1、1-完形填空專題完形填空專題2 完形填空又叫完形程序。這一測(cè)試方法1953年由威爾遜泰勒創(chuàng)設(shè)。它是一種測(cè)試讀者預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)測(cè)和理解理解不完整的語言信息的能力的方法。 3 高考中它常常以記敘文為主，或者是一篇夾敘夾議的文章，常常以故事形式出現(xiàn)，從小故事中引出做人或做事的道理，文章難度低于閱讀理解題中的短文。它的字?jǐn)?shù)在230-280左右。456完形填空命題規(guī)律和特點(diǎn) Who Perspective What Theme/Topic When Time Where Scene How whyClue 7 完形填空的解題過程就是對(duì)語篇缺失進(jìn)行推測(cè)的過程。它迫使受測(cè)者閱讀全文，迫使他們利用語言中的多余信息猜測(cè)

2、意思，理解句子，弄清句子和句子之間的關(guān)系，弄懂全文。 為了答好題，受測(cè)者必須努力從字里行間尋找能夠利用的線索，例如書寫和形態(tài)變化線索，詞匯線索，句法線索，社會(huì)文化線索，上下文線索，根據(jù)有關(guān)線索進(jìn)行猜測(cè)，作出合理的推斷。 如果僅以句子為單位進(jìn)行分析、解題，那等同于肢解一個(gè)完整而連續(xù)的語篇，是做不下去的。而以語篇為單位進(jìn)行分析、解讀，從語境、銜接、語義連貫這幾個(gè)方面來考慮則非常有利于完形填空的解題。8語篇 語言學(xué)家哈里斯(Harris)指出“: 語言并非是語言并非是一些雜亂無章的詞句，而是由連貫的篇章一些雜亂無章的詞句，而是由連貫的篇章形式表現(xiàn)出來的形式表現(xiàn)出來的”。 9語篇的七項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 銜接性、連

3、貫性、意圖性、可接受性、語境性、信息性和互文性。10語篇的重要條件 銜接銜接是篇章的有形網(wǎng)絡(luò)，它通過詞匯詞匯和語語法法手段使語篇內(nèi)句與句之間在概念上有聯(lián)系，在排列上符合邏輯，讓語句文理通順。 連貫連貫是篇章的無形網(wǎng)絡(luò)，句子連貫是指句中的成分之間具有合乎邏輯的有機(jī)聯(lián)系，句子的表述思路清晰，使交際對(duì)方容易得到要領(lǐng)。 11 銜接銜接是篇章中連接詞與詞，一種表達(dá)方式與其他表達(dá)方式等表面關(guān)系的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 連貫連貫是一種蘊(yùn)涵于篇章中的概念關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 12 連貫的銜接手段分為兩類: 顯性的(或表層上的)銜接 隱性的(或深層上的)銜接 13 顯性銜接主要指那些通過語法、詞匯實(shí)現(xiàn)連貫的銜接手段。在理解文章的連貫時(shí)，

4、只須通過明顯的銜接手段作為向?qū)?，不需要任何間接搭橋。 五種銜接手段(詞匯、照應(yīng)、替代、省略、連接) 時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)的一致、音系銜接、句子嵌套和排列順序等等。 14 A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always lived in the best company, whether it be of books or of

5、men.15 Their heads and breasts were covered with a thick hair, some frizzled, and others lank; they had beards like goats, and a long ridge of hair down their backs and the fore - part s of their legs and feet; but the rest of their bodies were bare, so that I might see their skins, which of a brown

6、 buff color . (J.Swift: Gullivers Travels)16 Education makes a people easy to lead, but difficult to drive; easy to govern, but impossible to slave.17 隱性銜接則指通過合理的邏輯推理或語言使用者的文化背景知識(shí)等實(shí)現(xiàn)連貫的銜接手段。在理解文章的連貫時(shí).沒有明顯的銜接手段作為向?qū)?。必須通過合理的搭橋(邏輯推理，背景知識(shí)，想象等等作為手段)。隱性銜接主要包括: 語境、邏輯推理、世界知識(shí)、共有知識(shí)、聯(lián)想和想像等等。 18 A. Theres the do

