1、2023年高考復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解總分值考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)8.推理判斷之寫作手法練高考心中有數(shù)1.D【2021北京卷】Early fifth-century philosopher St. Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him. Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it. Todays state-of-the-art atom

2、ic （原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right. Even advanced physics can*t decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question youre asking.Forget about time as an absolute. What if, instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology ? What if we allowe

3、d environmental conditions to set the tempo （節(jié)奏） of human life? Were increasingly aware of the fact that we cant control Earth systems with engineering alone, and realizing that we need to moderate （調(diào)節(jié)）our actions if we hope to live in balance. What if our definition of time reflected that?Recently,

4、 I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping thats connected to circumstances on our planet, conditions that might change as a result of global warming. We*re now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers, which are sensitive to local an

5、d global environmental changes. We*ve programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate. If the rivers run faster in the future on average, the clock will get ahead of standard time. If they run slower, youll see the opposite effect.The clock registers bo

6、th short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics. Its a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame （時間框架）,and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones. Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live

7、 in harmony with the planet. Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies.Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars, early agricultural soci

8、eties also connected time to natural phenomena. In pre-Classical Greece, for instance, peoplecorrectedofficial calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season. Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival. Likewise, river time and other timekeepi

9、ng systems were developing may encourage environmental awareness.When St. Augustine admitted his inability to define time, he highlighted one of time *s most noticeable qualities： Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context. Any timekeeping system is valid, and each is as praiseworthy as its p

10、urpose.32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to.A. present an assumptionB. evaluate an argumentC. highlight an experimentD. introduce an approach【答案】32. D【解析】本文是議論文。文章通過討論時間的定義，講述了人們應(yīng)該和大自然和諧相處，保護(hù)環(huán)境。32.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“Were increasingly aware of the fact that we can*t control Earth

11、systems with engineering alone, and realizing that we need to moderate （調(diào)節(jié)）our actions if we hope to live in balance.（我 們越來越意識到，我們不能只是用工程學(xué)來控制地球系統(tǒng)，意識到，如果我們希望保持平衡，我們就需要 調(diào)節(jié)我們的行動。）“進(jìn)而提出問題“What if our definition of time reflected that ?（如果時間的定義反映那些會 怎么樣呢廣，結(jié)合前兩個問題“What if, instead of considering time in t

12、erms of astronomy, we related time to ecology? What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo （節(jié)奏）of human life?（如果我們不考 慮天文學(xué)方面的時間，而是將時間與生態(tài)學(xué)聯(lián)系起來呢？如果我們允許環(huán)境條件來設(shè)定人類生活的節(jié)奏 呢廠可推斷，第二段提出的三個問題是為了介紹方法。應(yīng)選D項(xiàng)。2.12020.全國新課標(biāo)ni】We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred bill

13、ions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes （基因），they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation

14、（突變）that helps them digest milk as adults.On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are k

15、nown, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, theyve also built houses on stilts （支柱） in coastal waters. They are simply a stranger to the land, said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii resea

16、rcher who studies the Bajau.Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. nWe were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders, Dr. Jubilado said. “I could se

17、e them actually walking under the sea.”In201, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them, it seemed like

18、 the perfect chance fbr natural selection to act on a population/ said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.299What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1 ?A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.B. New knowledge o

19、f human evolution.C. Recent findings of human origin.D. Significance of food selection.【答案】32.B【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。最近一項(xiàng)對人類基因的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類的進(jìn)化不僅僅發(fā)生在數(shù) 十億年前，而且最近幾千年也有。Bajau人因?yàn)榭亢樯?，他們的身體已經(jīng)進(jìn)化成更能適應(yīng)海洋 生活。32.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的 we are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occ urred billions of years ago. As

20、scientists look deeper into our genes, they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.（我們是進(jìn)化的產(chǎn)物，而且不僅僅是數(shù)十 億年前的產(chǎn)物。當(dāng)科學(xué)家更深入的研究我們的基因時，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類在過去幾千年進(jìn)化的例子） 可知，作者列舉第一段的例子是為了告訴我們關(guān)于人類進(jìn)化的一個新信息，那就是人類在最近幾 千年也在進(jìn)化。B. New knowledge of human evolution.（人類進(jìn)化的新知識）符合以上說法，應(yīng)選 B項(xiàng)。3.D【2019

21、天津】Would you BET on the future of this man? He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he determines to write a book.The

22、 book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes, and the book was Don Quixote （堂吉訶德）.And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days, while others go to

23、seed long before?We*ve all known people who run out of steam before they reach lifes halfway mark. Im not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We cant all get there. Tm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions tha

24、t all too often come with passing years.Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to lean, the opportunities are everywhere.The

25、 things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills We learn to bear with the things wecant change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us-an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.With high moti

26、vation and enthusiasm, we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos （自我），whether to loved ones, to fellow humans, to work, or to some moral co

27、ncept.Many of us equate （視等同于）“commitment“ with such “caring“ occupations as teaching and nursing.But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence whether they are driving a truck, or running a store-make the world better just

28、 by being the kind of people they are. Theyve learned lifes most valuable lesson.The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that.loss of freedom stimulates ones creativityage is not a barrier to achieving one*s goalmisery inspires a man to fight against his fatedisability cannot stop a m

