2)thenatureoftherelationshipsisdefinedbythecommunicationbetweenitsmembers關系的性質(zhì)由成員之間的傳播所限定relationshipsareusuallydefinedimpl

11、icitly(含蓄地)ratherthanexplicitly(明白地).關系的定義通常較為隱含(4)relationshipsdevelopovertimethroughanegotiationprocessbetweenthoseinvolved.關系是在參與者的協(xié)商談判中得以發(fā)展Thus,relationshipsaredynamic因此，關系是動態(tài)的12. Thebasicaxioms公理)aboutcommunicationproposedbyWaltzlawick,Beavin,Jackson.(1)onecan'tnotcommunicate(2)everyconvers

12、ation,nomatterhowbrief,involves2messages-acontentmessageandarelationshipmessage(3)interaction(互相影響)isalwaysorganizedbythecommunicatorsintomeaningfulpatterns,calledpunctuation(點讀)(4)peopleusebothdigitalandanalogic(類比代碼)codes.Digitalcodes(數(shù)字代碼)arearbitrary(相對準確),whileanalogiccodesarenot.(5)communicato

13、rsmayrespondsimilarlytoinformationordifferentlyfromoneanother.When2communicatiorsinarelationshipbehavesimilarlyanddifferencesareminimized,therelationshipissaidtobesymmetrical(對稱的).Whencommunicatorresponsedifferencesaremaximized,however,acomplementaryrelationshipissaidtoexist.(交流者回應信息的方式可能不同。交流雙方行為相似

14、差異降到最小時形成的關系稱為對稱式”關系，而雙方反應的差異達到最大時形成的關系稱為互補式關系)13. Thestagesofinnovationdecisionprocess（決策過程）involveinthefollowingelements.（1） knowledge-exposuretoaninnovationandsomeunderstandingofhowitfunctions（2） persuasion-formationofachoicetoadoptorrejecttheinnovation（3） Implement-puttingtheinnovationintouse（4）

15、 confirmation-reinforcementorreversaloftheinnovationdecisionmade14. thegroupscanbedividedinto3importanttypesofgroups.Whatarethey?Primarygroup基本群體Referencegroup參考群體Causalgroup偶然群體15. WhocarriedouttheexperimentofAutokinetclighteffect!移光效果）？Sherif16. whoarethetrailblazersofcommunicationscience?播學四大先巧區(qū)）

16、HaroldLasswell（政治學家）KurtLewin（心理學家）PaulLazarsfeld（社會學家）CarlHovland（社會心理學家）17. whataretheproblemsthatthenewspaperindustryisfacing?Thenewspaperindustryisfacingproblemsfromcompetingmedia,newtechnologyandongoinglifestyleshifts（1）Television'sinroad（2） paper-printingtechnologyislimited（3） theaversion（

17、厭惡）ofmanyyoungpeopletonewspapers（4） fundamentalquestionsraisedbychainownershipabouthowwellnewspaperscandotheirworkandstillmeettheprofitexpectationsofdistantshareholders（股東）.18 .完形填空（1） Communicationisthetoolthatmakessocietiespossible.Itisnoaccidentthatcommunicationandcommunityhavethesamewordroot.Wit

18、houtcommunication,therewouldbenocommunities；andwithoutcommunity,therecouldbenocommunication.Theparticularqualitiesofhumancommunicationarewhatchieflydistinguishedhumanfromothersocieties.（2） ThereweremanythingsaboutTimethatarousedcriticism.Luceandhiseditorsmadenopretense（偽裝）ofstickingtotheusualconcept

19、sofjournalismobjectivity新聞客觀性）,whichtheyconsideredmythical（并不存在的）.NordidTimewanttobecalledimpartia中立的l,itsaid;rather,fairness"wasTime'sgoal.Inahistoricalessaypublishedonits25thanniversary,Timesaid:what'sthedifferencebetweenimpartiality公平andfairness?Theresponsiblejournalistis'partial

20、'（偏頗）tothatinterpretationofthefactswhichseemstohimtofitthingsastheyare.Heisfairinnottwistingthefactstosupporthisview,innotsuppressing（阻止）thefactsthatsupportadifferentview.19 .Terms（名詞解釋）Gatekeeper:（1）Thegatekeeperisthepersonwhodecideswhatshallpassthroughthegates（newsfiltering過濾）inthenewsprocess.

