1、旅游概論復(fù)習(xí)資料旅游業(yè)Tourism industry： Tourism industry:the range of bussinesses and organisations involved in delivering the tourism product. 指由各類旅游企業(yè)和旅游部門構(gòu)成、提供旅游產(chǎn)品的行業(yè)。旅游tourism 從需求的角度：the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places oustside their usual environment for not more than one consecu

2、tive year for leisure,business and other purposes.旅游是人們?yōu)榱诵蓍e、商務(wù)和其他目的，離開自己的常居環(huán)境、連續(xù)不超過一年的旅行和逗留活動。從供給的角度： the tourist industry consists of all those firms ,organisations and facilities which are intended to serve the specific needs and wants of tourists. 旅游業(yè)是為了滿足旅游者需要和愿望的所有的企業(yè)、組織機(jī)構(gòu)和設(shè)施構(gòu)成的行業(yè)。休閑leisure：the

3、 time available to an individual when work ,sleep and other basic needs have been met .一個人工作、睡覺和其他需求后所擁有的時(shí)間 消遣recreation：pursuit engaged upon during leisure time.在休閑時(shí)間尋求參與性的活動。旅游需求definitions of tourism demand ： The total number of persons who travel ,or wish to travel ,to use toursit facilities and

4、 services at places away from their places of work and residence.離開自己工作和居住的地方外出旅游或具有旅游的愿望，并使用旅游設(shè)施的人數(shù)總和。有效需求或現(xiàn)實(shí)需求（effective or actual demand ）: the actual number of participants in tourism who are travelling . 指參加旅游的實(shí)際人數(shù)或指那些正在旅游的現(xiàn)實(shí)旅游者。受抑制的需求suppressed demand ： Is made up of that section of the popula

5、tin who do not travel for some reason。由人口中那些因各種原因不能參加旅游的部分構(gòu)成。分兩類：1.潛在需求potential demand ：refers to those who will travel at some future date iif the expenrience a change in their circumstance .指那些如果某些條件發(fā)生變化，在未來時(shí)間將參加旅游的人們。2.延緩需求deferred demand ：a demand postponed because of a problem in the suppluy e

6、nvironment .指由于供給條件出問題而推遲的需求。3.無需求no demand ：there will be those who simply do not wish to travel or are unable to travel ,constituting a category of no demand .總有一些人不愿意或不能參加旅游。替代需求substitution of demand ：refers to the case when demand for one activity is substitutedby another 指一種旅游活動需求被另一種旅游活動需求所替代

7、。轉(zhuǎn)移需求：旅游傾向Travel propensity：indicators of effective demand in any particular population ,consides the penetration of tourism trips in a population測定人口中有效需求的指標(biāo)，直接考察旅游在人口中的滲透程度。凈旅游傾向Net travel propensity refers to the percentage of the population that takes at least one tourism trip in a given period

8、of time.指在一定的時(shí)間內(nèi)至少參加一次旅游的人數(shù)占人口總數(shù)的比例?？偮糜蝺A向Gross travel propensity gives the total number of tourism trips taken as a percentage of the population.：指參加旅游的總?cè)藬?shù)占人口總數(shù)的比例。需求量Demand schedules refers to the quantities of a product that an individual wishes to purchase at different prices at a given point in

9、time.只在一定的時(shí)間內(nèi)，人們愿意以不同的價(jià)格購買產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量。旅游動機(jī)travel motivators: explain why people want to travel and they are the inner urges that initiate travel demand .引發(fā)旅游需求的內(nèi)驅(qū)力，并可以說明人們?yōu)槭裁葱枰糜巍Ｐ蜗骾mages :are sets of beliefs ,ideas and impressions relating to products and destinations.對產(chǎn)品和目的地的信任，看法和感受的集合體。自我中心型psychocent

10、ricwhich is derived from psyche or self-centred where an individual centres thoughts or concerns on the small problem areas of life .these individuals tend to be conservative in their travel patterns ,preferring safe destinations and often taking many return trip.出自于心理中心或自我中心/。這種人格類型的人重視生活中的瑣事。他們傾向于

