1、Multiethnic Literature衛(wèi)昌Langston HughesRichard WrightDArcy McNickleBasic Information NameJames Mercer Langston HughesBornFebruary 1, 1902, United StatesDiedMay 22, 1967 (aged 65), New York City, United StatesOccupationPoet, columnist, dramatist, essayist, novelistEthnicityAfrican American, White Ame

2、rican, Native AmericanLife Experiencestime experiences1925a busboy in a hotel in Washington D. C.met the influential poet, Vachel Lindsay, encouraged by him in writing poem and known as busboy poet.1926with the help of Carl Van Vechten, put his poems in a book, entitled The Weary Blues1933wrote a co

3、lumn for a newspaper, the main character of which was Jesse B Simple.1935one of the key speakers at American Writers Conference1951Montage of a Dream Deferred Honors and Awards 1926: Witter Bynner Undergraduate Poetry Prize. 1954: Anisfield-Wolf Book Award. 1960: the NAACP awarded Hughes the Spingar

4、n Medal 1961: National Institute of Arts and Letters. 1963: Howard University awarded Hughes an honorary doctorate. 1964: Western Reserve University awarded Hughes an honorary Litt.D. 2002: Molefi Kete Asante listed Langston Hughes on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.Workspoetry Collection

5、s:The Weary Blues, 1926Fine Clothes to the Jew, 1927Let America Be America Again, 1938Montage of a Dream Deferred, 1951The Panther and the Lash: Poems of Our Times, 1967The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, 1994WorksNovels and short story collections:Not Without Laughter. 1930The Ways of White Fol

6、ks. 1934Simple Speaks His Mind. 1950Sweet Flypaper of Life, 1955Simples Uncle Sam. 1965WorksNon-fiction books:The Big Sea. 1940Famous American Negroes. 1954I Wonder as I Wander. 1956Famous Negro Heroes of America. 1958Fight for Freedom: The Story of the NAACP. 1962Worksplays:Mule Bone. 1931Street Sc

7、ene, contributed lyrics. 1947Tambourines to Glory. 1956Black Nativity. 1961Jerico-Jim Crow. 1964The Negro Speaks of River1.After his graduation from high school, his mother wanted him to work to support his family, but his divorced fther wanted him to continue his education2.He decided to visit his

8、father3.He saw Missippi rushiing forward on the ttain to Mexico.4.He thought a lot and finished the poem in 10 minutes.The Negro Speaks of RiverIve known rivers：Ive known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins.My soul has grown deep like the rivers.I bathed

9、 in the Euphrates when dawns were young.I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep.I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it.I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans，and Ive seen its muddy bossom turn all golden in the sunset.Ive kno

10、wn rivers：Ancient, dusky rivers.My soul has grown deep like the rivers.黑人談河流我了解河流：我了解河流：我了解像世界一樣的古老的河流，我了解像世界一樣的古老的河流，比人類血管中流動(dòng)的血液更古老的河流。比人類血管中流動(dòng)的血液更古老的河流。我的靈魂變得像河流一般的深邃。我的靈魂變得像河流一般的深邃。晨曦中我在幼發(fā)拉底河沐浴，晨曦中我在幼發(fā)拉底河沐浴，在剛果河畔我蓋了一間茅舍，在剛果河畔我蓋了一間茅舍，河水潺潺催我入眠。河水潺潺催我入眠。我瞰望尼羅河，在河畔建造了金字塔。我瞰望尼羅河，在河畔建造了金字塔。當(dāng)林肯去新奧爾良時(shí)，當(dāng)林

11、肯去新奧爾良時(shí)，我聽(tīng)到密西西比河的歌聲，我聽(tīng)到密西西比河的歌聲，我瞧見(jiàn)它那渾濁的胸膛我瞧見(jiàn)它那渾濁的胸膛在夕陽(yáng)下閃耀的金光。在夕陽(yáng)下閃耀的金光。我了解河流：我了解河流：古老的黝黑的河流。古老的黝黑的河流。我的靈魂變得像河流一般深邃。我的靈魂變得像河流一般深邃。黑人談河流詩(shī)的主體運(yùn)用排比句式，時(shí)間上從古代到現(xiàn)代，空間上覆蓋亞洲、非洲、美洲各州。在休斯眼中，河流，從時(shí)間上，它像世界一樣古老，具有悠久的歷史；從空間上，它源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)，與世界各地河流相交融。在這首詩(shī)里，“河流”是一個(gè)高度凝練的意象。我們可以把它理解為歷史的象征。黑人對(duì)河流的追溯，就是對(duì)自身歷史的追溯，就是對(duì)祖先和故土的尋根?！拔业撵`魂變得