7、orbell. B. Im in the bath.19 A: What on earth has happened to the roast beef? B: The dog is looking very happy. 20完形填空解題技巧 詞匯銜接 語篇連貫21詞匯銜接 詞匯銜接是語篇中兩個(gè)或多個(gè)成分之間所存在的邏輯語義關(guān)系,這些詞匯常以復(fù)現(xiàn)和搭配等形式出現(xiàn),構(gòu)成一個(gè)銜接的語義整體,從而促成語篇的連貫。英語語篇是一個(gè)句子之間相互銜接、語義相互關(guān)聯(lián)的多個(gè)銜接鏈組成的統(tǒng)一連貫的整體。作為語篇建構(gòu)的一種重要機(jī)制,詞匯銜接對(duì)于語篇組織、語篇連貫具有重要作用。 22語篇連貫 語篇并不是將一個(gè)個(gè)主題

8、互不相關(guān)的句子拼湊在一起,而是關(guān)于同一主題的短語或句子組成的有意義的連貫的整體。也就是說,語篇具有統(tǒng)一性和連貫性。這就是銜接的特性使語篇中的各句“粘合”在一起,形成一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體。23 I bought a Ford. A car in which President Wilson rode down the Champs Elysees was black. Black English has been widely discussed. The discussions between the presidents ended last week. A week has seven days

9、. Every day I feed my cat. Cats have four legs. The cat is on the mat. Mat has three letters.24完形填空完形填空【語篇銜接與連貫語篇銜接與連貫】顯性顯性5多多詞匯詞匯重復(fù)重復(fù)36(science)38(guess)43(woman)52(wrong)同近同近49(beginning)上下上下46(eye) 53(tool)概括概括 the only thing搭配搭配40(correct)41(learned)照應(yīng)照應(yīng)人稱人稱He 44 himself (saw)指示指示it was 52比較比較從句

10、從句the 46, which省略省略39(listening to)替代替代連接連接But; and; however隱性隱性語境語境37(marched)47(methods)推理推理42(trust)48(hear)50(believed)51(truth)54(frightened)55(dropped)世界世界(常識(shí)、領(lǐng)域常識(shí)、領(lǐng)域)共有共有(口語語篇口語語篇)聯(lián)想聯(lián)想45(voyage)25詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn) There is a boy climbing that tree. The boys going to fall if he doesnt care. The lads going

11、to fall if he doesnt take care. The childs going to fall if he doesnt take care. The idiots going to fall if he doesnt take care.26 This is a fine hall you have here. I am proud to be lecturing in it. （照應(yīng)） This is a fine hall you have here. Ive never lectured in a finer one.（替代） This is a fine hall

12、you have here. Ive never lectured in a finer. （省略）27照應(yīng) 語篇中某一成分和另一成分之間在指稱意義上的相互解釋的關(guān)系，它可以使語篇在結(jié)構(gòu)上更加緊湊，從而使語篇成為前后銜接的整體。28人稱照應(yīng) The gentleman said no and told me that he 42 to go to the nursing home to eat breakfast with his 43 .He told me that she had been 44 for a while and that she had a special disease

13、, I asked if she would be 45 if he was a bit late. （2010全國新課標(biāo)）29指示照應(yīng) 指示代詞：this, these, that, those 定冠詞：the 指示性副詞：here, there, now, then30指示代詞：this, these, that, those Rereading the letter, I was 31 by its humor(幽默)and clever expressions, These were all qualities for which I had 32 respected my order

14、 brother but 33 he no longer had them. (2010課標(biāo)卷) Thats why Im so 39 to be a part of Career Fables. com. Over the years Ive come to 23 how much of my success I owe to my 24 of those words as one of my values. (2009全國2)31指示性副詞：here, there, now, then He told me that she had been 44 there for a while an

