1、語法專練：動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)是歷年高考的重點，而且測試的難度也在逐年加大。在單項填空題中，每年考查動詞時態(tài)的題不少于兩道，動詞的語態(tài)常和時態(tài)放在一起考查。高考命題者常從三個角度進(jìn)行命題：一是直接給定時間狀語?？忌苤苯痈鶕?jù)所給時間狀語作出選擇；二是給定時間狀語，但所給時間狀語有著較強(qiáng)的干擾性和迷惑性，考生不能直接根據(jù)時間狀語作出選擇；三是題干中不提供任何時間狀語，而給出一個上下文情景或一個結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜的句子，考生必須仔細(xì)分析語境，才能作出正確判斷。一 動詞的時態(tài)在主動語態(tài)中，高中英語中常見的有12種時態(tài)。各種時態(tài)的謂語動詞的一般形式見下表：一般 進(jìn)行 完成 完成進(jìn)行 現(xiàn)在 do

2、/ does am / is/ are doing have / has done have / has been doing 過去 did was / were doing had done had been doing 將來 shall / will do shall/ will be doing shall / will have done / 要點點撥：（一）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時用法1狀態(tài)性動詞不用進(jìn)行時態(tài)：（1）be和have或者含有be 和have意義的動詞。（2）feel, sound, smell, taste等連系動詞。（3）hear, see, find等表示結(jié)果的動詞。（4）表示心

3、理或情感狀態(tài)的動詞。2進(jìn)行時態(tài)和副詞always, forever等連用時，往往帶有一定的感情色彩。（二）一般過去時與過去進(jìn)行時的區(qū)別：1過去進(jìn)行時表示動作的未完成性、持續(xù)性，著眼于動作的過程；一般過去時表示動作的完成，即動作發(fā)生過，且已結(jié)束，著眼于結(jié)果。如：She was writing a report last night and I dont know if she has finished it.(表示昨晚一直在寫)She wrote a report last night.（表示昨晚寫了，并且寫好了）2過去進(jìn)行時與always, forever等詞連用表示一定的感情色彩。 He w

4、as always throwing things about. (表示不滿或討厭)（三）將來時的幾種表達(dá)：A B C D be going to 表示“計劃、打算、安排將要做的事”時，主語只能是人 說話人說話之前已考慮過的 主語是物時，表示說話人根據(jù)某種跡象主觀推測可能發(fā)生的事 不能用于含有條件句的主句中 will 表示將要發(fā)生某事或主語的“意愿” 說話人說話時刻才考慮到的 表示客觀規(guī)律必然發(fā)生的 可用于含有條件句的主句或從句中表示“意愿” be to 表示安排、計劃要做的事 與第二人稱連用，表示轉(zhuǎn)述第三者的話 表示命令，相當(dāng)于should / must 表示“能”、“該”、“想要”、“注定

5、、不可避免” be about to 表示動作馬上發(fā)生；句中不能再加at once, immediately和表示具體時間的詞語；常有“be about to.when”結(jié)構(gòu)； 還可用一般現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示將來發(fā)生的動作。（四）將來進(jìn)行時與將來完成時：將來進(jìn)行時表示將來某一時刻發(fā)生的動作，結(jié)構(gòu)為：will / shall be +doing將來完成時表示到將來某時刻某動作已發(fā)生，其結(jié)構(gòu)為：will / shall have done，時間狀語是by +表將來時間的詞。例如：Ill be climbing the mountain this time the day after tomorr

6、ow.By the time he graduates from the college, he will have learned three foreign languages.（五）現(xiàn)在完成時及過去完成時的用法注意點：1瞬間性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞的正確使用：與how long, for, since等表示一段時間的狀語連用時須用延續(xù)性動詞，如：buyhave, keepborrow, diebe dead, marrybe married, beginbe on, begin to knowknow，leavebe away，catch a cold have a cold等。2注意have

7、 / had been to與have/ had gone to的區(qū)別。3現(xiàn)在完成時用在時間、條件等狀語從句中，表示從句中的動作在主句動作前完成，例如：If it has stopped snowing in the morning, well go to the park.4by+過去時間狀語用過去完成時。5有些動詞的過去完成時表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的意圖、打算或希望，這類動詞為：think, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose等。例如：I had intended to visit you yesterday, but the rain preve