12、像河流一般深邃?！?短短的十幾行詩(shī)中，兩次重復(fù)了這句話，而且是將它作為全詩(shī)的收束：受到歧視，受到迫害，然而，我的靈魂是你不能摧毀的。這首詩(shī)，沒(méi)有直接號(hào)召斗爭(zhēng)，但對(duì)于黑人，這可以起到啟發(fā)和激勵(lì)的作用，使他們覺(jué)醒起來(lái)，增強(qiáng)自信和尊嚴(yán)感。這正是為了進(jìn)行斗爭(zhēng)所需要的。而對(duì)于迫害他們的人，這是一個(gè)莊嚴(yán)的宣告：雖然受到這樣的歧視和迫害，我們還有著像河流一樣深沉的靈魂，因?yàn)槲覀兪菦](méi)有被征服、而且不可能被征服的。詩(shī)里面的“我”，是指的黑人種族，年輕的詩(shī)人所表達(dá)的情思，凝聚著個(gè)人的獨(dú)特認(rèn)識(shí)和感覺(jué)，但那的確同時(shí)表達(dá)著廣大黑人的思想感情。通過(guò)抒發(fā)自己的認(rèn)識(shí)和感覺(jué)，達(dá)到將自己與“大我”融合在一起的境界，這正是詩(shī)人最可

13、貴的品質(zhì)。As I Grew OldertI lie down in the shadow.No longer the light of my dream before me,Above me.Only the thick wall.Only the shadow.My hands!My dark hands!Break through the wall!Find my dream!Help me to break this darkness,It was along time ago.I have almost forgotten my dream.But it was there then

14、,In front of me,Bright like a sunMy dream.And then the wall rose,Rose slowly,Slowly,Between me and my dream.Rose until it touched the skyThe wall.Shadow.I am black.To break this night,To break this shadowInto a thousand lights of sun,Into a thousand nice dreamsOf sun!As I Grew Older1.The wall is a v

15、ivid metaphor for racial discrimination2.The tone is vehement, but the outcome is positive and optimism3.The poets dream for light, freedom, and happiness generatesd a direct influence on the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, and Martin Luther King.Early Autumn早秋講述了一對(duì)戀人由于一些“不重要的事情”而分手。若干

16、年后 ,他們又意外相遇。彼此相互寒暄后 ,又匆匆離去。小說(shuō)的開(kāi)始直截了當(dāng)?shù)馗嬖V讀者比爾和瑪利相愛(ài) ,在一起度過(guò)了無(wú)數(shù)個(gè)纏纏綿綿的夜晚。但突然有一天 ,由于雞毛蒜皮的小事 ,他們分道揚(yáng)鑣了。瑪利沖動(dòng)之下嫁給了一位她自以為愛(ài)的男人?，斃呐e動(dòng)大大地刺傷了比爾 ,從此比爾對(duì)女人產(chǎn)生了怨恨?，斃谌A盛頓廣場(chǎng)邂逅比爾。在眾多人群中瑪利一下子就認(rèn)出了比爾 ,由此開(kāi)始了雙方之間的詢問(wèn)?，斃虮葼柼拱走@些年來(lái)她一直在掛念著他。在瑪利叫出比爾名字的同時(shí) ,比爾幾乎認(rèn)不出瑪利了。兩人對(duì)話的內(nèi)容類似陌生人之間的寒暄:家庭、丈夫、妻子、孩子 ,但這樣的對(duì)話絲毫掩蓋不住瑪利平靜表層下潛伏的情感暗流。她渴望與比爾的相遇

17、,念念不忘他們之間往日的舊情。這次的不期而遇似乎為她提供了重?cái)⑴f緣的機(jī)會(huì) ,但比爾的態(tài)度擊碎了她的幻想。Early Autumn早秋早秋故事的作者休斯采用了故事的作者休斯采用了非常規(guī)非常規(guī)的敘事手法的敘事手法 。一對(duì)戀。一對(duì)戀人邂逅相遇的故事即刻吸引了讀者的注意力人邂逅相遇的故事即刻吸引了讀者的注意力: :他們的結(jié)局如何。他們的結(jié)局如何。讀者期待他們之間的故事繼續(xù)發(fā)生。休斯最后呈現(xiàn)給讀者的讀者期待他們之間的故事繼續(xù)發(fā)生。休斯最后呈現(xiàn)給讀者的故事結(jié)局出乎他們的意料故事結(jié)局出乎他們的意料: :主人公瑪利匆忙中上了汽車主人公瑪利匆忙中上了汽車 , ,彼此彼此間甚至沒(méi)有留下電話號(hào)碼。這樣的結(jié)局雖不是傳

