1、1999 年攻讀學(xué)位入學(xué)英語試題Part Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blhe following passage, there are four choimarked A, B, C andD. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter inthe brackets wipencil. (10 pos)Industrial safety does not jusppen. Companies

2、 1 low accident rates plan their safety programs, workhard to accidentSucanize them, and continue working to keep them 2and active. When the work is well done, a 3offree operations is established 4time lost due to injuries is kepa minimum.sful safety programs may 5greyhe emphasis placed on certain a

3、spects of the program. Someplace great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practiby 6rules or regulations. 7others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideast must be used in everyprogram ifum results are to be obtained.There can be no questi

4、on about the value of a safety program. From a finanl standpoalone, safety 8.The fewer the injury9, the better the workmans insurance rate. This may mean the difference betoperating at 10or at a loss.n1.A2.A3.A4.A5.A6.A7.A8.A9.Aat aliveregulation where alterconstituting Some comes offclaimsBBBBBBBBB

5、in vivid climate howdifferCCCCCon mobilecircumstance whatshift observing Even pays offdeclarationsDDDDDDDDDDwith diverse requirement unless distinguish justifying Stillholds upproclamations a profitaggravatingCMany turns up reportsa benefitCCCC10.A an advantage BanerestReading ComprehenPartDirection

6、s:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers markedA, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letterpencil. (40 pos)he b

7、rackets wiPassage 1Its a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipon your doormat. Light up thestove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, asucsful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thin

8、king has gone since the early 1980s, whenjuries began holding more companies liable for their customers misfortunes.1的哥 ，干貨最多的公眾Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing everlonger warning labels, trying toipate everyt you mightsible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches

9、longsurprise!fall off. The label on a childs Batman ccautionst warn, among other things,t the toy “does not enable user to fly”.While warnings are often appropriate and nesarythe dangers of drugeractions, for exampleandmany are required by se or federal regulations, it isnt cleart they actually prot

10、ect the manufacturers andsellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers takethem to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. Asal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning toside with defendants, espelly in cases wher

11、e a warning label probably wouldnve changed anything.ay,JuNimmons,of Schutt Sports in Illinois, sucsfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player whowas paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “Were really sorry he hasarent designed to prevent those kinds of injuries, ” says Nimmons.

12、 The jury agreede paralyzed, but helmetst the nature of the game, notthe helmet, was the reason for the athletes injury. At the same time, the American Law Institutea group of judges,lawyers, and academics whosemendations carry substantial weightied new guidelines for tort lawsingt companies need no

13、t warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them wilengthy list ofsibleones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, ” says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on

14、 products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.11. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?A Customers might be reved of their disasters through lawsuits.B Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.

15、C Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.D Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.12. Manufacturers as mentionedhe passage tend to.A satisfy customers by writing long warnings on productsBe honest in describing the inadequacies of their productsC ma

16、ke the best use of labels to avoid legal liabilityD feel obliged to view customers safety as theirconcern13. The case of Schutt helmet demonstratedt.A some injury claims were no longer supported by lawB helmets were not designed to prevent injuriesC product labels would eventually be discardedD some

17、 sports games might lose popularity withletes14. The authors attitude towards the ie seems to be.A biasedB indifferentC puzzlingDobjectivePassage 2heyear or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumermarket. More recently, as the Web proved to be moren a fa

18、shion, companiese started to buy and sellproducts and serviwith one another. Such businesstobusiness sales make sense because business peopletypically know what product theyre looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesie to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businessesneed

19、to feel they can trust the pathway betn them and ther,” says senior干貨最多的公眾yst Blane Erwin of2的哥 ，F(xiàn)orrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online tranions only with establishedbusiness partners who are given acs to the companys privateranet.Another major shifthe mforerne

20、t commerce concerns the technology available for marketing.Until recently,ernet marketing activitiese focused on strategies to “pull” customerso sites.he pastyear, however, software companiese developed toolst allow companies to “push” information directly out toed customers. Most notably, the Pocas

21、t Networkconsumers, transmitting marketing messages directly touses a screen saver tiver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers computermonitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a companys Website. Companiech as V

22、irtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages tocustomers about spel sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt ofmany Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notiont the information flowing onto the screen comes

23、there by specific request. Once commerl promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction betnthe Web andevifades.ts a prospectt horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitablet companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. Theexamples of Virtual Vineyards

24、, Amazon .com, and othioneers showt a Web site selling the right kind ofproducts with the right mix oferactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost ofcomputinger continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any entrise setting up shop in silicon. Peoplelooking

25、 back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online pge.15. We learn from the beginning of the passageA has been striving to expand its marketBended to follow a fanciful fashiont Web business.C tried but in vao control the marketD has been booming for one year or so16.