15、d that she had a special disease, I asked if she would be 45 if he was a bit late. He replied that she 46 knew who he was ,that she had not been able to 47 him for five years now. 32比較照應(yīng) “Well, Ill try it; if I dont like it I can always go back to my 33 earlier position. ” (2009全國2) A more embarrass

16、ing（尷尬）situation occurs when a student starts falling into sleep and the _30_ of the head pushes the arm off the_31_, and the movement carries the_32_ of the body along. The worst time to fall asleep is when _34_ . (2011全國2)33 The 29 nearest garage to the office was about 100 yards away and we got t

17、here 30 . （2007全國2）34替代種類 One, ones, the same, so Do, do so So, not352009全國2 One of my fathers favorite sayings as I was growing up was “Try it!” I couldnt say I didnt like 21 , whatever it might be, 22 I tried it. Over the years Ive come to 23 how much of my success I owe to my 24 of those words as

18、 one of my values. My 25 job was just one I decided to try for a couple of years until I 26 what I want to do as a career（職業(yè)）. 36 I remember how 43 happy I was when I saw the tray stand near the tables; it looked different from the one I was 44 trained onIt had nice handles, which made it 45 easier

19、to move around （2008全國1海南，寧夏）37 We arrived in Spain for the first time a few weeks ago. I decided to 21 a car because we had sold the one we had in England before 22 home. （2007全國2）38照應(yīng)、替代、省略 Mike enjoys golf more than Mike enjoys tennis. Mike enjoys golf more than he does tennis. Mike enjoys golf m

20、ore than tennis. 393E連接 詳述（elaboration） 延伸（extension） 增強(qiáng)（enhancement）401. 同位（同位（apposition） 換言（expository） In other words, that is (to say), I mean (to say), to put it another way That is：Never 42 your own senses” (2011課標(biāo)卷)41 舉例（exemplifying） For example, for instance, thus, to illustrate If the dri

21、vers are _37_ , they are not seriously hurt. One womans car, _38 for example_ , went into the river. She woke up in four feet of _39_ and thought it was raining. (2011全國2) 52 Thus Long John Silver the pirate with a wooden leg, was 53 . (2009全國2)42 Geese are known to take the first living thing they

22、see as their mother. 42 thus , to these young geese, the girl was their mother. 432. 闡明（闡明（clarification） 矯正（corrective） Or rather, be more precise Would you mind telling me 39 you are thinking of leaving? 40 or are you going to sit in your car all day?” (2007全國2) 題外（distractive） By the way, inciden

23、tally 毋論（dismissive） In any case, anyway, leaving that aside44 例舉（particularizing） In particular, more especially 繼續(xù)（resumptive） As I was saying, to resume, to get back to the point45 總結(jié)（summative） In short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly46 確認(rèn)（verificative） Actually, as a matter of fact, in fact

24、My 25 job was just one I decided to try for a couple of years until I 26 what I want to do as a career（職業(yè)）. 27 actually I believed I would work for a few years, get married, stay home and raise a family, so I didnt think the job I took 28 that much. 47延伸（extension） 1. 增補(bǔ)（增補(bǔ)（addition） 肯定（positive） 否定

25、（negative） 2. 轉(zhuǎn)折（轉(zhuǎn)折（adversative） 3. 變換（變換（variation） 對(duì)立（replasive） 除外（substrative） 選擇（alternative）481. 增補(bǔ)（增補(bǔ)（addition） 肯定（positive） And, also, moreover, in addition 否定（negative） Nor, neithernor492. 轉(zhuǎn)折（轉(zhuǎn)折（adversative） But , yet, on the other hand, however It was always thought that Treasure Island wa

