1、哈爾濱天材教育高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解解題策略與能力訓(xùn)練一、閱讀理解題的選材與命題特點(diǎn)：近幾年的高考英語(yǔ)試卷保持了 “穩(wěn)中有變，變中求新，立足語(yǔ)篇”的基本命題思 路。在閱讀理解方面主要考查考生理解主旨要義、理解文中具體信息、根據(jù)上下 文推斷詞義、根據(jù)短文判斷和推理、理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)以及理解作者的意圖與 態(tài)度等方面的能力。高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱明確規(guī)定活化， 又較為綜合地反映了政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和生活 的各個(gè)方面，貼近生活，貼近時(shí)代，體現(xiàn)了 “語(yǔ)言是文化的載體”這一重要理念。3.閱讀材料更趨于“原汁原味”，設(shè)問(wèn)方式更加深入：閱讀材料基本保留了其原有的語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格，文章的展開不再是平鋪直敘，而是兼有倒敘、插敘等多種

2、方式；一詞多義、熟詞生義、多種時(shí)態(tài)的混用、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng) 句、省略句以及插入語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象比較常見。閱讀材料的文化含量加大，文章的行文風(fēng)格更具英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)，文章的遣詞造句也更加地道，許多考生通常要反 復(fù)閱讀幾遍才能讀懂。怎么樣做好閱讀題呢？二、閱讀理解題的解題策略策略一、緊扣主旨大意高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的發(fā)展過(guò)程，屬于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的文章主題通常在首段或末 段。2、”總說(shuō)-分述”結(jié)構(gòu)。首段做總的說(shuō)明，其他段落分別說(shuō)明或具體論述首段的 觀點(diǎn)，屬于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的文章主題在首段。最典型的是新聞報(bào)道類文章，此類體裁的文章在近年高考閱讀中逐漸增多。一般這類文章都有固定格式：城市名稱（新聞社）一新聞內(nèi)容。掌握一些國(guó)際知名

3、新聞社的英文名稱是必要的，路透社 Reuters 美聯(lián)社 Associated Press 法新社 Agency France Press3、“分述-總說(shuō)”結(jié)構(gòu)。前面幾段分別說(shuō)明，末段總結(jié)。屬于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的文章主 題在末段。（二）、尋找主題句，確定文章中心思想：不是所有的文章都有主題句，對(duì)于大部分有主題句的文章來(lái)說(shuō)，主題句表達(dá) 了文章的中心思想，找到了主題句，也就抓住了文章的主旨大意。 主題句呈現(xiàn)的 形式有：1、在文首。文章開門見山，提出主題，隨后擺事實(shí)、講道理來(lái)解釋、支撐和發(fā) 展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想。2、在文中。通常前面只提出問(wèn)題，隨之陳述細(xì)節(jié)引出主題，而后做進(jìn)一步的解 釋、支撐或發(fā)展。3、

4、在文尾。在表述細(xì)節(jié)后，歸納要點(diǎn)，得出結(jié)論，以概括主題。試試看：你能找出下面一段文章的主題句嗎？The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most第一段：Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused number o

5、f societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child.第二段： One of these pre-modern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second yea r.第三段： A third practice which had the same distancing effect was wet-nursin

6、g. Question: Which is the best title for the passage A. Societal Conditions in Pre-modern TimesB. Practices of Reducing Maternal AttachmentC. Poor Health Service and High Infant Death RateD. Differences between Modern and Pre-modern Parents解析：從第一段的中心句和各段的第一句不難看出，這篇文章的標(biāo)題應(yīng)該是Practices of Reducing策略二、把握

7、作者意圖每一篇文章都有其寫作目的。那么作者是如何在文章中體現(xiàn)自己的思想呢？ 他通過(guò)哪些語(yǔ)言向讀者傳達(dá)了自己的感受呢？我們?cè)陂喿x的同時(shí)怎樣收集、綜合各種信息，體會(huì)作者的情感呢？ 了解這些有助于我們?cè)谧鲩喿x理解題時(shí)把握作者 思路，領(lǐng)會(huì)文章內(nèi)涵，做出正確的選擇。要做到這一點(diǎn)，我們需要從兩個(gè)方面入 手：一是把握作者的寫作意圖，二是把握出題的角度。下面我們就分別分析一下。（一）、對(duì)于寫作意圖的把握：有的文章只是客觀地介紹一件事或物，或各方觀點(diǎn)，作者不發(fā)表自己個(gè)人的意見，如一些科技文，新聞事件報(bào)道等。這樣的文章屬于“廣而告知型”。要根據(jù)客觀事實(shí)答題，一是一，二是二，凡與事實(shí)不符的選項(xiàng)，或文中沒(méi)有提到的事

