1、冶金專業(yè)的英語精品課程Unit 1 From the History of Ironmaking and SteelmakingExercisesTranslations SkillsText AnalysesTranslationLanguage PointsWords & ExpressionsTextDifficult SentencesBackground InformationBACK翻譯技巧（一） 翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及過程BACKDecide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) Translate the foll

2、owing English into Chinese Fill in the blanks by choosing the right words form the brackets Fill in the blanks with the words from the text Translate the following expressions into English BACKBackground Information 鋼鐵工業(yè)是世界上最重要的工業(yè)之一，也是傳統(tǒng)史上最古老的工業(yè)之一。早在公元3000年前，鐵就是人類文化與文明的基礎(chǔ)。Background Information 從礦石中

3、提煉鐵的歷史可以追溯到史前時期。古時候，鐵礦石是在炭火中加熱的（起初無疑是偶然的），當(dāng)火熄滅時，像海綿一樣的固體鐵塊就產(chǎn)生了。海綿鐵能夠錘打成型制造工具和武器。冶金前輩發(fā)現(xiàn)，在吹火或扇風(fēng)時，火會燃燒得更旺，鐵就會更快地?zé)挸?。從此以后人們就使用風(fēng)箱來增加風(fēng)量。Background Information電弧爐煉鋼圖1 平爐生產(chǎn)示意圖Text Worldwide, the iron and steel industry is one of the most significant and, in terms of tradition, one of the oldest sectors of in

4、dustry. As early as 3,000 years ago, iron was serving as a basis of human culture and civilization. Text The beginning of the extraction of iron from its ores dates back to prehistoric times. In early times, iron ore was heated in a charcoal fire (doubtless by chance at first). When the fire went ou

5、t, a piece of solid iron like a sponge was left. The spongy iron could be hammered into shape to make tools and weapons. Our metallurgical forefathers found that when they blew or fanned the flames, the fire became hotter and the iron was produced more rapidly, so bellows were used to increase the s

6、upply of air. The development of modern ironmaking production benefits from the application of several important techniques:Text Oxygen steelmaking processes are concerned mainly with the refining of a metallic charge consisting of hot metal (molten pig iron) and scrap through the use of high-purity

7、 oxygen to rapidly produce steel of the desired carbon content and temperature. Various steelmaking fluxes are added during the refining process to reduce the sulphur and phosphorus contents of the metal bath to the desired level. The oxygen top-blown process (LD or LD/AC) is currently the more comm

8、on, but is gradually giving way to combined blowing process in some new plants.Text (1) In 1709, Abraham Darby, a yang man succeeded in smelting iron with coke. This innovation resulted in a steep rise in pig iron production. (2) After the year 1755，steam engines and large electric motor were used a

9、s blast momentum to force more air into the hearth increasing blast volume greatly. (3) In 1828, Nilson adopted the regenerative hot blast stove to heat air for blast furnace , reducing the coke ratio of blast furnace greatly.Text Before the Industrial Revolution, steel was an expensive material, pr

10、oduced in only small quantities for such articles as swords and springs, while structural components were made of cast iron or wrought iron.Text In August 1856, an Englishman, Henry Bessemer, made public the description of a process which eventually reduced the price of steel to about a seventh of i

11、ts former cost and more important still, made it possible to produce steel in large quantities. Henry Bessemers process consisted in blowing air from the bottom through the hot metal so that it could burn away impurities. This process was a mainstay of the steel industry. Text The first Bessemer con

12、verter was lined with silica bricks .The acid Bessemer process, as the Victorian ironmasters discovered, could not eliminate phosphor, which is harmful to steel, so low phosphoric pig irons had to be used. In 1878, two Englishmen, Sidney Thomas and Percy Gilchrist, contributed the improvement whereb

13、y they lined the converter with basic refractory bricks, containing magnesia or dolomite. Lime was added to the bath to combine with the phosphor and silicon, and thus remove them from the iron in the form of slag containing calcium phosphate and calcium silicate. The basic lining of the converter p

14、rovided conditions under which the reactions with the lime could take place without destroying the furnace lining. If silica brick were used, as in the acid process, the lime would attack it chemically.Text In 1865, another efficient process for steelmaking was introduced, this transformed the pig i

15、ron and/or scrap into regeneratively heated hearth-type furnace. After its inventors, it was also known as the Siemens-Martin process (or open hearth process). The Siemems-Martin open-hearth furnace was so called because the molten metal lies in a comparatively shallow pool on the furnace bottom or

16、hearth as fig1-1 show. This rather inefficient performance of the open-hearth compared with the enormous output of the blast furnace, justified the emergence of the highly productive oxygen process for steel. Text As soon as electric energy could be supplied in sufficient quantities, electric heat w

