1、美國文學史復習（colonialism)第一部分  殖民主義時期的文學一、時期綜述1、清教徒采用的文學體裁：a、narratives 日記 b、journals 游記2、清教徒在美國的寫作內(nèi)容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）purita

2、n want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 凈化信仰和行為方式2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供簡單服務，建立神圣地位來源：( - 美國文學史復習1（colonialism)_苗苗_新3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who chall

3、enged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 認為自己是上帝選民，對他們的生活有異議就是反對上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反對對快樂和藝術(shù)的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.強調(diào)上帝嚴厲的一面，忽視上帝仁慈的一面。4、典型的清教徒：

4、 John Cotton & Roger William他們的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America.5、William的宗教觀點：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be

5、virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行為上的德，信仰上的誠，并沒有給任何人強迫別人該如何行事的權(quán)利。沒有任何政治秩序和教會體制能夠直接體現(xiàn)神本身的意旨。6、英國最早移民到美國的詩人：Anne Bradstreet7、在殖民時期最好的清教徒詩人：the

6、 best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor.學習指南：1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 關于美國清教徒的描繪    Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesu

7、s Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement throug

8、h a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this

9、earth as in Heaven.2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, Frenc

10、h, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese. 美國文學史復習2（reasoning and revolution)(2009-01-17 15:54:25) 一、美國的性質(zhì)：The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 聯(lián)邦的資產(chǎn)階級民主共和國-美利堅合眾國。二、代表作家：1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富

11、蘭克林  1706-17901）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 窮人理查德的年鑒 annual collection of proverbs 流行諺語集It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific,

12、 economic and political ideas. 建立了一個秘密俱樂部，討論的主題是政治、經(jīng)濟和科學等時事方面的問題3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college-University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美國第一個可租借的圖書館，還創(chuàng)辦了一所大學就是現(xiàn)在的賓夕法尼亞大學。4）first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.5)

13、As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作為殖民地的代表，他不斷建議英國

14、改變政策，使美國可以和英國一起發(fā)展、繁榮。他說服法國支持美國的獨立戰(zhàn)爭。6）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作為作家具有非凡的才能，表達簡潔明了，幽默，諷刺天才、7）The Way to Wealth 致富之道      The Autobiography自傳 18世紀美國唯一流傳至今的自傳 2、Thomas Paine 托馬斯·佩因  1737-1809  "

15、Great Common of Mankind" 最平凡的人1）famous pamphlet "Common Sense"  著名的政治小冊子常識 it boldly advocated a "Declaration for Independence", and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 擁護獨立宣言，使分裂活動發(fā)展成最后危機。2）"American Crisis" 美國危機，signed "Common Sense" (p31

16、,第一段）The Case of the Officers of Excise稅務員問題；Common Sense常識；American Crisis美國危機；Rights of Man人的權(quán)利：Downfall of Despotism專制體制的崩潰；The Age of Reason理性時代 3、Thomas Jefferson 托馬斯·杰弗遜1）drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了獨立宣言2）與清教徒不同，主張追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed

17、by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness. 人人生而平等，他們都從“造物主”那邊被賦予了某些不可轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利，其中包括生命權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。4、Philip Freneau 菲利普·費瑞諾  poet and political journalist 詩人和政治方面的新聞記者1）perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revol

18、utionary period.2)has been called the "Father of American Poetry" 美國詩歌之父The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英國囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans紀念美國勇士-同類詩中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金銀花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殯葬地學習指南：1、Theology dominated the Puritan phase of

19、 American writing. Politics was the next great suject to command the attention of the best minds.2、Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste ye romantic in essential spirit.美國文學史復習3（Romanticisms)(2009-01-17 18:58:09) 一、文學特征：1、Environment:1)shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陸新環(huán)境2）array of

20、 ideas inherited from the romantic traditons of Europe 歐洲早期浪漫主義思潮2、美國文學特點：pluralistic多元化 manifestations varied 表現(xiàn)形式多樣 Individualistic個人主義 conflicting 矛盾3、Romanticism的特點：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuiti

