1、物理冶金學(xué)原理Fundamentals of Physical Metallurgy 王 華 明辦公室：四#樓 208房間；電話：8231 7102E-mail address： 緒 論 -Introduction一、材料分類及各類材料性能特點(diǎn)二、金屬鍵及其特點(diǎn)三、金屬材料的獨(dú)特性能特點(diǎn)四、課程研究對(duì)象及主要內(nèi)容五、課程性質(zhì)及學(xué)習(xí)方法六、主要教學(xué)參考書(shū)一、材料分類及各類材料性能特點(diǎn)什么是材料？ 用于制造有用物件的物質(zhì)！ Materials Substances for Making Useful Articles材料 Materials有機(jī)高分子材料Polymers and Rubbers無(wú)機(jī)

2、非金屬材料Ceramics and Glass復(fù)合材料 Composites (MMCs, CMCs, PMCs)材料的分類Classifications of Materials金屬材料Metallic Materials(Metals and Alloys)非金屬材料Non-Metallic MaterialsComposites or Hybrids按功能分類：結(jié)構(gòu)材料（按組成、性質(zhì)、用途）功能材料（磁性材料、電子材料、超導(dǎo)材料、光電子信息材料、催化材料、儲(chǔ)能材料、含能材料）。陶瓷材料的性能優(yōu)點(diǎn)：共價(jià)鍵及離子鍵原子間結(jié)合鍵強(qiáng)、化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性高高溫強(qiáng)度高、耐蝕性好、高溫抗氧化性能好硬度高、耐磨

3、性優(yōu)異導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)低、隔熱性能好 (TBCs)不導(dǎo)電，絕緣材料陶瓷材料的性能缺點(diǎn) 無(wú)塑性、幾乎無(wú)韌性、脆性極大、難承受動(dòng)載荷、應(yīng)用面窄； 對(duì)缺陷極其敏感、無(wú)損傷容忍性 (No DamageTolerance)、 使用不安全 加工制造困難 (切削加工困難；無(wú)法焊接、鍛壓、扎制、錨接、無(wú)法修復(fù)等) 回收利用(Recycling)難度大、成本高高分子材料的性能缺點(diǎn) 使用溫度范圍窄 (高溫軟、低溫脆) 高溫力學(xué)性能低、高溫老化 低溫韌性差、低溫脆化； 長(zhǎng)期化學(xué)及力學(xué)性能穩(wěn)定性低性能退化 (Degradation) 回收問(wèn)題 (Recycling )復(fù)合材料的性能優(yōu)點(diǎn)Flexible Combination

4、s and Full Exploitations of Properties of Different MaterialsFlexible Control of Properties by Intelligent Design and Processing of a CompositeRealization of Properties not Attainable by either of the Components alone 復(fù)合材料的性能缺點(diǎn)(金屬基及陶瓷基) : 材料制備工藝復(fù)雜、成本高； 性能一致性差、質(zhì)量保障技術(shù)； 缺乏可靠的制造技術(shù)(Manufacturing Technolo

5、gies ) 切削加工、焊接與連接、鍛壓、扎制、表面處理、修復(fù)等 長(zhǎng)期性能穩(wěn)定性及性能退化問(wèn)題無(wú)法回收利用(Recycling )Characteristics of Metallic Bond 金屬鍵及其特點(diǎn) 自由電子公有化無(wú)方向性無(wú)飽和性不選擇結(jié)合對(duì)象種類及潛力無(wú)窮塑性變形及加工硬化“Gas” of Free Electrons； Metallic Ions自由電子云； 金屬離子Strain, %ss sesbdStress, MPaMetallicCeramic陶瓷及金屬的典型拉伸（應(yīng)力應(yīng)變）曲線Typical Tensile Curves of Ceramic and Metallic

6、 Materials金屬材料的特點(diǎn) Characteristics of Metallic Materials (Metals and Alloys)1、種類繁多(占周期表三分之二) 合金種類及潛力無(wú)窮?。‵eAlTiCuMg等很少幾個(gè)體系） 金屬間化合物及其合金 用量最大(結(jié)構(gòu)及功能材料)2. 優(yōu)異的物理性能：磁、光、電子、信息、儲(chǔ)能等優(yōu)良的導(dǎo)電性及正的電阻溫度系數(shù)優(yōu)異的導(dǎo)熱性.3. 優(yōu)異的力學(xué)性能配合優(yōu)異的強(qiáng)韌性配合：高強(qiáng)度4000MPa高塑性及加工硬化高韌性及損傷容限使用溫度范圍寬廣(高溫、中溫、室溫、低溫)且力學(xué)性能優(yōu)異優(yōu)異的耐蝕、耐摩、抗氧化、抗熱腐蝕等性能4. 優(yōu)異的成形加工性能P

7、rocessing ability優(yōu)異與靈活的凝固加工成型性能：鑄造成型：各種復(fù)雜形狀及各種重量的零件焊接成型：同種及異種金屬材料的連接制造獨(dú)特的塑性變形及加工硬化特性與優(yōu)異的冷加工成型能力：冷軋、冷沖壓、冷旋壓、冷拔、冷擠壓.冷加工過(guò)程中同時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)零件及材料的強(qiáng)化）優(yōu)異的熱加工成型能力：鍛造、熱軋、熱擠壓、5. 獨(dú)特的抗過(guò)載能力及使用安全性(加工硬化)零件局部過(guò)載塑性變形加工硬化材料強(qiáng)度提高不但不會(huì)失效、承載能力反而提高、使用安全；加工硬化避免變形集中、均勻變形、均勻承載、零件材料潛力得以充分利用加工硬化避免變形集中、材料均勻變形冷加工熱加工成型成為可能。Strain, %ss sesbdSt