17、as used for steelmaking. The electric-arc furnace process was first used extensively for the production of alloy steels during the 19141918 war. The rapid increases in demand for alloy steels during and after the Second World War led to the construction of larger furnace with lower power consumption

18、 per ton of metal. Today, Electric arc furnace has a firm footing in the industry. Text After 1970s, Bessemer process and open-hearth process are losing their significance. As the demand for high quality steels increased, post-treatment became a routine step in the production of steel.Fig.1-1 Open-h

19、earth furnaceWords & ExpressionsAbraham Darby 亞伯拉罕達(dá)比Nilson 尼爾Henry 亨利貝塞麥(1813-1898, 首創(chuàng)酸性轉(zhuǎn)爐煉鋼的英國工程師)Victorian 維多利亞女王時代的Sidney Thomas 西德尼托馬斯Percy Gilchrist 柏西克利斯特L-D 兩個地點(diǎn)名字的縮寫the L-D process 頂吹氧氣煉鋼工藝Words & Expressionsiron making 煉鐵in terms of 以的觀點(diǎn), 就而說sector 部分; 部門serve as 用作; 充當(dāng)Culture 文化; 文明Civiliz

20、ation 文明; 文化; 文明社會Extraction 提取ore 礦石date back 追溯Charcoal 木炭go out 熄滅sponge 海綿; 海綿狀物Words & Expressionshammer into shape錘打成型metallurgical冶金學(xué)的forefather祖先, 先人, 前輩bellow風(fēng)箱benefit from獲益, 得益于coke焦炭innovation革新; 創(chuàng)新result in導(dǎo)致, 終于造成 .結(jié)果steep急劇上下的pig iron生鐵Momentum 動力; 要素 hearth爐膛, 爐缸 Words & Expressionsb

21、last volume風(fēng)量regenerative蓄熱的hot blast stove熱風(fēng)爐blast furnace高爐coke ratio焦比articlesword劍；刀spring彈簧cast iron鑄鐵wrought iron熟鐵consist in在于impurity雜質(zhì) Words & Expressionsmainstay支柱, 中流砥柱converter 轉(zhuǎn)爐, 煉鋼爐line爐襯 造襯silica硅石, 二氧化硅brick磚, 磚塊acid酸酸性的eliminate除去phosphor磷phosphoric磷的basic堿性的; 基本的refractory耐火的, 耐熔的

22、 耐火材料magnesia氧化鎂 dolomite白云石 Language PointsWords and Expressions 1). Benefit vt., vi. 有益于（常與from, by連用）獲益；得益 于e.g. The plants benefited from the rain. 植物得益于這場雨。 We benefit from daily exercises. 我們得益于每天做操。Back to TextLanguage PointsWords and Expressions2). result in v.導(dǎo)致e.g. Nothing has resulted fro

23、m his efforts. 他的努力終成泡影。 Acting before thinking always results in failure. 做事不先考慮總會導(dǎo)致失敗。 The accident resulted in the death of two people. 這場意外事故造成兩人死亡。Back to TextDifficult SentencesWords and Expressions 3). Eliminate vt. 除去, 淘汰e.g. She has been eliminated from the swimming race because she did not

24、 win any of the practice races. 她已被取消了游泳比賽，因?yàn)樗谟?xùn)練中沒 有得到名次。Back to TextDifficult Sentences1) Before the Industrial Revolution, steel was an expensive material, produced in only small quantities for such articles as swords and springs, while structural components were made of cast iron or wrought iron

25、. 工業(yè)革命以前，鋼是一種貴重材料，只能少量生產(chǎn)以用來制造劍和彈簧，而結(jié)構(gòu)部件則用鑄鐵或熟鐵來制造。 producedwrought iron是過去分詞作狀語。 while在此是連接詞意思是：但是, 然而。e.g. Some people like coffee, while others like tea. 有些人喜歡咖啡, 而有些人喜歡茶。Back to TextDifficult Sentences2) In August 1856,an Englishman, Henry Bessemer, made public the description of a process which

26、eventually reduced the price of steel to about a seventh of its former cost and more important still, made it possible to produce steel in large quantities. 在1856年8月，一位名叫亨利貝塞麥的英國人公布了他的煉鋼方法，這個工藝能夠把鋼的成本降低到原來的七分之一左右，更重要的是它能夠大量地生產(chǎn)鋼了。 which 引出定語從句修飾process，reduce 和made并列作which 的謂語。Back to TextDifficult S