8、nted me.（六）現(xiàn)在/過去完成進(jìn)行時的用法：強(qiáng)調(diào)動作延續(xù)到說話時且還在進(jìn)行，其結(jié)構(gòu)：have (has) / had been doing比較：They have repaired the road. (表示路已修好)They have been repairing the road. （表示路還在修）有時兩者可替換：She has taught in this middle school for ten years.She has been teaching in this school for ten years.注意：完成進(jìn)行時不可與瞬間性動詞連用，如：finish, go, ma

9、rry等；（七）某些固定句型中時態(tài)是固定的：This / That / It is the first time +從句（用現(xiàn)在完成時）Its / has been +一段時間+since從句（用過去時）Hardly / No sooner had sb. done when / than +從句（用過去時）It will be +一段時間+before從句（用一般現(xiàn)在時）/ It was +一段時間+before從句（用過去時）Its time+從句（用過去時或should do）would rather+從句（用一般過去時/過去完成時）二 動詞的語態(tài)在被動語態(tài)中，各種時態(tài)的謂語動詞的一般形

10、式見下表：一般 進(jìn)行 完成 現(xiàn)在 am/ is/ are done am/ is/ are being done have/ has been done 過去 was/ were done was/ were being done had been done 將來 shall/ will be done / shall/ will have been done 注意：帶有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動詞 + be + 過去分詞應(yīng)注意的若干情況：1動詞sell, write, read, open, lock, shut, wear, wash, keep, cook, cut, burn,

11、run等與well, smoothly, easily等連用時，說明主語內(nèi)在的“性能”“特點”，用主動代替被動。2smell, taste, feel, sound, look, prove等表示狀態(tài)特征的連系動詞，用主動語態(tài)表示被動意義。3不及物動詞及一些固定短語不能用被動語態(tài)：come up, run out（用完）, give out（耗盡）, go out（熄滅）, come out（出版）, come to light, belong to, break out, lose heart, die out, own, have, possess, happen, occur等。4當(dāng)wa

12、nt, require, need作“需要”解，后接doing/ to be done作賓語，此時動詞do與主語為動賓關(guān)系。5be worth后接doing作賓語，用主動形式表示被動意義。6不定式to let（出租）, to blame（該受責(zé)備）表示被動意義。7在“主語+be+形容詞（for sb.）+to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中，to do用主動形式?！绢}例精析】【例1】 It seems water _ from this tap for some time. Well have to take it apart to put it right. （2007南京模擬卷）A. had leakedB

13、. is leakingC. leaked D. has been leaking【易錯點悟】解答該題的關(guān)鍵是要準(zhǔn)確把握句中的時間狀語for some time所強(qiáng)調(diào)的時間段以及所使用的動詞時態(tài)?！疽c精析】根據(jù)句中時間狀語for some time以及后一分句的動詞時態(tài)可知，選項動詞動作強(qiáng)調(diào)到現(xiàn)在為止并仍在繼續(xù)，故應(yīng)排除選項A、C。由于選項B現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時不可與一段時間狀語連用，所以排除選項B，選D現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時?！敬鸢浮緿【例2】 Dont you feel surprised to see Bruce at the meeting?Yes. I really didnt think she

14、_ here. （2006四川卷）A. has beenB. had beenC. would beD. would have been【易錯點悟】解答該題的關(guān)鍵是根據(jù)上下文語境準(zhǔn)確理解選項動作所表達(dá)的時間發(fā)生點?！疽c精析】根據(jù)上下文語境可知，選項動作已在過去發(fā)生或完成。但根據(jù)I really didnt think可以判斷出從句中的動作是從過去某時間看將來要發(fā)生的事，故應(yīng)選過去將來時。【答案】C專項檢測】1. Is Paul playing both soccer and tennis for the school? He_. But now he has given up playing

15、 tennis.A. is B. hasC. was D. had2. Look! It looks as if it _ going to rain. We must hurry. OK. A. was B. isC. were D. will be3. Isnt it hard to drive downtown to work? Yes, thats why I _ to work by train. A. have been goingB. have goneC. was goingD. will have gone4. Look! Someone has spilt coffee o

16、n the carpet. Well, it _ me. A. isnt B. wasntC. hasnt been D. hadnt been5. Ive bought a box of chocolates for our daughter. Oh, how good a dad! But she doesnt like sweet things. _ that?A. Dont you knowB. Havent you knownC. Didnt you knowD. Hadnt you known6. Hello, Jim. I_ to see you today. Sonia sai

17、d you _ ill. Oh, Im OK. A. dont expect; wereB. havent expected; areC. am not expecting; areD. didnt expect; were7. Look! How long _ like this? Three weeks! Its usual here that rain _ without stopping these days of the year.A. has it rained; poursB. has it been raining; poursC. is it raining; is pour

