1、美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)colonial ism)第一部分殖民主義時(shí)期的文學(xué)一、時(shí)期綜述1、清教徒采用的文學(xué)體裁：a、narratives 日記b、journals 游記2、清教徒在美國的寫作內(nèi)容：their voyage to the new landAdapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and cropsAbout dealing with IndiansGuide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：puritan want to make up pur

2、e their religious beliefs and practices凈化信仰和行為方式Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology.重建教堂，提供簡單服務(wù)，建立神圣地位look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically thatanyone who challenged their way of life is opposing Gods will and is not tobe accep

3、ted.認(rèn)為自己是上帝選民，對他們的生活有異議就是反對上帝puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has beenexaggerated.反對對快樂和藝術(shù)的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5) religiousteaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.強(qiáng)調(diào)上帝嚴(yán)厲的一面，忽視上帝仁慈的一面。4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William他們的不同： John Cotton was much more concerned with auth

4、ority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America.William 的宗教觀點(diǎn)：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religiousconvictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belie

5、f on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God.行為上的德，信仰上的誠，并沒有給任何人強(qiáng)迫別人該如何行事的權(quán)利。沒有任何政治秩序和教會體制能夠直接體現(xiàn)神本 身的意旨。6、英國最早移民到美國的詩人：Anne Bradstreet7、在殖民時(shí)期最好的清教徒詩人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 學(xué)習(xí)指南：1、 Could you give a description of Ameri

6、can Puritans?關(guān)于美國清教徒的描繪Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the purity of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see tha

7、t man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace fromGod, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Genevahad prea

8、ched. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought withthem into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were Godschosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven.2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest Americ

9、an writing.3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French,Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese.美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí) 2 (reasoning and revolution)(2009-01-17 15:54:25)一、美國的性質(zhì)：The war for Independence ended in

10、 the formation of a Federativebourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America.聯(lián)邦的資產(chǎn)階級民主共和國-美利堅(jiān)合眾國。二、代表作家：1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明 富蘭克林1706-1790Poor Richards Almanac 窮人理查德的年鑒 annual collection ofproverbs 流行諺語集It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because ofFranklins sh

11、rewd humor, and first spread his reputationFounded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas.建立了一個(gè)秘密俱樂部，討論的主題是政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和科學(xué)等時(shí)事方面的問題established Americas first circulating library, founded thecollege-University of Pennsylvania.建立了美國第一個(gè)可租借的圖書館，還創(chuàng)辦了一所大學(xué)一就是現(xiàn)在的賓夕法尼亞大

12、學(xué)。first applied the terms positive and negative to electrical charges.5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel theBritish toward policies that would let America grow and flourish inassociation with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations withFrance that brought fi

13、nancial and military support for America in the war.作為殖民地的代表，他不斷建議英國改變政策，使美國可以和英國一起發(fā)展、繁榮。他說服法國支持美國的獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭。As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor,sarcastic.作為作家具有非凡的才能，表達(dá)簡潔明了，幽默，諷刺天才、The Way to Wealth致富之道The Autobiography 自傳 18 世紀(jì)美國唯一流傳至今的自傳2、Thomas Paine 托馬斯 佩因 1737-1809 G

14、reat Common of Mankind 最平凡的人famous pamphlet Common Sense著名的政治小冊子常識it boldlyadvocated a Declaration for Independence, and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis.擁護(hù)獨(dú)立宣言，使分裂活動發(fā)展成最后危機(jī)。American Crisis 美國危機(jī)，signed Common Sense (p31,第一段)The Case of the Officers of Excise稅務(wù)員問題； Common Sense 常識；America

15、n Cri sis 美國危機(jī)；Rights of Man 人的權(quán)利：Downfall of Despotism 專制體制的崩潰；The Age of Reason理性時(shí)代 3、Thomas Jefferson 托馬斯杰弗遜1) drafted the Declaration of Independence.起草了獨(dú)立宣言2)與清教徒不同，主張追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they areendowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that amongthese are Life,