8、ress, MPaMetallicCeramic陶瓷及金屬的典型拉伸（應(yīng)力應(yīng)變）曲線Typical Tensile Curves of Ceramic and Metallic Materials6. 可以采用很多加工工藝手段改變金屬零件材料組織及性能控制鑄件及鑄錠凝固過(guò)程與凝固加工工藝：晶粒尺寸；合金相種類、形態(tài)、尺寸及其分布；化學(xué)成分及組織均勻性；形成各種特殊組織.控制固態(tài)相變過(guò)程金屬材料熱處理合金化改變合金成分、材料相組成及性能塑性變形(加工硬化)控制材料性能各種表面強(qiáng)化與表面改性：噴丸強(qiáng)化、表面化學(xué)熱處理、各種表面物理冶金技術(shù)7. 制造技術(shù)成熟、材料可重復(fù)利用鑄、鍛、焊、熱處理等熱加工

9、制造技術(shù)車、銑、刨、磨等機(jī)械技工技術(shù)旋壓、沖壓、板金、鉚接等各種冷加工制造技術(shù)表面強(qiáng)化與表面加工制造技術(shù)幾乎完全可回收利用 Materials RecyclingFully-Recyclable Environment-Friendly aterials金屬材料：過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在和可預(yù)見(jiàn)的將來(lái)，都是用量最大、用途最廣、使用最可靠的材料！ Metallic Materials: 60% Ti Alloys: 41%; Al Alloys: 15%; Steels: 5%Polymer Composites: 24% “Rib-on-Web” Example: Aircraft BulkheadsFig

10、hter aircraft bulkhead photo courtesy of The Boeing CompanyForged and Machined Ti Bulkhead for Fighter AircraftService Conditions of Turbine Blades and Vanes in a Jet EngineTurbofan GP7000 for Airbus 380Application Potentials of Titanium and Intermetallic Matrix Composites in Advanced Military Aircr

11、aft Engines 凈重438噸的三峽電站不銹鋼水輪機(jī)葉輪鑄件（合金冶煉鑄造熱處理焊接）三、研究對(duì)象及主要內(nèi)容 研究金屬材料的組織結(jié)構(gòu)(晶體結(jié)構(gòu)、晶體缺陷、顯微組織等)、金屬材料主要加工制備過(guò)程的基本原理及其相互關(guān)系，是一門有關(guān)金屬材料結(jié)構(gòu)、性能及其與材料加工制備過(guò)程之間相互關(guān)系與控制基本規(guī)律的理論與科學(xué)。The Four Elements of Materials Science and EngineeringProcessingSynthesisStructure What Is Materials Processing?All Processes and procedures whi

12、ch, through intelligent utilizations of fundamentals of MSE and related disciplines, and various existing or new technologies, special environment, etc Design, synthesize or fabricate materials Control macrostructure, microstructure, atomic arrangements, distribution of elements, energy states, etc

13、of materials for the Designed or tailored mechanical or functional properties of materials Form, shape and manufacture materials and components, etc激光材料加工與表面工程實(shí)驗(yàn)室BEIHANG UNIVERSITY Laboratory of Laser Materials Processing and Surface Engineering Some Basic Examples of Materials Processing MethodsSol

14、idification Processing (Melting, Casting, Welding) Thermal Processing (Heat Treating, Sintering, etc) Mechanical Processing (Cold forming & rolling, etc )Thermal Mechanical ProcessingElectro-magnetic Materials ProcessingBiological Materials ProcessingHigh Energy Density Beam Processing,Surface Proce

15、ssingVacuum Materials Processing,Space or Micro-gravity Materials ProcessingCombustion Synthesisetc.激光材料加工與表面工程實(shí)驗(yàn)室BEIHANG UNIVERSITY Laboratory of Laser Materials Processing and Surface Engineering Driving Force :Social Requirements for Better Materials Interests and Curiosity in Novel Materialsetc

16、Horse Power: Understanding and Intelligent Utilization of Fundamentals of Materials Science Innovation of Current Materials Processing Technologies Intelligent Utilization of New or Innovative TechnologiesIntelligent utilization of Special Environments and Fields,etc激光材料加工與表面工程實(shí)驗(yàn)室BEIHANG UNIVERSITY

17、Laboratory of Laser Materials Processing and Surface Engineering物理冶金學(xué)原理研究對(duì)象:Atomic Arrangements: Crystal Structure and Defects of Metals and Alloy Phases- Phase Constitutions of AlloysMicrostructure of Metals and Alloys etcFundamentals of Metals Processing:- Solidification (Casting, Welding, etc) -

18、Solid-State Phase Transformation- Plastic Deformation (hot and cold working, forging, rolling, Mechanical Behaviors，etc)Properties: - Mechanical - FunctionalNew MaterialsProcessing Innovations主要研究?jī)?nèi)容金屬材料的原子排列與結(jié)構(gòu)(晶體結(jié)構(gòu)、晶體缺陷、顯微組織等)金屬材料主要加工制備方法的基本原理(凝固、固態(tài)相變、塑性變形等)金屬材料組織結(jié)構(gòu)、性能及其與材料加工制備過(guò)程之間相互關(guān)系與控制的基本理論。Main

19、 ContentsAtomic Arrangements of Metals and Alloys: Crystal Structure of Metals and Alloys (Solid Solution and Intermediate Phases) Crystal Defects (Point Defects, Dislocations, Grain Boundaries and Interfaces)Phase Diagrams and Phase Transformations Binary Phase Diagrams Ternary Phase Diagrams Solidification of Pure Metals Solidification of Binary and Ternary Alloys Solid-State Phase Transformations and AlloysPlastic Deformation of Metals Plastic Deformation of Metals Recovery and Recrystallization of Cold