18、ingD. does it rain; pours8. Our team was ahead during the first half, but we _ in the last ten minutes.A. had lost B. would loseC. were losing D. lost9. You neednt hurry her; she _ it by the time you are ready.A. will have finishedB. will finishC. will be finishingD. has finished10. Who is the old m

19、an talking with your teacher? I dont know. I _ him before.A. was never seeingB. had never seenC. never sawD. wouldnt see11. Tom came back home the day before yesterday. Really? Where _ at all?A. had he beenB. has he beenC. had he goneD. has he gone12.Can I help you, Madam? No, thanks. I_.A. have jus

20、t looked aroundB. just look aroundC. just looked around D. am just looking around13. I havent seen you for ages. Where have you been? I _ on leave in Europe.A. have been B. amC. was D. had been14. Have you heard from Janet recently? No, but I _ her over Christmas. A. sawB. will be seeingC. have seen

21、D. have been seeing15. What were you up to when she dropped in? I _ for a while and _ some reading.A. was playing; was going to do B. played; didC. had played; was going to doD. had played; did16. He was hoping to go abroad; but his parents _ that they wont support him unless he can borrow money fro

22、m the bank.A. were decidingB. have decidedC. decidedD. will decide17. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _ each year.A. is washing awayB. is being washed awayC. are washing away D. are being washed away18. My mind wasnt on what he was saying so Im afraid I _ half of it.

23、A. was missingB. had missedC. will missD. missed19. The news came as no surprise to me. I _ for some time that the factory was going to shut down.A. had knownB. knewC. have knownD. know20. One of them told me, “This is the first time I _ to the capital to attend the flag-raising ceremony.”A. came B.

24、 comeC. have comeD. had come21. Do you have anything to do this afternoon? Whats up? Lets go shopping. Its said that Jinying Shop _, and all the sweaters are sold at half price. Why not?A. has closed downB. was closing downC. closes downD. is closing down22. What about 10 oclock tomorrow morning? Im

25、 afraid I cant make it. I _ then.A. am going to take an examB. am taking an examC. will be taking an examD. an to take an exam23. Whats the matter? You look worried and restless. Oh, nothing really serious. As a matter of fact, I _ of my graduation thesis. I have to hand it in soon.A. am just thinki

26、ngB. just thoughtC. have just thoughtD. was just thinking24. Twenty dollars, please! How terrible!I _ to bring my wallet with me.A. was forgettingB. forgotC. had forgottenD. am forgetting25. My money_, I must go to the bank to draw some of the savings out before I have none in hand.A. has run outB.

27、has been run outC. is running outD. is being run out26. What were you doing when I called you yesterday afternoon? I _ my homework and I was starting to take a bath.A. had just finishedB. was finishedC. have already finishedD. was going to finish27. _ for Beijing?Yes. And Ill come back in three mont

28、hs.A. Have you leftB. Are you leavingC. Do you leaveD. Did you leave28. Why? Where is the key to the sound lab? Dear me! You _ it in the taxi！A. have never leftB. never leftC. havent leftD. didnt leave29. Was the doctor there when you arrived? Yes, but he _ out a moment later.A. had goneB. has goneC

29、. wentD. is going30. In warm weather fruit and meat _ long.A. dont keepB. cant be keptC. are not keptD. arent keeping31. The telephone is ringing. I _ answer it.A. will B. am going toC. am to D. am about to32. What do you think of my composition? It _ well _ a few spelling mistakes.A. reads; except

30、forB. read; besidesC. is read; except forD. is read; besides33. In 1960, this was the longest bridge that _.A. was ever builtB. had ever builtC. has ever been builtD. had ever been built34. Just after putting the baby onto bed, Mrs. White suddenly caught sight of the pet cat and didnt know how long

31、it_ on the table for the family dinner.A. had been laying; lyingB. had been lying; laidC. had been laid; laidD. had lain; laying35. How are things going? The disabled _ no relatives in Guangzhou _ by the volunteers, who will graduate from Zhongshan University next year.A. with; are taking care ofB.