16、 Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness.人人生而平等，他們者B從造物主”那邊被賦予了某些不可轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利，其中包括生命權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求 幸福的權(quán)利。4、Philip Freneau 菲禾U普 費(fèi)瑞諾 poet and political journalist詩人和政治方面的新聞記者perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.2)has been called the Father of American Poetry美國詩歌之父The Rising Glory of

17、America 蒸蒸日上的美洲； The British Prison Ship 英國 囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans紀(jì)念美國勇士 同類詩中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle 野生的金銀花；The Indian Burying GroundER第安人殯葬地學(xué)習(xí)指南：1、Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next great suject to command the attention of the best minds

18、.2、Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste ye romantic in essential spirit.美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)3 (Romanticisms)(2009-01-17 18:58:09)一、文學(xué)特征：1、Environment:1)shaped by their New World environment美洲大陸新環(huán)境array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditons of Europe歐洲早期浪漫主義思潮2、美國文學(xué)特點(diǎn)：pluralistic 多元化 manifestat

19、ions varied表現(xiàn)形式多樣 Individualistic 個(gè)人主義conflicting 矛盾3、Romanticism 的特點(diǎn):frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitiveperception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source ofcorruption一浪漫主義之間大多是相通的，都注重道德，強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人主義價(jià)值觀和 直覺感受

20、，并且認(rèn)為自然是美的源頭，人類社會是腐敗之源。4、Transcendentalism超驗(yàn)主義1) as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. 不講邏輯，不講系統(tǒng)，只強(qiáng)調(diào)超越理性的感 受，超越法律和世俗束縛的個(gè)人表達(dá)。2)they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and

21、 against the materialism ofAmerican society.呼吁文化復(fù)興，反對美國社會的拜金主義。they believe in the transcendence of over soul, an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.相信精神上的超越，相信無所不能的善的力量，強(qiáng)調(diào)善為萬物之源。it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the

22、human mind.“ Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and youspiritually whole again. The natural implication of all this wase , of cothat things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical worldwas a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary

23、symbolism in American literature.代表人物：Emerson 愛默生，believed that man was a part of absolutegood o人性本善Thoreau 梭羅，beheld divinity in theunspotted innocence自然 “ of i才是神圣的潔白無瑕”5、Literary forms文學(xué)形式： Novels, short stories, and poems replacedsermons and manifestos as Americas principal 胭terary forms.篇故事和詩歌取

24、代說教類及宣言類作品成為美國主要的文學(xué)形式。6、Imaginative literature想象類文學(xué)7、the wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戲劇化特色的野性諷喻了時(shí)代的道德準(zhǔn)則。8、The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.逃離社會，回至ij自然成為了美國文學(xué)永恒的創(chuàng)

25、作習(xí)慣。s language.9、Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in America，In 1828 Noah Webster published An American Dictionary of the EnglishI anguage. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency.受民族主義影響，作家的目光轉(zhuǎn)向了美國本土的語言，具有美國特征的本土方言開

26、始在詩歌和小說中大量涌 現(xiàn)。10、At mid- century a cultural reawakening brought a flowering of New England . Led by Hawthorne, Emerson, and Thoreau. New England f Transcendentalism,從新英格蘭文學(xué)到超驗(yàn)主義。二、代表作家：1、Washington Irving 華盛頓.歐文 the first great belletrist第一個(gè)純文學(xué)作家，劃線部分為三個(gè)主要 contributionthe first great prose stylist o

27、f American romanticism. 美國第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家Sketch Book ”見聞札記，the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature,現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上第一部短篇小說和美國第一部偉大的青少年文學(xué)讀物。Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties.重振了沒落的哥特式浪漫主義小說，隨后坡在此基礎(chǔ)上，把心理學(xué)的一些知識融入了

28、這種體裁。Legends of the Conquest of Spain ”西班牙征服記A History of New York 紐約的歷史 美國人寫的第一部詼諧文學(xué)杰作；The Sketch Book 見聞札記 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的傳說 使 之成為美國第一個(gè)獲得國際聲譽(yù)的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田莊；Talks of Travellers旅客談；The Alhambra 阿爾罕伯拉2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯,芬尼莫 庫珀 contribution: launched two kinds of