29、ans pursuit of successWhat does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean ?End ones struggle for liberty.Waste ones energy taking risks.Miss the opportunity to succeed.Lose the interest to continue learning.What could be inferred from Paragraph 4?Those who dare to try often get themselves tra

30、pped.Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.Opportunity favors those with a curious mind.Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5 ?A tough man can tolerate suffering.A wise man can live without self-pity.A man should try to satisfy

31、 people around him.A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.To

32、suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.【答案】5LB 52. D 53. C 54. D 55. A【文章大意】本文是一篇議論文，主要論述了如何過一種有意義的成人的生活。B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中此人53歲，有債務(wù)，生活不幸，身上還有傷，但他下決心寫一本，而且 此書還獲得了成功，350年依I日受歡迎，可知作者通過Cervantes的故事來說明年齡不是一個人實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的 障礙，故答案為B。D詞義猜想題。根據(jù)劃線單詞下的作者說我要討論的是那些停止學(xué)習(xí)的人的成長，他們在流逝的歲月 里采用的是固定的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)，不想通過學(xué)習(xí)

33、進(jìn)步，可知劃線短語的意思是“無興趣學(xué)習(xí)的人”，故答案為 DoC推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中我們在自己專業(yè)的領(lǐng)域里取得成功，然后深陷其中，沒有什么使我們吃 驚，我們也沒有驚奇的意識，即指我們失去了好奇心。但后一句說，如果我們愿意學(xué)習(xí)的話，我們還有機(jī) 會成功。暗含的意思就是如果我們有好奇心的話，我們就有機(jī)會獲得成功，故答案為C。D推理判斷題。作者在文中告訴我們要學(xué)會忍受我們不能改變的事物，要學(xué)會防止自憐，要學(xué)會不管 我們怎么表現(xiàn)，總有人不喜歡我們等等方法，可知第5段的主要意思是告訴我們要用合適的方法去對待生 活。故答案為D。A主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章的主要內(nèi)容，作者通過一個例子引出他的主題：一個人如何過一

34、個有意義的 成年人生活。作者為我們提供了一些指導(dǎo)，要有動力，要有好奇心，要用適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞饺ド畹?，故答案為Ao4.B【2018天津卷】When I was 17,1 read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay. She had requested the community to turn it into a museum upon her death. On a sunny Saturday, Sally and I dr

35、ove over to the museum. She asked, nDo you have the address? No, but Illrecognize it, there was a picture in the magazine. nOh, stop. There it is!”The museum was free. We entered, excited. A group of people sitting in the hall stopped talking and stared at us.May I help you? a man asked. No, I said.

36、 Were fine. Tour guides got on my nerves. What if they talked a long time about a painting you werent that interested in? Sally had gone upstairs. The people in the hall seemed very nosy（愛窺探的），keeping their eyes on me with curiosity. What was their problem? I saw some nice sculptures in one room. Su

37、ddenly I sensed a man standing behind me. Where do you think you are? ” he asked. I turned sharply. nThe McNay Art Museum!n He smiled, shaking his head. HSorry, the McNay is on New Braunfels Street.” Whats this place?” I asked, still confused. Well, ifs our home. My heart jolted（震顫）. I raced to the

38、staircase and called out, nSally! Come down immediately! n“Theres some really good stuff（藝術(shù)作品）up there/* She stepped down, looking confused. I pushed her toward the front door, waving at the family, saying, HSorry, please forgive us, you have a really nice place.n Outside, when I told Sally what hap

39、pened, she covered her mouth, laughing. She couldn*t believe how long they let us look around without saying anything.The real McNay was splendid, but we felt nervous the whole time we were there. Van Gogh, Picasso. This time, we stayed together, in case anything else unusual happened.Thirty years l

40、ater, a woman approached me in a public place. Excuse me, did you ever enter a residence, long ago, thinking it was the McNay Museum?1Yes. But how do you know? We never told anyone.H“That was my home. I was a teenager sitting in the hall. Before you came over, T never realized what a beautiful place

41、 I lived in. I never felt lucky before. You thought it was a museum. My feelings about my home changed after that. Ive always wanted to thank you.*Why did the author describe the real McNay museum in just a few words?A. The real museum lacked enough artwork to interest her. B. She was too upset to s

42、pend much time at the real museum. C. The McNay was disappointing compared with the house. D. The event happening in the house was more significant.【答案】44. D【解析】本文是一篇記敘文。和朋友原想?yún)⒂^NcNay博物館，到了之后，參觀的時候，發(fā)現(xiàn)很多 人奇怪地看著她，最后才發(fā)現(xiàn)自己誤將一個私人住宅當(dāng)成NcNay博物館。30年后，一位女士認(rèn)出誤撞入 自己住宅的作者，指出正是因?yàn)樽髡叩恼`撞入才讓她意識到自己住的地方有多么美麗。44.寫作方法題。根據(jù)

43、全文可知，作者著墨點(diǎn)主要在表達(dá)參觀誤當(dāng)成NcNay博物館的私人住宅上，故這才 是文章的重心，所以將真正的NcNay博物館表達(dá)一帶而過。應(yīng)選D。5.2012全國卷I , DGrown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever

44、when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins Twinkle, twinkle, little star or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials（類試）increase the length of time we will remember it.In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as