11、保持原有的旅游方式，更喜歡去“安全的”旅游目的地并進(jìn)行多次重復(fù)的旅游。多中心型allocentric: theses individuals are adventurous and motivated to travel/discover new destination,they rarely return to the same place twice . 這種人格類型的人喜歡冒險(xiǎn)，持有游覽或發(fā)現(xiàn)新旅游目的地的動機(jī)。他們很少去一個地方旅游兩次。有限解決問題模型limited problem-solving models(LPS models)are applicable to repeat

12、or mundane purchases with a low level of consumer involvement .適用于購買重復(fù)性和日常性的產(chǎn)品，消費(fèi)者對購買的關(guān)注程度很低。深化解決問題模型：exstend problem-solving models(EPS models)apply to purchases associated with high levels of perceived risk and involvement ,and where the information search and evaluation of alternatives plays an i

13、mportant patr in the purchasing decision. 適用于高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)意識和高關(guān)注程度的購買決策，收集信息和評估備選方案在購買決策中起重要的作用。An introduction to tuorismA basic understanding of the real nature of tourism activity and a knowledge of the myths that surround tourism study 旅游的誤解和現(xiàn)實(shí)誤解世界上絕大多數(shù)的旅游是國際旅游現(xiàn)實(shí)國內(nèi)旅游在世界上占主導(dǎo)地位,國內(nèi)旅游占旅游者總數(shù)的80%誤解世界上絕大多數(shù)都是航空旅游

14、,旅游者乘坐飛機(jī)從一國飛到另一國現(xiàn)實(shí)世界上絕大多數(shù)旅游都使用地面交通工具(以小汽車為主)誤解旅游的目的僅僅是休閑度假現(xiàn)實(shí)旅游是包括經(jīng)商、會議和教育在內(nèi)的各種目的的活動誤解在旅游行業(yè)就業(yè)實(shí)際上是一種旅行的方式和學(xué)習(xí)語言的機(jī)會現(xiàn)實(shí)絕大多數(shù)旅游從業(yè)人員在接待業(yè)工作中很少有機(jī)會參與旅游An appreciation of the individual elements which, when combined, comprise the tourism system (P4); and an understanding of Leipers tourism system (p6) 了解旅游體系由哪些要

15、素組成（詳見翻譯版P5的圖表）和雷珀模型A knowledge of basic supply-side and demand-side definitions of tourism and the associated difficulties and issues (詳見定義篇)How to define tourism? Why is tourism so difficult to define and what are the implications of these difficulties for the measurement of tourism? 旅游是由一系列個人、企業(yè)、

16、部門和地區(qū)以不同的方式組合在一起，為旅游者提供體驗(yàn)的活動。旅游具有多項(xiàng)性和多面性，它涉及到多種生活方式和各類經(jīng)濟(jì)活動，因此旅游難以定義毫不奇怪。Why divide up the tourism system into individual elements?旅游是一個相對年輕的研究領(lǐng)域，這給旅游的教學(xué)、科研和學(xué)科研究造成一系列的問題，如旅游學(xué)科本身被一些概念性的薄弱點(diǎn)和模糊點(diǎn)所困擾，在旅游業(yè)的專業(yè)術(shù)語，甚至旅游的定義或旅游業(yè)的構(gòu)成上沒有真正的統(tǒng)一認(rèn)識。旅游業(yè)旅游業(yè)中包含了眾多行業(yè)和部門，一個學(xué)科和一個經(jīng)濟(jì)部門的構(gòu)成過于多項(xiàng)和復(fù)雜將不利于自身的學(xué)術(shù)研究。旅游研究在資料來源上也特別缺乏，表現(xiàn)在研

17、究資料的質(zhì)量不高和可比性較差兩個方面。傳統(tǒng)的旅游研究方法往往重視實(shí)際操作并將旅游簡化在一些具體的活動和商業(yè)交易上。為了解決上述問題，建立一種旅游研究的框架結(jié)構(gòu)是非常重要的。在著方面有許多的方法，而跨學(xué)科研究或多學(xué)科研究是可以選擇的方法之一。How do the concepts of leisure, recreation and tourism relate to each other? （翻譯版P12）Chapter one Tourism DemandUnderstand the concept of tourism demand and identify the basic compo