8、實(shí)，當(dāng)然都是不能選的。這樣的題目難度一般都不會(huì)很大。最難于駕馭的是一些故事性、情感經(jīng)歷性的文章。因?yàn)樽髡咴谛形臅r(shí)會(huì)用到一些寫作手法，如倒敘、 插敘等。往往還會(huì)有一些思想、情感的波動(dòng)。這就需要我們?cè)陂喿x時(shí)認(rèn)真把握， 細(xì)心體會(huì)。1.注意連接詞的使用： Near the end of the last year in middle school my dad took me to the wildlife refuge. He needed to get some alligator blood to do the experiment. At first, I thoug we get there

9、 by air?（作者希望坐飛機(jī)去那里。）某些句型表面看上去是比較級(jí)，而實(shí)際上是最高級(jí)含義。My mother decided totake me on the trip. It couldn't be better. （It couldn't be better = It's great.意為 “太好 了”）某些否定形式的句子實(shí)際上是肯定含義： We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our environment too much.（再怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)環(huán)境的重要性也不過(guò)分。 ） 作者以這樣的句子體現(xiàn)自己的觀點(diǎn)：必

10、須加大力度保護(hù)環(huán)境。注意虛擬語(yǔ)氣的使用。How I wish I had passed the driving test.我多么希望已 通過(guò)了駕照考試呀?。┐司浒岛氖聦?shí)是：并沒(méi)通過(guò)考試。3 .將自己想象為故事中的主人公，體會(huì)其心理感受：有一篇文章，寫一個(gè)老太太剛剛在海邊買了一座別墅，打算在那里度過(guò)余生。因 為那里的氣候濕潤(rùn)溫暖，更適合她的健康。此時(shí)她站在曾經(jīng)生活了25年的房子里，最后環(huán)顧這曾經(jīng)裝載了她的大半生的房子。 所給的問(wèn)題是：How does the old lady feel at the last moment in her old house?正確答案是： Her feeling

11、 is complex. 其他的選項(xiàng)，如She is happy/She is sa等都片面。只要我們?cè)O(shè)身處地站在老太太一對(duì)一天材教育的位置上想一想，就不難找到正確答案。4 .把握全篇文脈，仔細(xì)揣摩事情發(fā)生的背景：我們不僅要掌握一定的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)，還需要平時(shí)儲(chǔ)備一定的邏輯推理能力以及必要 的西方的文化背景知識(shí) n my town to buy a motorcycle. Unfortunately , my father and his motorcycle didn't get along too well. He fell off it so often that he got rid

12、 of it just a month after buying it. As a result, he never again trusted any vehicle with less than four wheels.讀懂了這些，就不難理解下文中為什么父親不讓“我”擁有一 輛自行車，反而當(dāng)“我”剛滿16歲就讓我開車了。正確理解了文章的來(lái)龍去脈 及內(nèi)涵，對(duì)于文后題目的處理也就會(huì)輕而易舉了。（二）、對(duì)于出題意圖的把握：1 .正確理解一個(gè)事物的兩個(gè)方面有些題目不是直接照搬原文的話，而是用一些另外的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)出同樣的意 思，因此我們必須掌握用英文解推理判斷題在高考中占很大的比重， 學(xué)生在此類題型中

13、也失分最多。推理判斷題 要求考生考慮文中信息并在通篇理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的言外之意，弦外之音做出合理的推理和判斷。（一）、理解定義。判斷是對(duì)已知的事實(shí)仔細(xì)評(píng)價(jià)之后做出的合理決定。推理 是對(duì)事實(shí)的內(nèi)涵所做的陳述或以事實(shí)為依據(jù)對(duì)未知所做的陳述。注意無(wú)論是判斷還是推理都是以已知事實(shí)為依據(jù)。（二）、推理題常見的提問(wèn)形式。 常以 infer, imply , indicate, suggest conclude, learn, intend, mean, describe, purpose等詞提問(wèn)。或含有表推測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞， 如can, could, might, would等和其他表示可能性的動(dòng)詞，