32、have; will be taken care of C. with; are being taken care ofD. have; are being taken care of36. A short time before she_, the old lady _ a will, leaving all her money to her brother. A. died; has written B. has died; wroteC. had died; wrote D. died; had written37. Kate doesnt look very well. Whats w

33、rong with her? She has a headache because she _ too long; She ought to stop work.A. has been reading B. had readC. is reading D. was reading38. It was said that other possibilities _ at the meeting the day before yesterday.A. were never paid attentionB. were never paying attention toC. never paid at

34、tention toD. were never paid attention to39. The two sides _ to make peace, but something unusual _.A. had intended; happenedB. intended; happenedC. intended; had happenedD. would intend; happened40. She would love to have gone to the party, but she _ extra hours to prepare for a meeting.A. had to w

35、orkB. had workedC. could workD. would have worked41. Are you still able to speak French and Russian? I _. But I can only remember few French words. No Russian words at all now.A. am B. wasC. have D. had42. The womens club _ Lin, a foreign company employee who used to pay little attention to her appe

36、arance, to improve her dress style and become more confident and open-minded.A. enabled B. had enabledC. has enabled D. enables43. A large crowd _ wildly as the pilot _ her plane safely in California.A. had cheered; was landingB. had cheered; landedC. was cheering; had landedD. was cheering; landed4

37、4. Caunen Ferreira _ up hope of finding her pet parrot, Raquel, who _ from the back garden of her house two years ago.A. has given; was disappearedB. has given; had disappearedC. had given; was disappearedD. has given; disappeared45. Hello! May I speak to Jack, please? Yes, speaking. Oh, I _ your vo

38、ice at first.A. dont recognize B. didntC. hadnt recognized D. havent recognized46. I guess you might have got lost there last Sunday. Well, I_.A. mostly did B. nearly hadC. almost had D. almost did47. We plan to reach the North Pole in mid-July, and by then we _ for six weeks.A. are walkingB. have b

39、een walkingC. will be walkingD. will have been walking48. You havent said a word about my new hair-style, Molly. Do you like it? Im sorry I _ anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty.A. wasnt saying B. dont sayC. wont say D. didnt say49. You _ things about. Look, what a mess in your ro

40、om. A. always throwB. have always thrownC. are always throwingD. have always been throwing50. He traveled to many mountain villages and saw many poor children out of school. This experience _ his life. A. would change B. had changedC. was to change D. was changing51. Have you finished your compositi

41、on already? Yes. I _ it in twenty minutes.A. have finished B. finishedC. will finish D. had finished52. Did you meet Professor Johnson? Yes, but when I arrived, he _, so we only had time for a few words. A. had just left B. has just leftC. was just leaving D. just left53. _ you _ the chief editor at

42、 the airport? No. He _ away before my arrival.A. Have; met; has drivenB. Had; met; was drivenC. Did; meet; had been drivenD. Have; met; was driven54. You _ to leave until you _ your work. A. wont be allowed; have finishedB. wont allow; finishC. wont be allowed; will finishD. wont allow; will finish5

43、5. Are you still busy? Yes, I _ my work, and it wont take long.A. just finishB. am just finishingC. have just finishedD. am just going to finish56. Whats wrong with your coat? Just now when I wanted to get off the bus, the man next to me _ on it.A. sat B. had satC. had been sitting D. was sitting57.

44、 What are you going to do this afternoon? I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film _ quite early, so we _ to the bookstore after that.A. finished; are going B. finished; goC. finishes; are going D. finishes; go58. Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate. Oh! I thou

45、ght they _ without me.A. went B. are goingC. have gone D. had gone59. When the old man _ to walk back to his house, the sun _ itself behind the mountain.A. started; had already hiddenB. had started; had already hiddenC. had started; was hidingD. was starting; hid60. If the traffic hadnt been so heav

46、y, I could have been back by 6 oclock. What a pity! Tina _ here to see you.A. is B. wasC. would be D. has been 【答案解析】1C。was表示“他過去一直是這樣”，但現(xiàn)在不是了。2B。表示一個推測。排除A、C，因為A、C用的是過去時，而D項will be和后面的going to重復(fù)，所以選B。3A。前者問：“開車去市區(qū)很難嗎?”后者說：“是的，那就是我坐火車去上班的理由。”顯然坐火車去上班的動作發(fā)生在過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并將持續(xù)下去，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時。4B。前句是現(xiàn)在完成時，表示已經(jīng)完成的動

47、作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響，故后句回答用過去時。5C。譯為：我為我們的女兒買了一盒巧克力。多么好的爸爸呀!但是她不喜歡甜味食品，難道你不知道嗎?”答語含有強(qiáng)烈的諷刺意味，反問語為：在我說之前你不知道嗎?所以用過去時。6D 見到Jim后expect成了過去，而第二句主句為過去時，故用were。7B。問某種狀態(tài)持續(xù)多長時間，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時，而第二個空是指一般狀態(tài)，故用一般現(xiàn)在時，選B。8D。but前后兩個半句應(yīng)用相同時態(tài)，后半句是在說比賽結(jié)果，應(yīng)用一般過去時lost。9A。將來完成時，將來某時刻之前完成的動作。10C。before表示要用過去時，意為“我以前從未見過他”可排除B、A，并根據(jù)上下文語境，

