1、General BiologyPeiyong LiuBiotechnology InstituteCollege of SciencesNortheastern UniversityE-mail: Tel: 83687284(O);M)General Biology Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Fundamental material of Life Chapter 3 Structure and function of cell Chapter 4 Tissue, apparatus and system Chapter 5 C

2、lassification of speciesChapter 4 Tissue, apparatus and system 4.1 tissues( including plant and animal) 4.2 apparatus and system of plant 4.3 apparatus and system of animal 4.2 apparatus and system of plant Teaching Objectives:1. Understanding the conformation and physiological function of vegetal o

3、rgans and reproductive organs and their metamorphism;2. Mastering the structure of vegetal organs and reproductive organs expertly;3. Understanding the transportation manner and transformation manner of mineral elements and organic substance, reproductive manner of plant and the regulating and domin

4、ate substance of vegetal growth activity;4. Mastering the mechanism of photosynthesis, the water transportation path in plant body, and transportation rules of organic substance in plant body;5. Mastering the formation and development process of microspore and megaspore, development process of dicot

5、yledon embryo, and life history of angiosperm. 4.2 apparatus and system of plant Teaching contents: 4.2.1 conformation, structure and function of vegetal nutrition apparatus 4.2.2 conformation, structure and function of vegetal reproduction apparatus 4.2.3 system of plant 4.2.4 regulating and domina

6、te substance of vegetal growth activity4.2.1 Conformation, structure and function of vegetal nutrition apparatus 4.2.1.1 root 4.2.1.2 stem 4.2.1.3 leaf 4.2.1.4 metamorphic apparatus 4.2.1.1 root (1) physiological function of root(2) root types and root system (3) structure of root A. root tip struct

7、ure; B. primary structure of dycot root; C. secondary structure of dycot root; D. structure of monocot root 4.2.1 conformation, structure and function of vegetal nutrition apparatusRoot systemTap root system and fibrous root system Secondary growth process of dycot root1.1.維管形成層的活動：維管形成層的活動：(1)首先是位于

8、初生韌皮部內(nèi)方的薄壁細胞恢復分裂能力，并向兩側(cè)擴展，推移至初生木質(zhì)部的放射角端;(2)接著，正對著初生木質(zhì)部的中柱鞘細胞也出現(xiàn)分裂活動，最后連成完整的波浪狀的維管形成層環(huán);(3)以后，進行著不等速的分裂，在初生韌皮部內(nèi)方分裂速度快，形成的次生術(shù)質(zhì)部多，而在初生木質(zhì)部的外方，分裂速度慢，從而使原來的波浪狀形成層環(huán)變成圓環(huán)。(4)維管形成層主要進行平周分裂，向外產(chǎn)生次生韌皮部，向內(nèi)產(chǎn)生細胞數(shù)量較多的次生木質(zhì)部。在根增粗過程中，初生韌皮部常被擠毀，但初生木質(zhì)部仍保留在根的中央。2.2.木栓形成層的活動：木栓形成層的活動：在維管形成層進行次生生長的過程中，中柱鞘細胞也恢復分裂能力，形成木栓形成層。木栓

9、形成層進行平周分裂，向外產(chǎn)生木栓層，向內(nèi)產(chǎn)生栓內(nèi)層。木栓層、木栓形成層和栓內(nèi)層共同組成了周皮。由于木栓層細胞不透水、不透氣，而且排列緊密，因而木栓層外的組織由于給養(yǎng)斷絕而死亡。 4.2.1.2 stem (1) Physiological function of stem(2) Conformation and structure of stem A. Primary structure of dicotyledon stem B. Secondary structure of dicotyledon stem C. Structure of monocotyledon stem4.2.1 c

10、onformation, structure and function of vegetal nutrition apparatusPrimary structure of dicotyledon stemSecondary structure of dicotyledon stemAnnual ring of woody plantStructure of peridermCross-section of monocot stem 4.2.1.3 leaf (1) Physiological function of leaf (Photosynthesis; Transpiration)(2

11、) Conformation of leaf (Constitution and classification)(3) Structure of leaf A. Lamina structure of dicotyledonB. Lamina structure of monocotyledon 4.2.1 conformation, structure and function of vegetal nutrition apparatusLamina conformation and constitutionCompound leaf typesLamina structure of mon

12、ocotyledon 4.2.1.4 metamorphic apparatus 4.2.1.4.1 metamorphic root (1) hoarding root貯藏根 fleshy tap root肉質(zhì)直根, root tuber塊根 (2) aero-growing root氣生根 prop root 支持根, climbing root 攀援根, respiratory root 呼吸根 (buttress root 板根 ) (3) parasitic(al) root寄生根Pic.4-2-16 metamorphic rootPic.4-2-17 parasitic (al)

13、 root4.2.1.4 metamorphic apparatus 4.2.1.4.2 metamorphic stem (1) subterraneous stem 地下莖 bulb 鱗莖, corm 球莖, rhizome 根狀莖, stem tuber 塊莖, runner bulb 匍匐鱗莖 (2) aerial stem 地上莖 stem tendril 莖卷須, stem thorn 莖刺, phylloid 葉狀莖 4.2.1.4.3 metamorphic leaf leaf tendril 葉卷須, leaf thorn 葉刺,scale leaf 鱗葉, insect-c

14、atching leaf 捕蟲葉Pic.4-2-18, 19 subterraneous stemPic.4-2-20 aerial stem Pic.4-2-21 metamorphic leaf 4.2.2 conformation, structure and function of vegetal reproduction apparatus 4.2.2.1 flower (1) constitution of flower pedicel 花柄, receptacle 花托, calyx 花萼, corolla 花冠, androecium 雄蕊群, gynoecium 雌蕊群 (2

15、) structure of stamen filament 花絲, anther 花藥 (3) structure of pistil stigma 柱頭, style 花柱, ovary 子房(ovary wall 子房壁, , placenta 胎座, ovule 胚珠)Pic.4-2-22 structure mode picture of flowerStamen typesPistil typesStructure of ovuleOvary location 4.2.2 conformation, structure and function of vegetal reproduction apparatus 4.2.2.2 fruit and seed (1) structur