1、目標(biāo) Objectives介紹Introductions解釋我們的作用Explanation of our role注意事項(xiàng)與會(huì)議秩序Housekeeping第1頁，共29頁。目標(biāo) Objectives掌握盈虧平衡點(diǎn)的概念及其計(jì)算方式To gain an understanding of breakeven points and calculations學(xué)會(huì)計(jì)算本企業(yè)的盈虧平衡點(diǎn)To be able to apply breakeven calculations to your business 掌握流動(dòng)資金的概念To gain an understanding of the concept

2、of working capital學(xué)會(huì)對(duì)本企業(yè)的流動(dòng)資金進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算To be able to apply simple working capital calculations to your business第2頁，共29頁。盈虧平衡點(diǎn)的定義What Is Breakeven?盈虧平衡點(diǎn)是指在某一銷售水平上，企業(yè)達(dá)到盈虧持平The Breakeven threshold is the level of sales at which the business makes neither a profit nor loss.第3頁，共29頁。銷售盈虧平衡點(diǎn)Breakeven Sales盈虧

3、平衡是指在某一銷售水平上，企業(yè)既無利潤(rùn)，也不虧損Breakeven is the level of sales at which the business makes neither a profit nor loss.總成本Total Costs總銷售額Total Revenue銷售額 Sales Revenue成本Costs盈虧平衡點(diǎn)銷售額Breakeven Sales Revenue盈虧平衡點(diǎn)總成本Breakeven Total CostsLossProfit固定成本Fixed Costs第4頁，共29頁。定義 Definitions在計(jì)算盈虧平衡點(diǎn)之前，必須了解以下財(cái)務(wù)項(xiàng)目的定義In

4、order to calculate the breakeven you must first understand some financial definitions:銷售成本 Cost of Sales (or Cost of Goods Sold);毛利 Gross Profit;毛利率 Gross Profit %; and總營(yíng)業(yè)費(fèi)用 Total Overheads.第5頁，共29頁。成本種類 Types of Costs成本共分為三類There are three types of costs固定成本 Fixed costs;變動(dòng)成本 Variable costs; and作業(yè)成本

5、 Activity costs.將貴公司的支出按固定、變動(dòng)及作業(yè)等三種成本進(jìn)行歸類Classify your expenses into Fixed, Variable and Activity expenses.第6頁，共29頁。損益表典型實(shí)例Example of a Classified P&L Statement$銷售200,000減去退貨15,000185,000減去銷售成本期初庫存10,000加上采購(gòu)55,000減去采購(gòu)?fù)素?,00049,000加上貨物運(yùn)進(jìn)費(fèi)用1,00050,00060,000減去 最終庫存7,00053,000毛利132,000第7頁，共29頁。損益表典型實(shí)例Ex

6、ample of a Classified P&L Statement$Sales200,000LessSales returns15,000185,000LessCost of SalesOpening stock10,000PlusPurchases55,000LessPurchases returns6,00049,000PlusFreight inwards1,00050,00060,000LessClosing stock7,00053,000Gross Profit132,000第8頁，共29頁。損益表典型實(shí)例Example of a Classified P&L Statemen

7、t$毛利 132,000加上其他營(yíng)業(yè)收入.折扣和 租金收入9,000141,000減去經(jīng)營(yíng)費(fèi)用銷售費(fèi)用廣告費(fèi)10,000銷售人員薪資30,000貨物運(yùn)出費(fèi)用5,00045,000第9頁，共29頁。損益表典型實(shí)例Example of a Classified P&L Statement$Gross Profit c/fwd132,000PlusOther operating rev.Discounts and Rent received9,000141,000LessOperating expensesSelling expensesAdvertising10,000Sales salaries