18、統(tǒng)意義上的間甚至沒(méi)有留下電話號(hào)碼。這樣的結(jié)局雖不是傳統(tǒng)意義上的悲劇悲劇 , ,但它或多或少地讓讀者感到一絲遺憾和惋惜。這也正但它或多或少地讓讀者感到一絲遺憾和惋惜。這也正是休斯的高明之處。蘭斯頓是休斯的高明之處。蘭斯頓休斯在休斯在早秋早秋中表現(xiàn)的中表現(xiàn)的無(wú)情節(jié)無(wú)情節(jié)、背景背景、陌生化陌生化及及語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)特色與所敘述的故事完美地融為一特色與所敘述的故事完美地融為一體。他那不露痕跡的敘述恰如其分地反映了主人公內(nèi)心深處體。他那不露痕跡的敘述恰如其分地反映了主人公內(nèi)心深處的那種情感暗流的那種情感暗流 , ,與此同時(shí)與此同時(shí) , ,又與主人公強(qiáng)烈的情感變化形又與主人公強(qiáng)烈的情感變化形成鮮明對(duì)比。休

19、斯為美國(guó)文學(xué)成鮮明對(duì)比。休斯為美國(guó)文學(xué) , ,乃至世界文學(xué)奉獻(xiàn)了一篇乃至世界文學(xué)奉獻(xiàn)了一篇貌貌似普通平淡似普通平淡、實(shí)則回味雋永實(shí)則回味雋永的短篇小說(shuō)精品。的短篇小說(shuō)精品。Influences1.他的作品從黑人民間音樂(lè)和民歌得到借鑒，有爵士樂(lè)的韻律和節(jié)奏，格調(diào)清新，熱情奔放，用以表達(dá)對(duì)種族歧視的抗議，歌頌黑人民族的進(jìn)步，對(duì)美國(guó)與非洲黑人詩(shī)歌的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了積極而深遠(yuǎn)的影響。2.從總的傾向來(lái)說(shuō)，休斯一生的文學(xué)活動(dòng)都是同他所處的時(shí)代的美國(guó)黑人運(yùn)動(dòng)緊密相連，同廣大黑人的命運(yùn)息息相關(guān)。休斯的創(chuàng)作真實(shí)而深刻地反映了美國(guó)黑人的社會(huì)生活，傾訴了他們的苦難與辛酸、歡樂(lè)與希望，以及對(duì)自由、民主的追求與渴望。同時(shí)，他

20、也密切關(guān)注外國(guó)的革命活動(dòng)。3. 他的詩(shī)以清新動(dòng)人，簡(jiǎn)單明了，不拘一格的自由體見(jiàn)長(zhǎng)。Basic InformationNameRichard WrightBornSeptember 4, 1908, Plantation, Roxie, Mississippi, U.S.DiedNovember 28, 1960 (aged 52), Paris, FranceOccupationNovelist, poet, essayist, short story writerNationalityAmerican, FrenchLife Expeiencestimeexperiences1927move

21、d to Chicago1932began attending meetings of the John Reed Club. (Comunist Party)1938first book, Uncle Toms Children: Four Novellas came out 1944broke with the Communist Party1947became a French citizenWorksCollection:Richard Wright: Early Works (1989)Richard Wright: Later Works (1991)Drama:Native So

22、n: The Biography of a Young American (1941)WorksFictions:Uncle Toms Children (1938)The Man Who Was Almost a Man (1939)Native Son (1940)The Outsider (1953)The Long Dream (1958)Eight Men (1961)WorksNon-fictions:Black Boy (1945)Black Power (1954)The Color Curtain (1956)Pagan Spain (1957)Letters to Joe

23、C. Brown (1968)American Hunger ( 1977)WorksEassys:The Ethics Of Living Jim Crow: An Autobiographical Sketch (1937)I Choose Exile (1951)White Man, Listen! (1957)Blueprint for Negro Literature (1937)The God that Failed (1949)Honors and AwardsSpingarn Medal in 1941Guggenheim Fellowship in 1939Story Mag

24、azine AwardNative son （土生子）native son native son 以 20 世紀(jì) 30 年代的芝加哥為背景，全書分為恐懼、逃跑和命運(yùn)三個(gè)部分，敘述了一個(gè)黑人青年別格托馬斯的一段生活經(jīng)歷。他被白人達(dá)爾頓雇傭?yàn)樗緳C(jī)后不久，失手殺死了這家的女兒瑪麗，充滿恐懼的別格想方設(shè)法逃避罪責(zé)甚至不惜嫁禍給共產(chǎn)黨員簡(jiǎn)，在被人揭穿后不得不逃跑，最終被 8000 名白人警察抓住并送上法庭，受到了死刑的判決。這部小說(shuō)之所以在美國(guó)文學(xué)史上的地位重大，不僅是因?yàn)樗晒λ茉炝藙e格這一新黑人形象，而且還由于理查德賴特依照現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的寫作手法，客觀地展示了 20 世紀(jì) 30 年代美國(guó)的種族歧視以及階