21、（2）Gatekeeperisinformationcontrollerintheprocessofinformationdissemination（信息傳播）especiallyrefertocommunicatorwhocollectselectandprocessinformationinthemassmediaorganizations.（根據(jù)自己的情況選擇一個即可）Gatekeeping:gate-keepingistheprocessthroughwhichideasandinformationarefilteredforpublication.Thetheorywasfirsti

22、nstitutedbysocialpsychologistkurtLewinin1947.（時間和創(chuàng)始人一定要答上）Two-stepflowmode曬級傳播模式）:PaulLazarsfelddevised（想出）thetwo-stepflowmodeltoshowthatvotersaremotivatedlessbythemassmediathanbypeopletheyknowpersonallyandrespect.Thesepeople,calledopinionleaders.Two-stepflowmodelposesthatpersonalcontactismoreimport

23、antthanmediacontact.（中心：人際關系對受眾的影響比大眾傳媒的影響更為重要）Usesandgratificationsmod叫用與滿足模式）:FirstproposedbyKatz,thetheoryisthatmembersoftheaudiencehasaspecificneedsofindividuals,theiractivitiesarebasedonmediaaccesstospecificneeds.Mediacompeteswitheachothertomeettheneedsoftheaudience.®Agenda-settingHypothes

24、is程設置假說）:Introducedin1972byMaxwellMcCombsandDonaldShawintheirgroundbreakingstudyoftheroleofthemediain1968presidentialcampaigninChapelHill.（時間和創(chuàng)始人一定要答上）Thetheoryisthat:themass-newsmediahavealargeinfluenceonaudiencesbytheirchoiceofwhatstoriestoconsidernewsworthyandhowmuchprominenceandspacetogivethem.I

25、t'scentralaxiomissaliencetransfer（顯著性轉(zhuǎn)移），ortheabilityofthemassmediatotransferimportanceofitemsontheirmassagendastothepublicagendas.（中心：媒體的議題影響受眾的議題，媒體的報道在很大程度上影響了受眾接受什么）20.Keywords（估計為連線題）1. authoritarian（權(quán)力主義的）theofficialofsuchagovernment,esp.regardedasoppressiveandinflexible2. pluralist（多元論者）a

26、formofasocietyinwhichthememberofminoritygroupsmaintaintheirindependentculturaltraditions3. elite（精英，中堅分子）thebestorchoicepartofalargerbodyorgroup4. intelligentsia（知識界，知識階層）theclassofintellectualsregardedaspossessingcultureandpoliticalinitiative5. syndrome（綜合癥）agroupofaconcurrentsymptomsofadisease6. h

27、egemony（統(tǒng)治；勢力范圍）leadershipbyoneStateofaconfederacy7. paradoxical（自相矛盾的）oforlikeorinvolvingaseeminglyabsurdorcontradictorystatement8. inefficacious（無效力的）（ofaremedyetc.）notproducingthedesiredeffect9. foldout（插頁，折頁）anoversizepageinabooketc.tobeunfoldedbythereader10. scribist（抄寫員）thosewhocopiedbooksmanu

28、ally11. reciprocal（互惠的）inreturn,mutual12. patron（贊助人）apersonwhogivesfinancialorothersupporttoaperson,cause,workofart,etc.,esp.onewhobuysworksofart13. cadence（抑揚頓挫，韻律）afallinapitchofvoice,esp.attheendofphraseorsentence14. labile（不安定的，易發(fā)生變化的）unstable,liabletodisplacementorchange,esp.ifanatomorgroupise

29、asilyreplacedbyotheratomsorgroups15. sensory（感覺的，感官的）asensationofthesenses16. parameter（參數(shù)）aquantityconstantinthecaseconsideredbutvaryingindifferentcases17. aberrant（異常的）departingfromanacceptedstandard18. musculature（肌肉組織）themuscularsystemofabodyororgan19. positivistic（實證主義）ofthephilosophicalsystemo

30、fAugusteComte,recognizingonlyno-metaphysicalfactsandobservablephenomena,andrejectingmetaphysicsandtheism20. filament（燈絲；絲極）aconductingwireorthreadwithahighmelting-pointinanelectricbulborthermionicvalve,heatedormadeincandescentbyanelectriccurrent21. Howcouldmovabletypemakepossiblesocietal,cultural,fa

31、milial,andindustrialchangesfacilitatingtheRenaissance：藝復興），theReformation（宗教改革運動）,andthescientificrevolution?（1） itmadeitpossibletoproduceliteratureandprintedmaterialscheaplyenoughtoreachthemasses.Knowledgewasnolongertheexclusivepropertyoftheprivilegedclasses.Availabilityofcheapprintedreadingmattere

32、ncouragedthegrowthofliteracy.（2）Learningtoreadislikelytomakeamanorwomancurious,simplybecausemattersarebroughtintofocusthathasneverbeenimagined.22. Howdonewspapersoffsettelevisioninroac（抵銷電視的侵襲）？Newspapersputnewemphasisonbeingvisualmediumandshedtheirdrab（單調(diào)）graphicsforcolorandaesthetics（圖形美學）.23. Why