18、nents which, when combined, constitute total demand (P24-25)1、Concept of tourism demand: it may vary according to the subject perspective of the author (such as economists/psychologists/geographers)2、Three basic components of tourism demand: Effective or actual demand; suppressed demand; no demand.G

19、rasp the knowledge of indicators of demand and know how these indicators may be calculated 凈旅游傾向=參加至少1次旅游的人數(shù)人口總數(shù)總旅游傾向=參加旅游的總?cè)藬?shù)人口總數(shù)國家潛在旅游產(chǎn)生指數(shù)=Ne/NwPe/PwWhat are the differences between “No Demand” and “Potential Demand”? What are the factors that might account for individuals in the “no demand” categ

20、ory? 潛在需求指那些如果某些條件發(fā)生變化，在未來時(shí)間將參加旅游的人們。例如購買力或有權(quán)享受更多的帶薪假日，這種需求就可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛行枨?。而無需求是由于總有一些人不愿意或不能參加旅游。 旅游需求的抑制因素：1、旅游的費(fèi)用昂貴,要求人們具有一定收入水平才能進(jìn)入市場。旅游與其他產(chǎn)品爭奪可供使用的資金。2、對有些人來說，缺少時(shí)間是個問題，他們不能安排出足夠的時(shí)間段離家外出停留。這也許是由于家庭或工作的原因所致。3、身體限制（如健康不佳）對許多人來說是不能參加旅游的重要原因。特別是心臟病和身體/精神缺陷是旅游的主要障礙。4、家庭條件，如單親家庭或必須照顧老人的家庭可能難以旅游。5、政府限制，如一些國

21、家政府對貨幣和簽證的控制可能是旅游的真正障礙（包括入境旅游和出境旅游）。6缺乏興趣/恐懼對一些人來說是旅游的真正阻力。潛在需求與無需求的區(qū)別應(yīng)該是上面的3、4、5、6。How the market and individual demand curves for tourism differ from other commodities? 旅游產(chǎn)品富有彈性，為奢侈品；日用品為必需品，一般彈性較小。Chapter two Consumer behavior and tourism demandUnderstand “Consumer Decision-Making” framework (P32

22、) and the elements that make up the tourism consumer decision process as a system:構(gòu)成消費(fèi)者決策過程的4個基本要素1) Energizers of demand需求驅(qū)動力2) Effectors of demand; 需求影響力3) Roles and the decision-making process; 角色和決策過程4) Determinants of demand. 決定需求的因素 Understand Maslows hierarchy model and the theory of motivati

23、on (Dann; McIntosh,Goeldner and Ritchie; Plog):P34-36Maslows hierarchy model（翻譯版P36）Lower 1. Physiologicalhunger, thirst, rest, activity 生理需要 2. Safetysecurity, freedom from fear and anxiety 安全需要 3. Belonging and loveaffection, giving and receiving love 歸屬和愛的需要 4. Esteemself-esteem and esteem for ot

24、hers Higher 尊重的需要 5. Self-actualisationpersonal self-fulfilment 自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的需要McIntosh, Goeldner and Ritchie (1995) （翻譯版P37）Ø Physical motivators 身體健康動機(jī)Ø Cultural motivators 文化動機(jī)Ø Interpersonal motivators 人際動機(jī)Ø Status and prestige motivators 地位與聲望動機(jī)Plog(1974) （翻譯版P38） Psychocentri自我中心型c

25、: “self-centered”; conservative(保守的); preferring “safe” destinations Allocentric多中心型: adventurous; motivated to discover new destinations; rarely return to the same place twiceKnow the tourist typologies and its relation to specific forms of tourism and tourist needs.Tourist typologies: the organize

26、d mass tourist; the individual mass tourist; the explorer; the drifter. Or institutionalized tourism and non-institutionalized tourism。（翻譯版P41）Know the other factors that influence tourism consumer decision processRole and family influence; the importance of image; the holiday image etc. (P38-41)Be