29、immensely popular storiesf the seaadventure tale and the frontier saga開創(chuàng)了兩種流傳極廣的小說體裁，邊疆傳奇小說和海上傳奇小說。Leatherstocking Tales ”皮襪子故事集，包括 The Deerslayer ”殺鹿 者、The Last of the Mohicans ”最后的莫希干人、The Pathfinder ”探 路人、The Pioneers ”拓荒者、 The Prairie ”大草原，regard as“thenearest approach yet to an American epic.被認(rèn)

30、為是迄今為止美國最接近史詩的作品。the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo,小說的中心人物，納蒂班波Judge Temple: man remain savage without law and orderThe Spy 間諜 The Pilot 領(lǐng)航者 The Littlepage Manuscripts禾U 特佩奇的手稿3、William Cullen Bryant威廉.卡倫.布萊恩特 poet詩人as Irving had shown that American prose had cone of age, so Bryantdemon

31、strated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention.當(dāng)歐文預(yù)示美國散文時(shí)代的到來時(shí)，布萊恩特向歐洲讀者證實(shí)了美國的詩歌達(dá)到相當(dāng)高的水平。He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一個(gè)獲得美國主要詩人稱號的作家。To a Waterfowl ”致水鳥the most perfect brief poem in the language.用美國英語寫作的最完美的短詩。4、Edgar Allan

32、Poe 埃德力口.阿倫.坡show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic.編輯、 詩人、 文學(xué)評論家。Graham s Magazine格雷厄姆雜志（坡的工作場所）The Fall of the House of Usher”鄂謝府崩潰記、 The Raven”烏鴉the title poem of a collection,Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque ”述異集first collection of shortstories.第一部短篇小說集。often use grotesque

33、 or fantastic events.擅長描寫哥特式和幻想類的/卜說。5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉爾夫.沃爾多.愛默生是把超 be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England,驗(yàn)主義引入新英格蘭的先驅(qū)。Emerson believed above all in individualism個(gè)人主義,independence ofmind 思想獨(dú)立，and self-reliance 自強(qiáng).作品：Nature”論自然、Essays”隨筆錄、 The American Scholar ” 美國學(xué)者,our

34、 intellectual Declaration of Independence.我們知識分子的獨(dú)立宣言。his most important works areRepresentative Men ”代表and EnglishTraits ”英國人、Poems”詩集摘自論自然： Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by theblithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball.人

35、形的約束沒有了。6、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴維.梭羅Emerson s truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emerson s theories愛默生最忠實(shí)的信徒，把愛默生的許多理論付諸于實(shí)踐。in Walden ”沃爾登成名作。Civil Disobedience ”平民反抗essay隨筆。非暴力不合作教義：I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living, each should findout his own way, not his neighbor WrHi 梯re

36、ft受我的生活模式，每一個(gè)都應(yīng)該發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的生活方式，不是鄰居的，也不是他父母的。7、Nathaniel Hawthorne納薩尼爾.霍桑CD background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hawthorne, who harm a person.曾經(jīng)有個(gè)做法官的祖輩害人。The House of the Seven Gables ”七尖角閣房，是霍桑著名神秘小說中的一 個(gè)房屋名稱。he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the harshness and

37、the persecutions.對清教徒陰暗面的深切關(guān)注，認(rèn)為清教徒的戒行過于森嚴(yán)，對不同信仰人的迫害過于殘酷。Mosses from an Old Manse ”古廈青苔、The Marble Faun ”玉石神像特點(diǎn) unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic storieswhich touch the deepest roots of man獨(dú) smoOEMIurSE 在他能夠通過一些極具象征意義的故事來觸摸人類靈魂深處的道德品質(zhì)。 his ability to create vivid and symbolic ima