33、doesthenewspaperhaveanaturalhistoryitself?（1）Newspaperistheoutcomeofahistoricprocessinwhichmanyindividualsparticipatedwithoutforeseeingwhattheultimateproductoftheirlaborswastobe（2）Inspiteofalltheeffortsofindividualmenandgenerationsofmentocontrolitandtomakeitsomethingaftertheirheart,ithascontinuedtog

34、rowandchangeinitsownincalculable（不可計算的）ways.24. Tellaboutthebackgroundinwhichcommunicationstudieswereestablished?（1）ItbeganafterWorldWar1,asadvancesintechnologyandliteracy（讀寫能力）madecommunicationatopicofconcern:<1>thepoliticalinfluenceofpublicmessagesspurred（刺激）considerableresearchonpropaganda（

35、宣傳）andpublicopinion.<2>developmentofsocialsciences,sociologyandsocialpsychology（心理學）emergedasleadersinthestudyofcommunication.<3>thewideemphasisofsomeareassuchastheuseofradioineducation,theteachingofbasiccommunicationskills,andtheeffectsofvariouskindsofcommunicationinclassroom<4>th

36、eadventof（的出現(xiàn)）commercialinterestssuchasadvertising,peopleweredrivenbythedesireinbusinesstoknowmoreaboutcommunicationformarketingpurposes.（波波說答到這里就夠了，想多寫的童鞋也可以把后面的也寫上）（2）promotedbythepopular20thcenturyphilosophiesofprogressivismandpragmatism（哲學的進步主義和實用主義），whichstimulatesadesiretoimprovesocietythrough

37、widespreadsocialchange<1>afterWorldWar2,socialsciencesbecamefullyrecognizedaslegitimatedisciplines（合法的學科）.Persuasionanddecisionmakingingroupswerecentralconcernsamongbothresearchersaswellassociety.Communicationstudiesbecamequiteimportant.理解：傳播學作為一門學科，孕育于20世紀上半葉，形成于20世紀中期，首先誕生在美國。1、政治：美國的政治生活；兩次

38、世界大戰(zhàn)。2、經(jīng)濟：廣告的發(fā)展；大眾傳播業(yè)的發(fā)展。3、學術：社會學、心理學、新聞學、政治學、符號學、語言學等25. LuceandTimedidntpretendtobeimpartial.Whatistheirattitude?Passage3ofunit3Timeconsideredtheconceptsofjournalisticobjectivitytobeamythical.Astheinterpretationofanyjournalistisbondtobepartial”,Timepursuedfairness"asitschiefgoal,thatmeantitwo

39、uldn'ttwistthefactstosupportitsownview,orsuppressthefactsthatsupportadifferentview.26. Howdidthepresenceoftelevisionreshapeothermedia?(p108)BooksNewspapersMagazine自己挑兩三個背，用作舉例說明。27. encodinganddecoding(1) Encodingisthetranslationofpurpose,intention,ormeaningintosymbolsorcodes.Decodingistheproces

40、softransforminginformationfromoneformatintoanother(2) thereisnonecessarycorrespondencebetweenencodinganddecoding,theformercanattempttobe"pre-let”butcannotprescribeorguaranteethelatter,whichhasitsownconditionsofexistence.(3) thecorrespondencebetweenencodinganddecodingexists,otherwisewecouldnotsp

41、eakofaneffectivecommunicationex-changeatall.Thecorrespondenceisnotgivenbutconstructed.Wehave3positionsassumedhere:thedominant-hegemonicposition、thenegotiatedcodeorposition、thegloballycontraryposition.(答題要點：首先說編碼和解碼的定義，然后是對應關系一解碼和編碼之間沒有必然的一致性，但也不否定他們之間的一致性，這種一致性不是天生的而是構(gòu)建的。三種假想的解碼的地位，即：主導-霸權(quán)的地位；協(xié)調(diào)的符碼或

42、立場；全然反向方式解碼)材料分析：(去掉了過難的問題，原稿請看ppt)28.organizationalcommunication(homework)CreamyCreations小型冰激凌店乳品創(chuàng)意冰激凌店是一家受歡迎的小型冰漠淋店，位于美國南方某個中等規(guī)模的城市里。1997年，乳品創(chuàng)意”開張快要兩周年了，已擁有一批忠實的顧客，他們主要是當?shù)丶彝ズ蜕鐓^(qū)大學里的學生。這一家商店提供別出心裁的個性化冰激凌，顧客點了基本口味的冰激凌(或冰凍酸奶)后，可以再點喜歡的配料，以制成自已的乳品創(chuàng)意”。這些配料獨特(如熟巧克力塊、軟糖、干果、果蜜和碎巧克力棒)而具有異國風味(芒果醬、巧克力包裹的卞K果和透明的甜醬屑)，應有盡有。每件乳品創(chuàng)意”都由大理石柜臺后打工的高中生或大學生從頭至尾完成。很多顧客有自已喜歡的乳品創(chuàng)意師”，常常會等