26、s the product of Robert Louis Stevensons imagination. _36 however_，recent research has found the true story of this exciting work. (2009)503. 變換（變換（variation） 對(duì)立（replasive） On the contrary, instead Caring about 49 safety, the father decided to pilot the plane himself. However, the birds did not 50 o

27、r follow him, and 51instead slept in the grass. （2007全國1）51 除外（substrative） Apart from that, except for that 32 except for short vacation visits, however, he had lived away from home. (2008全國2) 選擇（alternative） alternatively52增強(qiáng)（enhancement） 1. 時(shí)空（時(shí)空（spatio-temporal） The nurse had him take a 36 in th

28、e waiting area, 37 him it would be at least 40 minutes 38 before someone would be able to see him .（2010全國1） But when I turned into main road I suddenly saw a lot of cars racing 31towards me. I got out of 32 as fast as I could by backing into the garage 33 and the man behind 34 me.（2007全國2）53 Sudden

29、ly they stood, picked up their 40 and stepped together 41 off the edge of where they were sitting to place the table in the sea water. The man stepped 42 back for the two chairs. （2006全國1）54 2. 方式（方式（manner） Similarly, in a different way 3. 因果因果/條件（條件（causal-conditional） “Well, its really _54_I came

30、 to a restaurant where Im known, ” I said. “_55 otherwise_, I might have been in trouble. ” (2005) 4. 話題（話題（matter） As for55完形訓(xùn)練56語篇詞匯銜接提煉 In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat. No single beat is characteristic of the music today. But each song has an easily recognizable rhy

31、thm. As you listen to a song， your foot usually starts to pick up the beat. Before long， your entire body seems to be moving with it. Your head pounds with the beat， and there is no room for thought. Only the surge of the music is important. In its own way， rock music is as dominant as the rock Gibr

32、altar. Its message is an overgrowing emotional one.57 關(guān)鍵詞: beat，song，music 近義詞: distinct，characteristic， easily recognizable， in its own way; beat，rhythm, the surge; overwhelming，dominant，overpowering 上下義: music, rock of music58 Words that express love, passion, anger, despair the highest peaks and

33、the lowest depths of emotion, and the things that make us realize we are truly alive. Wuthering Heights, with its tale of doomed (注定失敗的) love and its portrayal of both the good and the bad sides of human nature, topped the list of the greatest love stories of all time, released by the New York Publi

34、c Library in 2008. The latest film version came out in the UK on November 11.59 ITALIAN Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi resigned on November 12 with his country deep in the European debt crisis. Berlusconi stepped down after the Italian parliament (國會(huì)) approved the European Unions austerity (緊縮) me

35、asures as he promised on November 8.60語篇詞匯銜接替換 I had a very nice childhood. I went to a very nice school in U.S.A. where the teachers were all nice to the children and the lessons were always nice. It was in a very nice part of the country and it seems to me now that the weather was always nice. I t

36、hought it was especially nice in winter when it is nice to play in the snow. 61 Happy, pleasant，kind，interesting，beautiful，fine，enjoyable，exciting62 Garden lovers are proud of their little patches (小塊地), and _ there are visitors they love to show them off. They will point at a blooming rosebush, _ a

37、sk the visitor to admire the greenness of the lawn. _ the visitor stays to tea, he or she may find that the tomatoes in the sandwiches they eat, _ they sit with their hosts in the sun-drenched garden, have been grown no more than a few meters away.63 Whenever Or If As64 單句動(dòng)詞辨析 I often attend meeting

38、 and sometimes I take part in its discussion You may avoid all known sources of contagionyet not easily escape infection Yesterday I beat John at chessHe won only one set，while l won two sets 65 Nowadays, many people are advocating a low-carbon life. So how can we students live this way? Here are so

39、me tips to help you achieve it.First, we should reduce our use of plastic bags, which are made of chemicals and harmful to our health. We can also try to avoid using disposable dishware in order to protect trees from being cut down. In addition, it is important to save water and electricity. For example, we can turn off the lights when w