21、ve perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主義之間大多是相通的，都注重道德，強調(diào)個人主義價值觀和直覺感受，并且認為自然是美的源頭，人類社會是腐敗之源。4、Transcendentalism 超驗主義1）as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression ove

22、r the restraints of law and custom.不講邏輯，不講系統(tǒng)，只強調(diào)超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束縛的個人表達。2)they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化復興，反對美國社會的拜金主義。3）they believe in the transcendence of "over soul", an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things com

23、e and of which all things are a part. 相信精神上的超越，相信無所不能的善的力量，強調(diào)善為萬物之源。4）it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and youll become spiritually whole again.” The natural implication of all this was, of course, that

24、 things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.5）代表人物：Emerson愛默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善Thoreau梭羅，beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocenc

25、e” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“潔白無瑕”5、Literary forms文學形式：Novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as Americas principal literary forms.長篇小說、短篇故事和詩歌取代說教類及宣言類作品成為美國主要的文學形式。6、Imaginative literature想象類文學7、the wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that illustrated mora

26、l law.戲劇化特色的野性諷喻了時代的道德準則。8、The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. 逃離社會，回到自然成為了美國文學永恒的創(chuàng)作習慣。9、Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in Americas language. In 1828 Noah Webster published “An American Dictionary of t

27、he English Language”. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. 受民族主義影響，作家的目光轉(zhuǎn)向了美國本土的語言，具有美國特征的本土方言開始在詩歌和小說中大量涌現(xiàn)。10、At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a “flowering of New England.” Led by Hawthorne, Emerson, and Thoreau. New

28、 England Transcendentalism, 從新英格蘭文學到超驗主義。 二、代表作家：1、Washington Irving華盛頓.歐文 the first great belletrist 第一個純文學作家，劃線部分為三個主要contribution the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美國第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家“Sketch Book”見聞札記, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile lite

29、rature.現(xiàn)代文學史上第一部短篇小說和美國第一部偉大的青少年文學讀物。Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties.重振了沒落的哥特式浪漫主義小說，隨后坡在此基礎上，把心理學的一些知識融入了這種體裁。“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”西班牙征服記 A History of New York  紐約的歷史-美國人寫的第一部詼諧文學杰作；The Sketch Book見聞札記The Legend

30、of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的傳說-使之成為美國第一個獲得國際聲譽的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田莊；Talks of Travellers旅客談；The Alhambra阿爾罕伯拉 2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.庫珀contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga 開創(chuàng)了兩種流傳極廣的小說體裁，邊疆傳奇小說和海上傳奇小說?！癓eatherstocking T

31、ales”皮襪子故事集，包括“The Deerslayer”殺鹿者、“The Last of the Mohicans”最后的莫希干人、“The Pathfinder”探路人、“The Pioneers”拓荒者、“The Prairie”大草原, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被認為是迄今為止美國最接近史詩的作品。the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo. 小說的中心人物，納蒂.班波Judge Temple: man remain savage withou

32、t law and orderThe Spy  間諜    The Pilot  領航者      The Littlepage Manuscripts   利特佩奇的手稿3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡倫.布萊恩特 poet 詩人as Irving had shown that American prose had cone of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that America

33、n poetry was ready to demand serious attention.當歐文預示美國散文時代的到來時，布萊恩特向歐洲讀者證實了美國的詩歌達到相當高的水平。He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一個獲得美國主要詩人稱號的作家。 “To a Waterfowl”致水鳥the most perfect brief poem in the language. 用美國英語寫作的最完美的短詩。4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿倫.坡show his true talents as a

34、n editor, poet, literary critic. 編輯、詩人、文學評論家。Grahams Magazine 格雷厄姆雜志（坡的工作場所）“The Fall of the House of Usher”鄂謝府崩潰記、“The Raven”烏鴉the title poem of a collection,“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”述異集first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小說集。often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅長描寫哥特式和幻想類的小說。5

35、、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉爾夫.沃爾多.愛默生be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超驗主義引入新英格蘭的先驅(qū)。Emerson believed above all in individualism個人主義, independence of mind思想獨立, and self-reliance自強.作品：“Nature”論自然、“Essays”隨筆錄、 “The American Scholar”美國學者, our intellectual Declaration of Indepe