8、30,000Freight Outwards5,00045,000第10頁，共29頁。損益表典型實(shí)例Example of a Classified P&L Statement$減去銷售費(fèi)用 45,000行政費(fèi)用薪資30,000辦公費(fèi)用5,000保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)6,000折舊 辦公室家具 3,00044,000財(cái)務(wù)費(fèi)用壞帳2,000問題帳款1,000利率 2,0005,00094,000純營(yíng)利 47,000第11頁，共29頁。損益表典型實(shí)例Example of a Classified P&L Statement$LessSelling expenses c/fwd45,000Admin expenses

9、Salaries30,000Office expenses5,000Insurance6,000Depn Office furniture 3,00044,000Finance expensesBad Debts2,000Doubtful debts1,000Interest 2,0005,00094,000Net Operating Profit 47,000第12頁，共29頁。損益表計(jì)劃Profit & Loss Calculations 毛利Gross Profit=銷售 銷售成本 Sales Cost of Sales = $185,000 - $53,000= $132,000 毛利

10、率Gross Profit % = 毛利Gross Profit 銷售Sales = $132,000 $185,000 = 71.35% 第13頁，共29頁。損益表計(jì)算Profit & Loss Calculations銷售盈虧平衡點(diǎn)Breakeven Sales= 費(fèi)用Expenses 毛利率GP% = $ 94,000 0.7135 = $131,745 X100X100第14頁，共29頁。損益表計(jì)算Profit & Loss Calculations作業(yè)水平盈虧平衡Activity Breakeven= 銷售盈虧平衡Breakeven Sales 平均銷售價(jià)值A(chǔ)verage Sale

11、Value = $131,745 $100 = 13,174 工作 jobs 第15頁，共29頁。四種提高企業(yè)利潤(rùn)率的方法Four Ways to Improve the Profitability of a Business以下是四種可以提高企業(yè)利潤(rùn)率的方法Here are a list of ways you can improve the profitability for your business 價(jià)格 Price;變動(dòng)及半變動(dòng)成本 Variable and Semi Variable - Related Costs;經(jīng)營(yíng)費(fèi)用 Overheads; and銷售額 Sales Volu

12、me.第16頁，共29頁。 2% 9% 7% 6% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 4% 17% 14% 12% 10% 9% 8% 7% 7% 6% 23% 19% 17% 15% 13% 12% 11% 10% 8% 29% 24% 21% 19% 17% 15% 14% 13%10% 33% 29% 25% 22% 20% 18% 17% 15%12% 38% 32% 29% 26% 23% 21% 19% 18%14% 41% 36% 32% 29% 26% 24% 22% 20%16% 44% 39% 35% 31% 29% 26% 24% 23%18% 47% 42% 38% 34%

13、 31% 29% 26% 25%20% 50% 44% 40% 36% 33% 31% 29% 27%25% 56% 50% 45% 42% 38% 36% 33% 31%30% 60% 55% 50% 46% 43% 40% 38% 35% 如果現(xiàn)在的利潤(rùn)率是.If your present margin is . . . 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 為獲得相同的利潤(rùn), 你可以通過來增加銷售額 To produce the same profit, you could decrease your sales by 如果調(diào)漲價(jià)格幅度為: If you inc

14、rease your price by第17頁，共29頁。 2% 11% 9% 7% 6% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 25% 19% 15% 13% 11% 10% 9% 8% 6% 43% 43% 25% 21% 18% 15% 14% 12% 8% 67% 47% 36% 30% 25% 22% 19% 17%10% 100% 67% 50% 40% 33% 29% 25% 22%12% 150% 92% 67% 52% 43% 36% 32% 28%14% 233% 127% 88% 67% 54% 45% 39% 34%16% 400% 178% 114% 84% 67% 55%

15、47% 41%18% 900% 257% 150% 106% 82% 67% 56% 49%20%* 400% 200% 133% 100% 80% 67% 57%25%* 500% 250% 167% 125% 100% 83%30%* 600% 300% 200% 150% 120% 如果現(xiàn)在的利潤(rùn)率是.If your present margin is . . . 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 為獲得相同的利潤(rùn), 你可以通過來增加銷售額 To produce the same profit, you could decrease your sales b