27、entences3) The acid Bessemer process, as the Victorian ironmasters discovered， could not eliminate phosphor, which is harmful to steel, so low phosphoric pig irons had to be used. 維多利亞女王時代的鐵器制造商發(fā)現(xiàn)，酸性貝塞麥工藝不能去除對鋼有害的磷，所以必須用低磷生鐵進(jìn)行冶煉。 as the Victorian ironmasters discovered是插入語作狀語，whichsteel是非限制性定語從句，修飾p

28、hosphorus。 4). The basic lining of the converter provided conditions under which the reactions with the lime could take place without destroying the furnace lining. 轉(zhuǎn)爐采用堿性爐襯為鐵水與石灰發(fā)生反應(yīng)提供了條件，從而避免了石灰對爐襯的損壞。under which引出的定語從句修飾conditions。Back to TextDifficult Sentences5). After its inventors, it was als

29、o known as the Siemens-Martin process (or open hearth process). 依它的發(fā)明者的名字命名，就叫做西門子馬丁工藝 （平爐工藝）。 after在此的意思是：以.命名。 e.g. The boy was named after his uncle. 那孩子以他叔叔的名字取名。 6).This rather inefficient performance of the open- hearth， compared with the enormous output of the blast furnace， justified the eme

30、rgence of the highly productive oxygen process for steel. 與高爐的巨大生產(chǎn)能力相比，平爐效率不高，這就必然促成了大生產(chǎn)能力的氧氣轉(zhuǎn)爐煉鋼法的出現(xiàn)。 comparedblast furnace是過去分詞作狀語。Back to TextDifficult Sentences7).The rapid increases in demand for alloy steels during and after the Second World War led to the construction of larger furnace with l

31、ower power consumption per ton of metal. 二次大戰(zhàn)期間和之后，合金鋼需求的快速增加導(dǎo)致要建造爐容大和每噸鋼耗能低的爐子。 withper ton of metal是定語修飾larger furnace。 e.g. the Second World War：第二次世界大戰(zhàn)。 Back to TextTranslation 鋼鐵工業(yè)是世界上最重要的工業(yè)之一，也是傳統(tǒng)史上最古老的工業(yè)之一。早在公元3000年前，鐵就是人類文化與文明的基礎(chǔ)。 從礦石中提煉鐵的歷史可以追溯到史前時期。古時候，鐵礦石是在炭火中加熱的（起初無疑是偶然的），當(dāng)火熄滅時，像海綿一樣的固體鐵

32、塊就產(chǎn)生了。海綿鐵能夠錘打成型制造工具和武器。冶金前輩發(fā)現(xiàn)，在吹火或扇風(fēng)時，火會燃燒得更旺，鐵就會更快地?zé)挸?。從此以后人們就使用風(fēng)箱來增加風(fēng)量?，F(xiàn)代煉鐵生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展得益于幾項(xiàng)重要技術(shù)的應(yīng)用：Translation（1）1709年，一位叫亞伯拉罕.達(dá)比的年輕人使用焦炭煉鐵獲得成功,這一革新導(dǎo)致生鐵產(chǎn)量陡然增加。（2）1755年以后，蒸氣機(jī)和大型電動機(jī)作鼓風(fēng)機(jī)動力，使鼓風(fēng)量大幅增加。（3）1828年尼爾森采用蓄熱式熱風(fēng)爐送風(fēng)，使高爐焦比大幅降低。工業(yè)革命以前，鋼是一種貴重材料，只能少量生產(chǎn)以用來制造像劍和彈簧這樣的物件，而結(jié)構(gòu)部件則用鑄鐵或熟鐵來制造。Translation 在1856年8月，一位名

33、叫亨利貝塞麥的英國人公布了他的煉鋼方法，這個工藝能夠把鋼的成本降低到原來成本的七分之一左右，更重要的是它能夠大量地生產(chǎn)鋼了。亨利貝塞麥工藝是從爐底向鐵水吹入空氣，使鐵水中的雜質(zhì)去除，它曾經(jīng)是煉鋼工業(yè)的一個主要支柱。 最早的亨利貝塞麥轉(zhuǎn)爐是用硅磚做爐襯。維多利亞女王時代的鐵器制造商發(fā)現(xiàn)，酸性貝塞麥工藝不能去除對鋼有害的磷，所以必須用低磷生鐵進(jìn)行冶煉。1878年，名叫希德尼托馬斯和珀西克利斯特的兩個英國人對此法進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)，他們用含氧化鎂或白云石的堿性耐火磚砌成爐襯，再向熔池加入石灰使其與鐵水中的磷和硅化合，這樣磷和硅就以磷酸鈣和硅酸鈣的形式從鐵水中除去。轉(zhuǎn)爐采用堿性爐襯提供了鐵水與石灰發(fā)生反應(yīng)的條