14、 如probably, most likely（三）、具體策略1 .通過(guò)辨認(rèn)細(xì)節(jié)的技 own name and address inside the cover, in her own handwriting這個(gè)語(yǔ)境里是surprised的意思。因此不能獨(dú)立地看某個(gè)詞或某句 話。止匕外，學(xué)生對(duì)一詞多義或一些習(xí)語(yǔ)的積累也是很有必要的，這就要靠同學(xué)們課下多下工夫了。5.平時(shí)擴(kuò)大詞匯量的同時(shí)也要注意學(xué)習(xí)詞的深刻內(nèi)涵。從措辭去尋找文章的感情色彩，猜測(cè)作者的態(tài)度或?qū)懽饕鈭D?，F(xiàn)舉一簡(jiǎn)單的例子。When the phone finallyrang, he leaped from the edge of hi

15、s chair and grabbed for 隊(duì)這幾個(gè)詞我們能形象 地看出他等電話之久，緊張迫不及待的心情，同時(shí)也說(shuō)明電話之重要，這正是作 者的真正意圖。例：He is an old cobbler畛鞋匠）ap御帶）you might as well just throw away the pair.My man saw I wouldn't give in , and he smiled. He wiped his hands on his blue apron（圍裙）,looked at my shoes had me write my name on one shoe with

16、 a piece of chalk and said, “ Come back in a week. I was about to leave when he took a pair of soft leather boots off a shelf.“See what I can do “ he said with a pride. “Only three of us in Paris can do this kind of work. ”When I got back out into the street the world seemed brand-new to me. He was

17、something out of an ancient legend, this old craftsman with his way of speaking familiarly.2. The sentence “hewas something out of an ancient legend. implied that .A. nowadays you can hardly find anyone like himB. it was difficult to communicate with this manC. the man was very strangeD. the man was

18、 too old解析：1 .C。 文中多處提至 U關(guān)于自豪的字眼 a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done. And he said with a pride. 這正是 C 項(xiàng)的涵義。 A, D 是無(wú)關(guān)信息，文中沒(méi)有提及。B是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。依據(jù)：The other fellow還有Only three of us in Paris can do2 .Ao說(shuō)他像古代傳奇中的人物。言行，打扮，尤其對(duì)自己手藝的自豪，現(xiàn)代社會(huì)罕見。In such a period it is a rare comf

19、ort to find a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done. B , D 在文章中沒(méi)有任何依據(jù)，排除。 C 項(xiàng)的strange很有迷惑性，但文中說(shuō)到的是 strange hat not the man。策略四、利用信號(hào)詞進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)和推測(cè)：在閱讀過(guò)程中，為了既迅速又準(zhǔn)確地理解文章的含義，利用信號(hào)詞預(yù)測(cè)非常重要。信號(hào)詞可以揭示句子內(nèi)在關(guān)系或文章各部分之間的關(guān)系。特別是在快速閱讀時(shí)，它能幫助考生預(yù)測(cè)文章信息，提高閱讀速度。however, on the cont®當(dāng)加快閱讀速度，

20、或借此推測(cè)生詞的詞義。3 .文中出現(xiàn)的頻率較高的實(shí)詞可以幫助考生確定文章的主旨大意。4 .出現(xiàn)代詞 I, we, my, our,轉(zhuǎn)折詞 but, however, yet,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 must, should, ought to,連詞although, thoughio其后所述內(nèi)容與剛提到的內(nèi)容相反，或暗示作者的觀 點(diǎn)和態(tài)度等信號(hào)詞時(shí)，要放慢閱讀速度，因?yàn)槠涓浇男畔⑼敲}和答題的 主要線索或依據(jù)。策略五、利用各種已知信息推測(cè)判斷生詞的詞義：考生在閱讀時(shí)一定會(huì)碰上生詞或記不清楚的詞匯。遇到這種情況時(shí)，考生可以通 過(guò)上下文猜測(cè)詞義。具The family had just moved and

21、 the young woman was feeling a little melancholy onthat Sunday in May. After all, it was Mother' s day and 800 miles separated her fromher parents in another state far away.解析：根據(jù)上下文的陳述，“剛剛搬家，遠(yuǎn)離父母，正好是星期天，又是母親節(jié)，而兩代人卻天各一方”等事實(shí)，可以推斷出年輕妻子當(dāng)時(shí)憂郁、傷感的心情，并 由此猜測(cè)出生詞melancholy的意思。5 .學(xué)會(huì)只猜測(cè)生詞的大概意思，而不必追求其準(zhǔn)確含義。例如：