16、y 如果調(diào)漲價(jià)格幅度為: If you increase your price by第18頁，共29頁。利潤(rùn)提升戰(zhàn)略Profit Improvement Strategy通過提高價(jià)格或銷量來增加銷售額Increase sales revenue by increasing price and/or volume將變動(dòng)成本的增長(zhǎng)控制在銷售額增長(zhǎng)的百分比以內(nèi)，不得超過Keep variable costs at least equal to or below the rate of increase in sales revenue在總經(jīng)營(yíng)費(fèi)用的范圍內(nèi)，盡量提高生產(chǎn)力Achieve greater

17、 productivity from the resources financed by overheads確保對(duì)資產(chǎn)的嚴(yán)格控制Ensure that tight control is exercised over assets第19頁，共29頁。流動(dòng)資金的定義What Is Working Capital?流動(dòng)資金就是流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)減去流動(dòng)負(fù)債Working capital is the sum of current assets minus current liabilities重要的定義包括Important definitions:庫存 Inventory;在制品 Work in progr

18、ess (WIP);債務(wù) Debtors; and債權(quán) Creditors.第20頁，共29頁。流動(dòng)資金的重要性Why Is Working Capital Important?沒有足夠的流動(dòng)資金，企業(yè)將無法運(yùn)營(yíng)Your business will FAIL without sufficient working capital澳大利亞小型企業(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析Small Business Statistics in Australia按2001年6月統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，小企業(yè)總數(shù)為1,162,000 1,162,000 small businesses operating in Australia at June

19、 2001 35%的企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)年限為1-5年35% had been in operation for 1 5 years19%的企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)年限為5-10年19% had been in operation for 5 10 yearsSource: Australian Bureau of Statistics第21頁，共29頁。企業(yè)的發(fā)展需要資金的支持As a Business Grows So Will Its Need For Cash!增加庫存以適應(yīng)不斷增加的銷售的需要Increased inventory levels to cope with increased sales dema

20、nd; 支付新增的營(yíng)運(yùn)成本，如工資等Pay for increased operating costs such as wages etc; and 支持不斷增加的應(yīng)付款項(xiàng)，及其它流動(dòng)資金需求Support higher levels of debtors and other working capital requirements第22頁，共29頁。實(shí)例 An Example第一年第二年收入1,000,0002,000,000銷售成本700,0001,400,000經(jīng)營(yíng)費(fèi)用175,000350,000繳稅 (40%)50,000100,000稅后純利潤(rùn)75,000150,000應(yīng)收帳款125

21、,000250,000庫存160,000320,000應(yīng)付帳款(75,000)(150,000)所需的凈流動(dòng)資金210,000420,000資金來源: 第一年的流動(dòng)資金210,000第二年的利潤(rùn)150,000360,000所有利潤(rùn)再投資后的資金缺口135,00060,000第23頁，共29頁。實(shí)例 An ExampleYear 1Year 2Revenue1,000,0002,000,000Cost of sales700,0001,400,000Operating expenses175,000350,000Tax (40%)50,000100,000Net Profit after tax

22、75,000150,000Accounts Receivable125,000250,000Inventory160,000320,000Accounts payable(75,000)(150,000)Net working capital required210,000420,000Funded by: Working Capital from year 1210,000Profit in Year 2150,000360,000Cash shortfall after all profits have been re-invested135,00060,000第24頁，共29頁。流動(dòng)資金計(jì)算Calculating Working Capital流動(dòng)資金 流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)應(yīng)收帳款 $125,000庫存 $160,000總流動(dòng)資產(chǎn) $285,000流動(dòng)負(fù)債應(yīng)付帳款 $ 75,000所需的流動(dòng)資金 $210,000第25頁，共29頁。流動(dòng)資金計(jì)算Calculating Working CapitalWorking Capital Current AssetsAccounts receivable $125,000Inventory $160,000Total Current Assets $285,000Cur