27、familiar with the determinants of demand for tourism as well as the suppressed demand for tourism: （翻譯版P44）旅游需求的決定因素1、 Lifestyle determinants of demand for tourism: income, employment, holiday entitlement, educational attainment and mobility.生活方式因素:收入、職業(yè)、帶薪假期、受教育程度和機(jī)動性。2、 Life cycle determinants of

28、demand for tourism生命周期因素Review the major determinants of demand at an individual level and assess their relative importance;Chapter three Models and Patterns of Tourism DemandIdentify two categories of models of tourism demand: Models of consumer behavior in tourism and Quantitative models: 消費(fèi)者行為模型一

29、般側(cè)重于個人范疇;數(shù)量模型側(cè)重于群體層面.Understand the buying decision process and the differences between this process for low-involvement products and high-involvement purchases such as tourism; (P52-53)Know about macro determinants of demand and propensity to travel決定需求的宏觀因素和旅游傾向旅游傾向?qū)τ谔囟ǖ娜丝趤碚f將隨著下列特征而不斷提高:1、收入2、都市化3

30、、受教育程度4、機(jī)動性隨著下列特征而降低: 1、家庭規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大；2、不斷 增長的年齡Know two key patterns of demand (旅游需求模式)for tourism (historical & regional) Compare different models of consumer behavior and identify its respective characteristics. aking China as an example, analyze the patterns of demand for tourism and explain them

31、in respect of social, technological, economic and political factors.(STEP分析法)What role the buying decision process is playing regarding to tourism marketing in tourism industry?重要模型的通用性：（翻譯版P57）1、將消費(fèi)者行為視為決策過程。2、將重點(diǎn)集中于個體消費(fèi)者行為。3、相信人的行為是理性的，因此人的行為基本上是可以解釋的。4、它們認(rèn)為購買行為是有目的的，收集信息和評價(jià)信息是決策程序的關(guān)鍵組成部分。5、它們認(rèn)為消費(fèi)

32、者吸收的信息量是有限的，但隨著時(shí)間的流逝，消費(fèi)者從收集一般性的信息轉(zhuǎn)向特殊的要求和偏好，以便進(jìn)行選擇。6、都包含了反饋的概念，即能夠影響今后購買決策的購買結(jié)果。7、消費(fèi)者的行為是由個人的期望所引發(fā)的諸多過程。Chapter Four Measuring demand for tourismKnow the importance of measuring both international and domestic demand for tourism (P78-79 & P83-85)a.為什么要對國際旅游進(jìn)行測量對國家收支平衡產(chǎn)生影響（無形進(jìn)口，無形出口）；可建立官方記錄，并能夠控

33、制某一時(shí)段的旅游活動趨勢；訪問者的相關(guān)信息可被運(yùn)用于市場營銷活動和計(jì)劃b.為什么要對國內(nèi)旅游進(jìn)行測量測量旅游對整個經(jīng)濟(jì)的貢獻(xiàn)；用于制定出促銷和市場營銷策略；有助于制定區(qū)域發(fā)展政策。What is measured in respect of tourism activity (both international and domestic)? And what are the methods used in this regard? (P81 & P85) 測量內(nèi)容1. Volume statistics 數(shù)量統(tǒng)計(jì)（Number of trips，Total tourist night

34、s） 旅行次數(shù)=人數(shù)*每個人參加旅行的平均次數(shù) 旅游者過夜總數(shù)=旅游者參加旅游的次數(shù)*平均過夜數(shù)2. Value (expenditure) statistics 收入（支出）統(tǒng)計(jì)3. Visitor profile statistics 訪問者概況統(tǒng)計(jì)測量方法國際:國家對出入境口岸的人員的計(jì)數(shù)程序；住宿設(shè)施的入住登記表；國際客運(yùn)部門的旅游客檔案摘要和家庭情況調(diào)查國內(nèi):家庭調(diào)查（可以建立家庭樣本結(jié)構(gòu)并雇傭訪談人員利用問卷形式去收集信息）途中調(diào)查（關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)是選出逗留和過路的人們，然后或者對他們進(jìn)行訪談，或者發(fā)給他們問卷或其他文請他們回去后自己抽時(shí)間填好并通過郵寄方式收回主要問題是所選取樣本的代表性