22、The Asian gibbon, like other apes, is especially adapted for life in trees.解析：在這句話中，考生只要猜出自gibbon是apes類人猿）的一種就行了，毋 須知道其準(zhǔn)確意思。6 .運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法判斷生詞的詞義，也是提高閱讀速度的一種技巧?？忌梢酝ㄟ^(guò) 已知的詞綴(包括前綴和后綴)和詞根就能猜測(cè)生詞的含義。例如，單詞telescope由前綴 tele (意思是 far)和 scope (®思是 instrument for seeing or observing)構(gòu)成，整個(gè)單 詞的意思是“望遠(yuǎn)鏡”。為了熟練使用構(gòu)詞法

23、知識(shí)猜測(cè)生詞，考生在平時(shí)應(yīng)多積 累詞綴以及詞根方面的知識(shí)。三、備考建議1.理解與速度考生要處理好理解與速度的關(guān)系。 答題時(shí)要力求情緒平穩(wěn)，不要一味追求速度而 影響理解的準(zhǔn)確性；不要拘泥于一詞一句的理解；不要遇到不懂的地方就反復(fù)讀， 影響閱讀速度。比較好的閱讀方法是邊看邊想邊理解。 遇到生詞或看不懂的地方 先做個(gè)記號(hào)，繼續(xù)看下去方法能回答 why、how之類的問(wèn)題。(3)精讀。所謂精讀就是用最細(xì)致、最慢、最深層的方法閱讀，目的是求得對(duì)所 讀文章的全部意義的理解與掌握。 在應(yīng)用這種閱讀方法前，首先應(yīng)用跳讀法找到 與問(wèn)題有關(guān)聯(lián)的地方，然后細(xì)讀。有時(shí)候文中有直接回答，有時(shí)候回答分布在整 篇短文中，需要

24、考生找出，進(jìn)行釋義、歸納、概括等。此種閱讀方法能回答需推 斷、歸納和演繹的題目。3.使用閱讀技巧，盡量做到：(1)帶著問(wèn)題閱讀短文，根據(jù)不同題型，選用不同閱讀方法。即先看問(wèn)題，再?zèng)Q 定選用跳讀、略讀和精讀方法，這樣做，目的性強(qiáng)，能收到事半功倍的功效。(2)找出主題句，確定中心思，其中有一個(gè)選擇是干涉項(xiàng)，要求考生找出與各段 相匹配的主題。這一部分實(shí)際上考核考生通過(guò)快速閱讀，把握段落大意的能力。它不拘泥于一詞一句的理解，而要求對(duì)語(yǔ)篇和段落的整體意思的把握。 做這類題 目的關(guān)鍵是要抓住每段文字的主題思想，而主題思想一般是通過(guò)主題句體現(xiàn)出來(lái) 的。找到了主題句，也就等于找到了主題的關(guān)鍵。 主題句往往是一

25、個(gè)概括性的語(yǔ) 句，包括段落所談?wù)摰闹黝}和圍繞該主題展開的某一個(gè)方面。該句往往重點(diǎn)呈現(xiàn) 一個(gè)話題，避免過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)或狹窄，是整段的中心。在閱讀中應(yīng)盡量利用上述信號(hào) 詞來(lái)確定主題句的位置。有些段落可能找不到主題句，其中心思想包含在各句的 字里行間，只有把這些句子歸納一下，才能找出中心思想。如果段落中沒(méi)有明顯 的主題句，考生可以找出主題詞或詞組。然后用這些專題詞或詞組，概括和歸納 段落的中心思想。四、閱讀能力訓(xùn)練：Example 1One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assist a ntI need two small m

26、ice and about five dozen roaches 墟螂）and two spiders.“What do you need these things for? the shop assistant was very surprised.“Well replied the man, “ I' m moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.Q: The passage

27、 suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it wasA. very cleanB. just cleaned by the landlordC. tidy and comfortaroblems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.Mr. Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has p

28、roblems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them it is always the fault of the buses or air planes. Mr. Neff knows almost everything. in on the first Sunday in April.Clocks and other timepieces were set ahead one hour at 2:00 AM on Sunday, May 4 so that

29、2:00 AM became 3:00 AM. They should turn back one hour at 2:00 AM on Sunday, September 14.The new time is expected to save one and a half billion kilowatt hours of electricity per year across the country. The new system could also help people form the good habit of getting up and going to bed early,

30、 thus raising their work and study efficiency.During the DST period, the actual departure （發(fā)車）time of trains remains unchanged, but their schedules have been set one hour late.Q: According to the passage,we know that people should turn theirclocks back one hour that year.A. in 132 daysB. in 133 days