38、ges that embody great moral questions appears strongly in his short stories.短篇小說里，通過活生生、極具有象征意義的想象來體現(xiàn)人類社會的一些重大道德問題。(3) to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as amoral symbol.杰出之處在于他能把一個(gè)故事安放在自己設(shè)置的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之中來 講述，他書中的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成為當(dāng)時(shí)人們的道德參考。(課堂筆記提及的)The Scarlet Letter”紅字女主角honest, calm

39、ly face fault 誠實(shí)，坦然的面對罪過。弗洛伊德人格理論：Id本我 f 欲望，只要快樂 “Roger女主角的丈夫Ego自我“分辨對錯(cuò)，受約束，符合現(xiàn)實(shí)“Hester女主角Superego超我 f “Dim女主角的情人，牧師女主角的自我成長和自我救贖的過程。Ego growth and redeem by her ownof process The Scarlet Letter analysis 分析：it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned

40、against. Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen Symbolic of her moral development is the gradua

41、l imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of sha me, “Adultery “ but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers changes it tothe story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying Areason to agree with the critical obse

42、rvation that A may represent Adamic,or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of“ original sin,s worst to the outside worldon the other hand, banishes himself form society. Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reco

43、nstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration. Between him and Hester they point to a moral as Hawthorne may intend them to do, that the best policy for man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show one8、Herman Melvi

44、lle 赫爾曼.麥爾維爾 Moby Dick”白鯨，a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.主要講述了一個(gè)為追捕一只想象中的神秘白鯨的漫長海上故事。The book is steeped in symbolism.本書達(dá)到了象征主義手法的創(chuàng)作高峰。主人公：Ishmael , 取自圣經(jīng)。在書中說： to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme.寫一部宏大的著作，必須有一個(gè)宏大的主題。故事人物：Ca

45、ptain Ahab.船長阿哈比； Queequeg ,捕鯨人奎因奎格，was a friendly person ; the rebelliousstruggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of theuniverse and its awesome, sometimes merciless forces. The fitting symbol for histheme was the“ gliding great demon of the seas of life.哈比艦長和各種危險(xiǎn)之間的激”

46、烈斗爭，他同那些強(qiáng)大的、神秘的自然展開斗爭，他們令人毛骨悚然，有時(shí)還冷酷無情。他 把那只大白鯨貼切的比喻為生命海洋中滑行的惡魔”。 Moby Dick ： one of the major themes in Melville is alienation, which hesensed existing in the life of his time on different levels, between man andman, man and society, and man and nature. Captain Ahab seems to be thebest illustration

47、 of it all. The voyage i tself is a metaphor for“ search anddiscovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.topmost in his mind. In a sense Ahab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to Moby Dick .9、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃茲沃思.朗費(fèi)羅 poet詩人 it would be hard, also, to overestimate

48、 the importance of his anthologyThe Poets and Poetry of Europe. His own poetry became a means ofteaching readers of his day something of the possible range of poeticsubject matter and techniques, ancient, medieval, and modern.歐洲詩人及詩不能把這部作品估計(jì)過高。他自己的詩歌成為了他教學(xué)的材料，在書中 他講述了詩的主題和一些寫作技巧。從古代的，中世紀(jì)的一直到現(xiàn)代的詩歌， 他

49、都一一作了闡述。殊榮： he became the only American to be honored with a bust in thePoet s corner of Westminster Abbey.朗費(fèi)羅被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的詩人 之角，他也是美國惟一獲此殊榮的詩人。The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for his poetry was popular duringhis lifetime.他的詩歌因高雅宜人、純正有韻味而大受歡迎。he was consistently high-minded but conventional, an

50、d untouched by thereligious and social struggles that disturbed his contemporaries.他接受正統(tǒng)的思想，但并不保守。他的思想沒有受到當(dāng)時(shí)社會、宗教和各種政治斗爭的 影響。特,點(diǎn)：exercised a great influence in bringing European culture to theU.S., and likewise did much to popularize American folk themes abroadwhere his work was immensely popular an