35、值得懷疑）目的地調(diào)查（在熱點(diǎn)旅游目的地或在具有高水平旅游活動的區(qū)域進(jìn)行，通常是有一組訪談人員進(jìn)行個人面談）對供應(yīng)商的調(diào)查（為了獲得設(shè)施出租率和訪問者人數(shù)等方面的信息）Discuss the research process and its implementation in tourism (P89-95).調(diào)查程序識別調(diào)查需要-統(tǒng)一調(diào)查目的-明確調(diào)查目標(biāo)-涉及調(diào)查方案-實(shí)施既定步驟-分析數(shù)據(jù)-報(bào)告結(jié)果-使用調(diào)查結(jié)果收集原始資料的方法問卷設(shè)計(jì)、抽樣、數(shù)據(jù)分析、調(diào)查報(bào)告Traveler: Visitor: any person residing in a country, who travels

36、 to a place within the country, ourside his usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated(有酬勞的) from within the place visited. Same-day visitor: a visitor who does not spend the night in a collective or pr

37、ivate accommodation in the place visited.Tourist: a visitor who stays in the place visited for at least one night.Resident: a person is considered to be a resident in a place if the person has lived for most of the past year in that place or he has lived in that place for a shorter period and intend

38、s to return within 12 months to live in that country.Chapter Five: DestinationUnderstand the common features of tourist destination and the status of tourist destination as a focal point of tourism activity（理解旅游目的地的共同特征） 目的地是一個集合體（綜合性）；目的地是文化財(cái)富； 旅游目的地具有不可分割性，即旅游產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)的同一性； 目的地不僅為旅游者所使用，也被其他群體所使用（多用

39、性） Identify the components of the destination amalgams（目的地集合體的組成部分）吸引物；設(shè)備設(shè)施（住宿和餐飲設(shè)施，零售和其他服務(wù)設(shè)施）；可進(jìn)入性（發(fā)展和維護(hù)高效交通系統(tǒng)）；輔助性服務(wù)。Understand the notion of sustainable tourism and two key concepts in relation to sustainable tourism: carrying capacity and long-term (strategic) planning:可持續(xù)發(fā)展：在滿足當(dāng)代人需要的同時(shí)不損害滿足后代人需

40、要的能力。Destination Stakeholders目的地的利益集團(tuán)：當(dāng)?shù)鼐用?，旅游者，旅游企業(yè)，政府部門。Comprehend the destination evolution process with a representative theory: Tourist area life cycle (TALC):; on the basis of that, foresee the future development of tourist destination:旅游地生命周期理論：探索期；導(dǎo)入期；發(fā)展期；穩(wěn)定期；停滯期；衰退期；恢復(fù)期。目的地未來發(fā)展：.以建設(shè)為目的的開發(fā)；開發(fā)

41、目的地自我完善型的產(chǎn)品。.開發(fā)具有真實(shí)性和敏感性旅游體驗(yàn)的產(chǎn)品How do you distinguish tourism product from other products? Can you identify the key trends in destination planning and development?只有精心規(guī)劃和管理并提供可持續(xù)的旅游產(chǎn)品，才能使目的地的各個組成部分有效運(yùn)作，并保證其中某一部分或更多的部分不會冒進(jìn)于其他部分。拋棄短期行為的觀念轉(zhuǎn)變使人們認(rèn)識到對市場和目的地實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃管理是非常重要的。對目的地生命周期每一個發(fā)展階段實(shí)行各種合理的規(guī)劃不僅可行，而且通過對

42、目的地的發(fā)展模式不斷進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)和調(diào)整可以保證每一個發(fā)展階段都實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，這種長遠(yuǎn)觀點(diǎn)對防止目的地容量超載和不可恢復(fù)的資源破壞提供了控制和保證措施。Why is the concept of carrying capacity so crucial to a destination and what are the likely implications if carrying capacity is exceeded? Give an example to illustrate that.目的地承載能力的重要性：一個景點(diǎn)，度假地甚至地區(qū)所能承受而不會造成破壞性后果的旅游資源的利用能力。Des