25、級(jí)壓迫和斗爭(zhēng)的基本狀況。Native son (土生子)別格殺人犯罪的行為應(yīng)該歸咎于美國(guó)的種族主義制度和壓迫。小說(shuō)在揭示當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)社會(huì)存在的種族歧視方面，具有相當(dāng)?shù)牧Χ群蜕疃取＿@部小說(shuō)也反映了美國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨建黨初期的某些局限。美國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨寄希望于白人統(tǒng)治階級(jí)改善社會(huì)狀況、緩和階級(jí)和種族矛盾，根本沒(méi)有把武裝奪取資產(chǎn)階級(jí)政權(quán)作為奮斗目標(biāo)。這也是賴特 1944 年脫離美國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的一個(gè)重要原因。賴特出生于黑人家庭，自幼過(guò)著艱難、曲折的生活，受到白人的歧視和壓迫，對(duì)周圍的白人世界有一種又恨又怕的反常心理。native son從某種意義上說(shuō)，客觀地反映了作者本身對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)社會(huì)的看法。正如他在作品中所寫的那樣，把別

26、格的性格乘 1200 萬(wàn)，就得出黑人民族的心理。Influences賴特的創(chuàng)作對(duì)黑人文學(xué)的發(fā)展有很大的影響。后人稱他的創(chuàng)作賴特的創(chuàng)作對(duì)黑人文學(xué)的發(fā)展有很大的影響。后人稱他的創(chuàng)作特點(diǎn)為特點(diǎn)為“城市現(xiàn)實(shí)主義城市現(xiàn)實(shí)主義”(urban realism)或或“抗議現(xiàn)實(shí)主抗議現(xiàn)實(shí)主義義”(protest realism)，或簡(jiǎn)稱，或簡(jiǎn)稱“抗議小說(shuō)抗議小說(shuō)”(protest novel)。不少黑人作家如佩不少黑人作家如佩特里、切斯特特里、切斯特海姆斯等，繼承他的傳統(tǒng)，海姆斯等，繼承他的傳統(tǒng)，有些評(píng)論家稱這派作家為有些評(píng)論家稱這派作家為“賴特派賴特派”(Wright school)。美國(guó)評(píng)。美國(guó)評(píng)論家羅伯特

27、論家羅伯特布恩在布恩在美國(guó)的黑人小說(shuō)美國(guó)的黑人小說(shuō)一書中說(shuō)：一書中說(shuō)：“對(duì)賴特對(duì)賴特派來(lái)說(shuō)，派來(lái)說(shuō)，文學(xué)是感情的凈化劑文學(xué)是感情的凈化劑一種消除種族內(nèi)部緊張關(guān)系一種消除種族內(nèi)部緊張關(guān)系的手段。他們的小說(shuō)往往是痛苦與絕望交織的長(zhǎng)聲呼號(hào)的手段。他們的小說(shuō)往往是痛苦與絕望交織的長(zhǎng)聲呼號(hào)除除了少數(shù)例外，他們的風(fēng)格包含一種狂暴的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，缺乏愛(ài)，了少數(shù)例外，他們的風(fēng)格包含一種狂暴的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，缺乏愛(ài)，甚至缺乏對(duì)語(yǔ)言的尊重。他們的人物刻畫主要是針對(duì)社會(huì)問(wèn)題甚至缺乏對(duì)語(yǔ)言的尊重。他們的人物刻畫主要是針對(duì)社會(huì)問(wèn)題的，但比一般的自然主義小說(shuō)更趨向于探索心理深度。的，但比一般的自然主義小說(shuō)更趨向于探索心理深度。白人

28、白人讀讀者鑒于自己對(duì)小說(shuō)主人公的悲慘處境者鑒于自己對(duì)小說(shuō)主人公的悲慘處境應(yīng)負(fù)的責(zé)任應(yīng)負(fù)的責(zé)任，就有義務(wù)改，就有義務(wù)改變他們對(duì)種族問(wèn)題的態(tài)度。變他們對(duì)種族問(wèn)題的態(tài)度?！盉asic InformationNameDarcy McNickleBornJanuary 14, 1904DiedOctober 10, 1977 (aged 73)OccupationAnthropologist(人類學(xué)家), writerAlma materOxford universityUniversity of GrenobleLife Experiencestimeexperiences1925sold his l

29、and allotment to study abroad at Oxford University and the University of Grenoble1950appointed chief of the tribal relations branch1961drafted the Declaration of Indian Purpose 1966he created the anthropology department1972he helped create the Center for the History of the American Indian in Chicagos Newberry LibraryWorks The Surrounded (1936)Wind From an Enemy Sky (1978) The Hawk is Hungry and Other Stories (1992)Indian Man: A Life of Oliver La Farge (1971)Indians and Other Americans: Two Ways of Life MeetRunner in the Sun: a story of Indian MaizeThey Came Here First : the Epic of the Americ