36、ndence.我們知識分子的獨立宣言。his most important works are “Representative Men ”代表and “English Traits”英國人、“Poems”詩集摘自論自然：Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. 人形的約束沒有了。 6、Henry David Th

37、oreau 亨利.戴維.梭羅Emersons truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emersons theories 愛默生最忠實的信徒，把愛默生的許多理論付諸于實踐?！癐n Walden”沃爾登成名作?！癈ivil Disobedience”平民反抗essay 隨筆。非暴力不合作教義：I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living, each should find out his own way, not his neighbors or his parents. 我不希望人們接受我的生活模式

38、，每一個都應該發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的生活方式，不是鄰居的，也不是他父母的。7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 納薩尼爾.霍桑background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hawthorne, who harm a person.曾經(jīng)有個做法官的祖輩害人?！癟he House of the Seven Gables”七尖角閣房，是霍桑著名神秘小說中的一個房屋名稱。he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the harshness and the persecut

39、ions.對清教徒陰暗面的深切關注，認為清教徒的戒行過于森嚴，對不同信仰人的迫害過于殘酷?！癕osses from an Old Manse”古廈青苔、“The Marble Faun”玉石神像特點unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of mans moral nature. 獨特才能主要表現(xiàn)在他能夠通過一些極具象征意義的故事來觸摸人類靈魂深處的道德品質(zhì)。his ability to create vivid and symbolic images

40、 that embody great moral questions appears strongly in his short stories. 短篇小說里，通過活生生、極具有象征意義的想象來體現(xiàn)人類社會的一些重大道德問題。to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol.杰出之處在于他能把一個故事安放在自己設置的正義標準之中來講述，他書中的正義標準成為當時人們的道德參考。（課堂筆記提及的）“The Scarlet Letter”紅字女主角honest, calmly fa

41、ce fault 誠實，坦然的面對罪過。弗洛伊德人格理論：Id 本我 欲望，只要快樂 Roger 女主角的丈夫Ego 自我 分辨對錯，受約束，符合現(xiàn)實 Hester 女主角Superego 超我 Dim 女主角的情人，牧師女主角的自我成長和自我救贖的過程。Ego growth and redeem by her own of process“The Scarlet Letter” analysis分析：it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned agai

42、nst. Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen Symbolic of her moral development is the gradual im

43、perceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of shame, “Adultery” but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers changes it to “Able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying “Angel”. There is reason to

44、 agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic, or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of “original sin,” Dimmesdale, on the other hand, banishes himself form society. Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, whereas Hester

45、 is able to reconstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration. Between him and Hester they point to a moral as Hawthorne may intend them to do, that the best policy for man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show o

46、nes worst to the outside world. 8、Herman Melville 赫爾曼.麥爾維爾“Moby Dick”白鯨，a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.主要講述了一個為追捕一只想象中的神秘白鯨的漫長海上故事。The book is steeped in symbolism. 本書達到了象征主義手法的創(chuàng)作高峰。主人公：Ishmael，取自圣經(jīng)。在書中說：to write a mighty book you mus

47、t have a mighty theme. 寫一部宏大的著作，必須有一個宏大的主題。故事人物：Captain Ahab.船長阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鯨人奎因奎格，was a friendly person；the rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the universe and its awesome, sometimes merciless forces. The fitting symbol for his theme was the “glidi

48、ng great demon of the seas of life.”阿哈比艦長和各種危險之間的激烈斗爭，他同那些強大的、神秘的自然展開斗爭，他們令人毛骨悚然，有時還冷酷無情。他把那只大白鯨貼切的比喻為“生命海洋中滑行的惡魔”。“Moby Dick”：one of the major themes in Melville is alienation, which he sensed existing in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and na

49、ture. Captain Ahab seems to be the best illustration of it all. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” He had Ahab topmost in his mind. In a sense Ahab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to Moby Dick.9、Henry Wadsworth Long