48、排除D。11A。come back是過去，而問句中的動作發(fā)生在came back之前，是過去的過去，所以要用過去完成時，而且Tom已經(jīng)回來，所以要用been，而gone是去了還未回來。12D。此處用I am just looking around表示我只是正在隨便看看，just可以和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時連用，表示只是怎么怎么樣。13C。此題可能會誤選A，前者說“我好幾年未見你，去哪兒了？”可見他已經(jīng)回來，因此他去歐洲的動作已發(fā)生過了，應(yīng)用過去時來回答where have you been? A則是說我有去過歐洲的事實。14B。第一句中用了have，而第二句回答No，所以說話人近來都沒有Janet的消息，

49、而A、C、D都表示有她的消息，所以只能選B，表示將來進(jìn)行時。15C。由第一句可判斷出第二句描述的事情發(fā)生在過去，for a while是相對于when she dropped in來說的when she dropped in，“我已經(jīng)玩一會兒了”，因此該用過去完成時態(tài)再看后一個動作，承接前面for a while，仍然在過去，had played for a while之后，因此應(yīng)用過去將來時，表示過去那個時間將要發(fā)生的動作，故選C。16B。他父母決定發(fā)生在過去，并對現(xiàn)在造成影響，故用現(xiàn)在完成時。17D。本題考查主謂一致與語態(tài)。quantities of作主語時謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，而“a larg

50、e quantity of + 不可數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，因此答案在C、D之間選。each與wash away之間為被動關(guān)系，因此D為正確答案。18D。此題考查的是動詞的時態(tài)。句意：（那時）我的注意力沒有集中在他所說的內(nèi)容，因此，恐怕有一半沒聽到。missed表示“（那時）沒聽到”。所以要用過去時態(tài)。19A。從for some time可知，用完成時態(tài)。從第一句“我對這消息根本不驚訝”可知，我在此之前早就知道了。動作know發(fā)生在come之前，故用過去完成時。20C。考查“It / This is the first time +從句 (用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài))”句型。21D。從后半句“所有

51、毛衣半價出售”可知，金鷹商店快要關(guān)閉了。用表示現(xiàn)階段的狀態(tài)。22C。根據(jù)題干中的時間狀語10 oclock tomorrow morning可知，選項動作是在將來某個時刻正在進(jìn)行的，故應(yīng)選用將來進(jìn)行時，口語中常用這種時態(tài)表示將來某時刻正在進(jìn)行的動作或發(fā)生的事。23D?？疾閯釉~的時態(tài)與語態(tài)。從會話可知，答話人是在解釋他look worried and restless 的原因，因為他（剛才）是在思考畢業(yè)論文的事，這是說話前的那個時刻正在發(fā)生的事情。故應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時描寫正在進(jìn)行的動作。24B。用過去時態(tài)表示動作forget發(fā)生在過去。25C。從后半句“在我手頭的錢還沒用完之前，我得先去銀行取些出來

52、”可知，前半句應(yīng)是：我的錢快用完了。故用進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示現(xiàn)階段的狀態(tài)。26A。根據(jù)題意：功課在你打電話之前就完成了。所以在你打電話時，我正要準(zhǔn)備洗澡呢。27B。用進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示將來。28B?？疾檎Z境。答語“你千萬別把它忘在出租車?yán)铮　北硎境泽@。而“忘”這一動作應(yīng)用一般過去時，但否定口氣應(yīng)用never。因為句子用的是感嘆號，不應(yīng)用D項。又如：You never left the key in the lock! （你總不會把鑰匙留在鎖孔里吧?。?9C。從Yes可知，你到達(dá)時他在那里。又從but可知，他一會兒之后就出去了。故用過去式。30A。動詞主動語態(tài)表被動含義。句中的keep是不及物動詞，無須用被動結(jié)構(gòu)，故B、C項都不正確。也不用進(jìn)行時，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r。31A。be going to do表示“已計劃好要做某事”，be to do與be about to do有時意思一樣，都是“正要做某事 (忽然另一個動作發(fā)生了)”。32A。read在這里主動表被動，能這樣用的動詞有write，wash，etc而except for意思是“除了”，暗指一個整體事物中與其他部分的共性不同的“例外”的部分。33D。由“wa