51、d widely translated. 在引進(jìn)歐洲文化上起巨大推動作用，也把美國民間文化傳播到國外，他的作品還被翻譯成多種文字，在海外受到高度評美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)4 (Realism)(2009-01-17 19:44:25)一、BackgroundMechanization 機(jī)器化Urbanization 城市化Industrialization 工業(yè)化Federal government(race種族平等進(jìn)入憲法)標(biāo)志著馬克吐溫的鍍金時(shí)代開始Railway system 工業(yè)化的一大標(biāo)志，電力和石油的應(yīng)用二、文化特征：女性發(fā)揮作用明顯，女性的作者和讀者明顯增多開始關(guān)注Mid class3)

52、現(xiàn)實(shí)主義(realism ) -New York replaced Boston as the nations literary center.紐約成為新的文化中心。一、時(shí)期綜述：1、鍍金日寸代：The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope.無節(jié)制、走極端，倒退和進(jìn)步、貧困和富有并存，既令人沮喪又讓人有希望的時(shí)代。2、Although Americans continued to r

53、ead the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, and Poe, the great age of American romanticism had ended. Bythe 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned.新英格蘭的文藝復(fù)興已開始接近尾聲。3、現(xiàn)實(shí)主義和自然主義作家的人物刻畫方法：19 世2己末,the literary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and events.

54、 Instead, they sought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present thesubtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were lesssimply all good or all bed.反對在作品中描繪理想化了的人物和事件，關(guān)注人性中的微妙之處。4、Realism :（現(xiàn)實(shí)豐文） appeared in the United States in the literature oflocal color, an a

55、malgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions ofthings was immediately observable. the dialects, customs, sights.現(xiàn)實(shí)主義有濃厚的美國本土特色，是浪漫主義故事情節(jié)和現(xiàn)實(shí)主義描寫相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物：美國風(fēng)味的方言、風(fēng)俗、各種觀點(diǎn)5、 Naturalism_:自然豐義 a new and harsher realism, 新型的更為冷峻的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，產(chǎn)生悲觀的流派，產(chǎn)生于the end of the century十九世紀(jì)末，因?yàn)镻erception of society sds畬d

56、fe序的感知。Presentingcharacters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by theirenvironment and heredity.設(shè)法盡力客觀真實(shí)地展現(xiàn)出受環(huán)境與出身局限的下層人民和各種經(jīng)濟(jì)階層人物的真正生活。The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men andwomen had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity andthe env

57、ironment , the religious“ truths ” were illusory, that the destiny ofhumanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.強(qiáng)調(diào)世界的非道德性，人們沒有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虛幻的，現(xiàn)實(shí)生活是痛苦的。 Deterministic決定論，宿命的，代表作家：Stephen Crane史蒂芬.克萊恩， Frank Norris弗朗克.諾里斯,Jack London 杰克.倫敦,Theodore Dreiser 西奧多.德萊塞.6、Darwinism: 達(dá)爾文主義:an evident

58、 influence on naturalism, stress theanimality of man, to suggest that be was dominated by the irresistibleforces of evolution.對自然主義影響極大，強(qiáng)調(diào)人的動物性，意味著人的命運(yùn)受進(jìn)化的不可抗力來決定的。7、William Dean Howells 威廉 迪安.豪厄斯，The arbiter of 19th century literary realism in America。十九世紀(jì)美國現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)泰斗，提拔許多年輕作家 His defined realism: no

59、thing more and nothing less than the truthfultreatment of material.不加一分，不減一分，百分之百描寫現(xiàn)實(shí)。中央視角: an objective point of view二、代表作家：1、Walt Whitman 沃爾特.惠特曼* free verse （_自 由詩體）without a fixed beat or regular rhymescheme.無固定節(jié)奏，無有規(guī)律的韻腳 Leaves of Grass ”草葉集 1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美國歷史上第一部真正的史詩Poem 梅

60、點(diǎn)： most of the poems in Leaves of Gr6ass are about man and nature.關(guān)注點(diǎn)：In his poetry, he combined the ideal of democratic common man and that of the rugged individual詩人職責(zé)：he envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, onewho leads the community by hisexpressions of the truth, 表達(dá)真理的前提下，引導(dǎo)社會