50、fellow 亨利.沃茲沃思.朗費羅 poet 詩人it would be hard, also, to overestimate the importance of his anthology “The Poets and Poetry of Europe”. His own poetry became a means of teaching readers of his day something of the possible range of poetic subject matter and techniques, ancient, medieval, and modern. 歐洲詩

51、人及詩不能把這部作品估計過高。他自己的詩歌成為了他教學的材料，在書中他講述了詩的主題和一些寫作技巧。從古代的，中世紀的一直到現(xiàn)代的詩歌，他都一一作了闡述。殊榮：he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poets corner of Westminster Abbey.朗費羅被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的詩人之角，他也是美國惟一獲此殊榮的詩人。The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for his poetry was popular during his lifetime. 他的詩歌

52、因高雅宜人、純正有韻味而大受歡迎。he was consistently high-minded but conventional, and untouched by the religious and social struggles that disturbed his contemporaries. 他接受正統(tǒng)的思想，但并不保守。他的思想沒有受到當時社會、宗教和各種政治斗爭的影響。特點：exercised a great influence in bringing European culture to the U.S., and likewise did much to popular

53、ize American folk themes abroad where his work was immensely popular and widely translated.在引進歐洲文化上起巨大推動作用，也把美國民間文化傳播到國外，他的作品還被翻譯成多種文字，在海外受到高度評美國文學史復習4（Realism）(2009-01-17 19:44:25) 一、Background1）Mechanization 機器化2）Urbanization 城市化3）Industrialization 工業(yè)化4）Federal government(race種族平等進入憲法）標志著馬克·吐

54、溫的鍍金時代開始5）Railway system工業(yè)化的一大標志，電力和石油的應用二、文化特征：1）女性發(fā)揮作用明顯，女性的作者和讀者明顯增多2）開始關注Mid class3）現(xiàn)實主義（realism）->New York replaced Boston as the nation's literary center. 紐約成為新的文化中心。一、時期綜述：1、鍍金時代：The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of

55、gloom and buoyant hope. 無節(jié)制、走極端，倒退和進步、貧困和富有并存，既令人沮喪又讓人有希望的時代。2、Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, and Poe, the great age of American romanticism had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned. 新英格蘭的文藝復興已開始接近尾聲。3、現(xiàn)實主義和自然主義作家的人物刻畫方法：19世紀末,the li

56、terary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and events. Instead, they sought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present the subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bed.反對在作品中描繪理想化了的人物和事

57、件，關注人性中的微妙之處。 4、Realism：（現(xiàn)實主義）appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observable. the dialects, customs, sights.現(xiàn)實主義有濃厚的美國本土特色，是浪漫主義故事情節(jié)和現(xiàn)實主義描寫相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物：美國風味的方言、風俗、各種觀點 5、Naturalism：自然主義

58、a new and harsher realism, 新型的更為冷峻的現(xiàn)實主義，產(chǎn)生悲觀的流派 ，產(chǎn)生于the end of the century 十九世紀末，因為Perception of societys disorders 對社會無序的感知。Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 設法盡力客觀真實地展現(xiàn)出受環(huán)境與出身局限的下層人民和各種經(jīng)濟階層人物的真正生活。The naturalists emphasiz

59、ed that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 強調(diào)世界的非道德性，人們沒有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虛幻的，現(xiàn)實生活是痛苦的。   

60、  Deterministic 決定論，宿命的，代表作家：Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克萊恩,     Frank Norris 弗朗克.諾里斯,          Jack London  杰克.倫敦,          Theodore Dreiser 西奧多.德萊塞.6、Darwinism: 達爾文主義:an evident infl

61、uence on naturalism, stress the animality of man, to suggest that be was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution. 對自然主義影響極大，強調(diào)人的動物性，意味著人的命運受進化的不可抗力來決定的。 7、William Dean Howells    威廉.迪安.豪厄斯，   The arbiter of 19th century literary realism in America。十九世紀美國現(xiàn)實主義文學泰斗，提拔許多年輕作家   His defined realism: nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.     不加一分，不減一分，百分之百描寫現(xiàn)實。   中央視角：an objective point of view&