26、Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author impA the technology is popular with many Web usersst.B businessese faithhe reliability of online tranionsC there is a radical change in strategyD it is acsible limitedly to established partners17.he view of Net purists, .A there s

27、hould be no marketing messages in online cultureB money making should be given priority to on the WebC the Web should be able to function as theevisetD there should be no online commerl information without requests18. We learn from the last paragrapht.A pushing information on the Web is essential to

28、ernet commerceBeractivity, hospitality and security are important to online customersC leading companies began to take the online pge decades agoD setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computingerPassage 3An invisiborder divides those arguing for computershe classroom on the beha

29、lf of students careerprospects and those arguing for computershe classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Veryfew writers on the subjecve explored this distinction, contradictionwhich goes to the heart of what is3的哥 ，干貨最多的公眾wrong with theAn educationn to pomputershe classroom.t a

30、ims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasonsradically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyones jobprospectst all children are legally required to attend schoolo their teens. Rather, wee a certai

31、n conceptionof the American citizen, a character who isplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood andhappiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally requiredfor all children to attend schootil a certain age, it was widely acc

32、eptedt some were just not equipped bynature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came toacceptt everyone is fit to be educated. Computereducation advocates forsake this optimistic notion for apessimismt betrays their otherwise cheery outl

33、ook. Bing on the confubetn educational andvocational reasons for bringing computerso schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects ofgraduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many Europeansc

34、hoolsroduce the concept of profesal training early on in order to make sure children are properly equippedfor the profess they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insistt there will only be so many jobs forso many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlik

35、ely to produce the needednumber of every kind of profesal in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so manyses and involves so manyernational corporations.But, for a small group of students, profesal training might be the way to go since welldeveloped skills,all other factor

36、s being equal, can be the difference betning a job and not. Of course, the basics of using anycomputer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaance to pick up various software programs.Ifanted toe a computer engineer,t is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer s

37、killstakeat the very longesta couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementaryto the host of real skillst are nesary toing any kind of profesal. It should be observed, of course,t no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confuover its pure.19. The author think

38、s the present rush to pomputershe classroom is.A farC self20. The bereachingcontradictoryB dubiously orientedD radically reformatoryft education is indispensable to all children.A is indicative ofssimism in disguiseB cameo being along with the arrival of computersC is deeply rootedhe minds of comput

39、ered advocatesD originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries21. It could be inferred from the passagetraining is.the authors country the European mof profesalA dependent upon the starting age of candidatesB worth trying in various soC of little practical valuel sectionsD attra

40、ctive to every kind of profesal22. According to the author, basic computer skills should be.A included as an auxiliary course in schoolB highlighted in acquisition of profesal qualificationsC mastered through a lifelong courseD equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise4的哥 ，干貨最多的公眾Pas

41、sage 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months agot id cloned an adult sheep,Clon moved swiftly. Declaringt he was oped to using this unusual animal husbandry techniqueto clone humans, he orderedt federal funds not be used for such an experimentalthough no one hroedto d

42、o soand asked an independent panel of experts chaired by PrincetonHarold Shapiro to report backto the White House in 90 days withNational Bioethics Advisory Commismendations for a national policy on human cloning.t group the(NBAC)has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on pr, andat a meeting o

43、n 17 May, members agreed on a nearfinal draft of theirmendations.NBAC will askt Clons 90day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefiniy, andsiblyt it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word themendation narrowly to avoid newrestrictions on researcht involves the cloning o

44、f human DNA or cellsroutineolecular biology. The panelhas not yet reached agreement on a crul question, however, whether tomend legislationt would makeit a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to thehad found a broad consensusmendations, discussed at the 17 May m

45、eeting, Shapiro suggestedt the panelt it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adultnuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meetingt the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the riskto the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several gene

46、rale not been settled.s, although somesNBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federalernment funding for any attempt to clone body cellnuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earst stage of human offspring before birth)

47、 for research or to knowingly endanger an embryos life, NBAC willremain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicatedt they would appeal to privay funded researchers and clinics not to try toclone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling

48、 for a federallawt would ime a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for suchlegislation, but in a phoneerview, he said this ie was still “uphe air”.23. We can learn from theparagrapht.A federal fundse been used in a project to clone humansB the White House respon

49、ded strongly to the news of cloningC NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning techniqueD the White House has got the panels24. The panel agreed on all of the following exceptmendations on cloningt.A the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a lawB the cloning of human DNA

50、 is not to be put under more controlC it is criminal to use private funding for human cloningD it would be against ethical values to clone a human being25. NBAC will leave the ie of embryo researcdiscussed because.A embryo research is just a current development of cloningB the health of the child is

51、 not the main concern of embryo researchC an embryos life will not be endangered in embryo researchD the ie is explicitly sed and settledhe law26. It can be inferred from the last paragrapht.5的哥 ，干貨最多的公眾A some NBAC members hesie to ban human cloning compleyB a law banning human cloning is to be pass

52、ed in no timeC privay funded researchers will responditively to NBACs appealD the ie of human cloning will soon be settledPassage 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it preparesn on the preparedness of the minds ofthe men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supedly dis

53、covered gravity through the fall of an apple.Apples had been fallingany plafor centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton foryears had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place?Why didnt they fall out of the sky? The fac

54、tt the apple fell down toward the earnd not upo the treeanswered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and theplanets.How many men woulde considered thesibility of an apple falling upo the tree? Newton did becausehe was not trying to predict anyth

55、ing. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable.Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you donve unpredictable things, you donveresearch. Scientists tend to fis filled with examples of it.et this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technica

56、l journals, but historyalking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the imprest they find the“scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. Ive attended research conferenwhere a scientissbeen asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain exp

57、eriment. The scientiss frowned,looked at the graphs, and said, “the data are still inconclusive.” “We knowt,” the men from the budget officee said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientisthas been shocked aving even been asked to speculate.

58、What this amounts to, of course, ist the scientisse the victim of his own writings. He has putforward unquestioned claims so consistentlyt he not only beves them himself, bus convinced industrialand business managementt they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan asfa

59、ithfully as the reportshe science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expectresearch to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to bevetscientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should no

60、t be distracted by thenesity of keng one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity andconformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his prs would appear to reflect,is management to be blamed for discriminating against