43、tination: as the focus of facilities and services designed to meet the needs of the tourist.Resort（度假地）:a place that attracts large numbers of tourists and that tourism endows with special characteristics. Infrastructure基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施:represnts all forms of construction above or below ground needed by an inha

44、bited area.with extensive communication with the outside world as a basis for tourism activity in the area.Superstructure（旅游設(shè)施）:includes accommodation built attractions and retailing and other services . Chapter Six The economic impact of tourismUnderstand the economic significance of tourism and th

45、e economic contribution of tourism locally, nationally, and internationally（旅游對經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要作用）.旅游是一個無形進(jìn)口的工業(yè)。.旅游是綜合性行業(yè)，與其他經(jīng)濟(jì)部門產(chǎn)生直接聯(lián)系。.旅游是服務(wù)型的行業(yè)。旅游對發(fā)展中國家和發(fā)達(dá)國家的不同影響：Ø 發(fā)展中：衡量它所能創(chuàng)造外匯收入的能力以及為出口行業(yè)提供更大價(jià)格彈性手段。Ø 發(fā)達(dá)：對經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)多樣化戰(zhàn)略的促進(jìn)作用，以及對地區(qū)發(fā)展不平衡的防止及調(diào)節(jié)作用。Ø 地區(qū)：經(jīng)濟(jì)不平衡的防止及調(diào)節(jié)作用。Ø 國家：創(chuàng)造外匯收入的能力Ø 國際：收入在國

46、家間再分配。Appreciate the positive and negative economic impacts of tourism activity旅游對經(jīng)濟(jì)的積極作用：直接影響，間接影響，誘發(fā)影響。旅游對經(jīng)濟(jì)的消極作用：機(jī)會成本（勞動力，資源），通貨膨脹和土地價(jià)格上升，漏損。Know the general method to measure economic impact of tourism (The Multiple concept) and analyze the significance as well as the weakness of multiplier mode

47、ls乘數(shù)的類型：交易乘數(shù)，產(chǎn)出乘數(shù)，收入乘數(shù)，就業(yè)乘數(shù)，政府收入乘數(shù)。乘數(shù)的重要性：與經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模大小，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平的聯(lián)系，其他必要的指示（游客密度，經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立性）乘數(shù)的缺點(diǎn)：數(shù)據(jù)缺乏，假設(shè)的限制和運(yùn)用的局限，供給限制。替代效應(yīng)Displacement effect: Where tourism development substitutes one form of expenditure and economic activity for another .環(huán)境監(jiān)察Environmental auditing：Environmental auditing are primarily impact

48、studies of particular events or developments, environmental auditing represent a modus operandi, an ongoing process of monitoring and evaluation.Direct effects indirect effects iniduced effects 見書132頁。Chapter Seven The environmental impact of tourismUnderstand the physical impacts of tourism on the

49、environment, both direct and indirect, positive and negative旅游活動對環(huán)境產(chǎn)生直接正面影響：.保護(hù)和恢復(fù)名勝古跡.建立國家公園和野生動物園.保護(hù)珊瑚和海岸.保護(hù)森林旅游活動對環(huán)境產(chǎn)生直接負(fù)面影響：使自然和人造環(huán)境退化 .打獵和釣魚對野生動物的生存環(huán)境有明顯影響.過度使用破壞或侵蝕沙丘.植被破壞.古跡受到侵蝕和偷竊而變形或被破壞.利用房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)手段建設(shè)旅游設(shè)施，破壞景點(diǎn)的整體美觀.對垃圾的處理不當(dāng)Know the methods and techniques to assess environmental impacts of tour

50、ism (Environmental impact assessment) 環(huán)境影響評估方法與程序：P157Identify the difficulties of assessing environmental impact of tourismStudy real-life examples relating to environmental impact of tourism, learning the experiences as well as drawing the lessons in that regard.How do you understand “ecotourism”