34、件，從而避免了爐襯的損壞。如果象酸性法那樣使用硅磚，石灰就會對爐襯產(chǎn)生化學(xué)侵蝕作用 Translation在1865年，誕生了另一種有效的煉鋼工藝，它使生鐵/和廢鋼進(jìn)入到具有蓄熱室的爐子中進(jìn)行冶煉。依發(fā)明者的名字命名，就叫做西門子馬丁工藝（平爐工藝）。之所以被叫做西門子馬丁平爐工藝是因?yàn)殍F水盛在一個比較淺的爐底或爐膛內(nèi)，如圖1-1所示。但是，平爐效率不高，適應(yīng)不了高爐的巨大生產(chǎn)能力，這就必然促成了大生產(chǎn)能力的氧氣轉(zhuǎn)爐煉鋼法的出現(xiàn)。Translation一旦電能供應(yīng)充足，電熱就開始被用來煉鋼。在19141918年的戰(zhàn)爭期間，電弧爐工藝首次被廣泛地用于合金鋼的生產(chǎn). 二次大戰(zhàn)期間和之后，合金鋼需求

35、的快速增加導(dǎo)致要建造爐容大和噸鋼能耗低的爐子。當(dāng)前，電弧爐在工業(yè)上有著穩(wěn)定的地位。 二十世紀(jì)七十年代后，亨利.貝塞麥工藝和平爐工藝逐漸被淘汰。而隨著對高質(zhì)量鋼需求的增加，爐外精煉已成為當(dāng)今煉鋼過程中必不可少的步驟。Translate the following expressions into English keys 1. the iron and steel industry 2. spongy iron 3. structural component 4. basic refractory brick 5. wrought iron 6 . open hearth 7. Charcoal

36、 8. low phosphoric pig iron 9. cast iron 10. Coke 11. blast furnace 12. bath 13. blast volume 14. Dolomite 15. post-treatment 1.鋼鐵工業(yè) 2. 海綿鐵 3. 結(jié)構(gòu)部件 4. 堿性耐火磚 5. 熟鐵 6. 平爐 7. 木炭 8. 低磷生鐵 9. 鑄鐵 10. 焦炭 11. 高爐 12. 熔池 13. 風(fēng)量 14. 白云石 15. 爐外精煉Fill in the blanks with the words from the textkeys1. As early as 3

37、,000 years ago, i was serving as a basis of human culture and civilization.2. The beginning of the extraction of iron from its ores dates b to prehistoric times. 3. The s iron could be hammered into shape to make tools and weapons.4. B were used to increase the supply of air.5. This innovation resul

38、ted in a steep r in pig iron production. 2. back 3. spongy 4. bellows 5. riseFill in the blanks with the words from the textkeys6. The first Bessemer c was lined with silica bricks.7. The idea of using pure oxygen to convert molten iron into steel was suggested in some of the Bessemer p over100 year

39、s age.8. The e -arc furnace process was first used extensively for the production of alloy steels during the 19141918 war.9. After 1970s, B process and open-hearth process are losing their significance.10. As the demand for high quality steels increased, p -treatment became a routine step in the pro

40、duction of steel.Fill in the blanks by choosing the right words form the bracketskeys Early sponge iron was 1 (produce; produced; produces) in bloomery hearths furnaces. The furnace with low pit or shaft furnaces were 2 (made; make) of mud, quarries or erratics. With 3 (improving; improved; improves

41、) utilization of the heat in the lump-producing furnaces, temperatures could be raised to such a degree that the charged material was melted to a liquid duced 2. made 3. improvingFill in the blanks by choosing the right words form the bracketskeysIt is now understood that when the iron is

42、 molten in a blast furnace, it 4 (absorb; absorbs; absorbed ) three to five per cent of carbon and other impurities as well. This saw the start of the blast furnace.4. absorbsFill in the blanks by choosing the right words form the bracketskeysUp to the beginning of the 18th century, blast furnaces w

43、ere operated with charcoal. In 1709, AbrahamDarby, a yang man succeeded in 5 (smelting; smelted) iron with coke. This innovation resulted in a steep rise in pig iron production5. smeltingDecide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F)1.The extraction of iron from its ores dates back to 18th times. ( )2.In 1709, AbrahamDarby, a yang man succeeded in smelting iron with coal. ( )3.The first Bessemer converter was lined with carbon bricks. ( )keys1.F 2.F 3. FDecide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F)keys August 1856,an Englishman, Henry Be