31、C. in 134 daysD. in 4 months解析：應(yīng)根據(jù)基本的日歷常識(shí)來(lái)Q: Hoover Dam lies.A. between Arizona and NevadaB. in the Black CanyonC. between New York and San FranciscoD. both A and B解析：由第二段的第一句和最后一段的最后一句話可得出正確答案。Example 5Invited by Mr. Ye Huixian, host of the well received TV programme “Stars Tonight', Miss Luo L

32、in, Miss Asia of 1991 , appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.A. Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B. Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents.C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.解析：A、C和D都可在原文找到答案，而B項(xiàng)原文列的是

33、：taken to Hong Kong 可判斷不是 moved to Hong Kong with her parents,因止匕選 B。Example 6Another source of knowledge is the vast store of traditional practices handed down from father to son, or mother to daughter, or old country customs, or folklore. All this is very difficult for a college student to examine

34、, for much knowledge and personal experience is needed here to separate good plants from wild grass. The college student should learn to realize and remember how much of real value science has found in this wide, confused wilderness and how often scientific discoveries of what had existed in this ar

35、ea long ago.Q: In this paragraph the phrase “this wide, confused wilderness, refers to.A. personal experienceB. wild weeds among good plantsC. the information from the parentsD. the vast store of traditional practices解析：D。劃線部分指的就是上文的 another source of knowledge即：the vast store of traditional practic

36、es。BWhitman was one of the most original and inspiring American poets, true to his art and to his role as a poet. He devoted himself to poetry praising the native American experience. As America ' first epic poem, Leaves of Grass ran nine editions with more than 400 poems all written in free ver

37、se form, that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. The tide implies rebirth, renewal, or green life. As Whitman once said, “Leaves）f Grass was the outcropping of my own emotional and other personal nature an attempt, from first to last, to put a person, a human being freely, full

38、y and truly on record. ”For Whitman, science, democracy and spirituality （were the three things that underlay the structure of modern poetry. Whitman tried to blend the world of science, the philosophy of democracy and the spiritual feeling of life into one, to incorporate （合并）these into his poetry.

39、 For Whitman, the poetic form was to be organic, not restrained. Therefore, he threw aside the traditional ornaments （修飾）and prettiness of verse and had his own form. Both the form and content of his poems are revolutionary. With its frequent use of popular language and everyday events, his verse re

40、presents a turning point in the history of American poetry- poetry fashioned out of specially American experience in a distinctly American idiom. Whitman's unique poetic creation has developed a very significant tradition in American poetry.In his poems, he celebrated new America rather than reg

41、retted it. He was against slavery, idolized Lincoln, supported strikes, and combined the ideal of the democratic common people and that of the ragged individual.69. Whitman wrote poems mainly to.A. praise the rich people in the USAB. call on others to turn against the governmentC. let others know mo

42、re about the native American experienceD. make more money and become famous70. In Whitman's opinion, what were the three things that underlay the structure of modern poetry?A. Education, democracy and spirituality.B. Science, democracy and spirituality.C. Poems, science and democracy.D. Science,

43、 poems and spirituality.71. The poet threw aside the traditional ornaments and prettiness of verse and had his own form because.A. he thought the poetic form was not restrained but organicB. all the poets did soC. the readers didn't like the traditional ornaments and prettiness of verseD. he wan

44、ted to make his poems special72. According to the passage, we know Whitman was a poet who.A. didn't like common peopleB. was a selfish manC. cared for common peopleD. didn't have his own idealCC. melting just in the Northern hemisphere would have been impossibleD. researchers often use the c

45、omputer models help their research work.78. The scientists are not sure.A. how long the ice age lastedB. where ice sheets melted during the ice ageC. what caused the temperature changesD. what the earth is made up of79. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. A computer modelB. S

46、tudies show ice melted equally in the North and the South during the ice ageC. Most of the ice melted in the Northern hemisphere during the 30,000-year long ice age.D. A survey resultSection CDirections: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each paragrap

47、h. There is one extra heading which you do not need.E. The purpose of the WTO.F. The problems of the GATT.G. The history of international trade.H. One of the greatest economic organizations.I. Problems remain.J. The head office in Geneva.80. The World Trade Organization (WTO), founded on January 1,

48、1995, aims to encourage international trade to flow as possible, making sure that trade agreements are respected and that any problems can be settled.81. In the five years since its founding, the WTO has become well known as one of the world's most powerful economic organizations, taking its place alongside the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.82. The system of gl