51、and observe its development in China?如何理解生態(tài)旅游及在中國的發(fā)展生態(tài)旅游是一種欣賞和研究自然、野生動植物等自然生態(tài)景觀以及探尋、了解、研究當(dāng)?shù)氐娜宋纳鷳B(tài)景觀為主的旅游活動。其最大特點(diǎn)是在保護(hù)環(huán)境和對維護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)卣Ｉ畛袚?dān)義務(wù)的同時(shí)，仍能把商業(yè)性的旅游業(yè)與旅游地生態(tài)旅游結(jié)合起來，以支持當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。首先生態(tài)旅游與傳統(tǒng)旅游目的有所不同，傳統(tǒng)的旅游一般不關(guān)心地區(qū)的生態(tài)學(xué)特點(diǎn)，其目的在于消遣和娛樂。而生態(tài)旅游則對自然和人文環(huán)境加以欣賞和研究，并對這些資源進(jìn)行非消耗性的利用。其次，生態(tài)旅游是一種計(jì)劃性活動，依賴于嚴(yán)格的管理以防止嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境危害，所以事先要進(jìn)行影響和

52、效益評價(jià)，避免了傳統(tǒng)旅游常因計(jì)劃不周而帶來的環(huán)境負(fù)效應(yīng)。總體來說，生態(tài)旅游最重要的是保持當(dāng)?shù)卦械纳鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)和文化的完整，并向旅客宣傳如何欣賞及尊重自然。Chapter Eight The socio-cultural impact of tourismOn the basis of knowing the interface between culture and tourism, understand the nature of socio-cultural impact of tourism and list some specific socio-cultural impact of t

53、ourism旅游的社會文化影響：大量表現(xiàn)在從文化，藝術(shù)到個人和團(tuán)體的基本行為方式等各個領(lǐng)域。包括正面和負(fù)面。也包括旅游者與旅游的社會文化之間的互相影響。列出一些具體的社會文化影響：性，犯罪，健康，商品化，表演真實(shí)性，外來的旅游體驗(yàn)。表演真實(shí)性：隨著公眾對文化和民族差異性的認(rèn)識日益提高，希望旅游產(chǎn)品能提供文化的真實(shí)性的要求也越來越高。Know a framework for the study of the relationship between tourism development and socio-cultural impacts (171-177)Understand the app

54、roaches to the study of socio-cultural impacts of tourism(169-170) and the measurement of that(180-182)旅游社會文化影響研究方法：旅游發(fā)展與總體經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展之間關(guān)系可以通過中心保護(hù)區(qū)或中心外圍區(qū)的理論來研究。測量方法：數(shù)據(jù)收集（原始和間接數(shù)據(jù)）；對旅游者和當(dāng)?shù)厝诉M(jìn)行調(diào)查。Observing the interact between tourist and hosts, analyze their interactive influences. 分析旅游者與當(dāng)?shù)厝说幕ハ嘤绊懀郝糜慰梢员Ｗo(hù)甚至恢復(fù)人類

55、的文化和藝術(shù)遺跡，促進(jìn)不同人群之間的文化交流。旅游可以使文化和藝術(shù)商品化，庸俗化，使東道主居民的禮儀風(fēng)俗商品化。旅游者受旅游地社會文化影響。Chapter Nine Carrying capacityUnderstand the concept of carrying capacity and its relation to the identification and measurement of all impacts of tourism: P185-188Carrying capacity: “The maximum number of people who can use a sit

56、e without an unacceptable alteration（改變） in the physical environment and without an unacceptable decline in the quality of experience gained by visitors.”“Carrying capacity”（承載能力）& “threshold limits”（極限限制）: The difference between the two concepts lies in the fact that the former is emedded in th

57、e notion of sustainability whereas the latter refers to situations where the growth of tourism is no longer sustainable and will decline or change.Understand different types of carrying capacity: physical; psychological; social : Physical:指旅游活動或是旅游設(shè)施，一旦超過自然環(huán)境的承載能力，就會產(chǎn)生不可接受的影響。Psychological:由于擁擠帶來的旅游者滿意度下降到不可接受的程度Social:在對資源或一個地區(qū)的文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會不構(gòu)成消極影響的情況下，對一個地點(diǎn)使用的最大限度Comprehend the factors that will influence carrying capacity: local factors and alien factors (P188-195)（ 影響承載能力的因素）當(dāng)?shù)匾蛩兀荷?/p>