1、英語四級閱讀文章闡述主題華 中430070的模式探討外 語 系SubjectMatter(SM主)是作者在文章中要題表達的主要內容是貫穿全文的。作者在文章中努Supporting力 通 過 各 種Details來闡明中心議題。因此，把握主要對于全文理解具有重要意義。熟悉四級測試的人都知道，這類問題常被列為五題之首。然而，如何找出常使考生倍感棘手。因為他們總希望通過某個詞或某句話就能找到，而找往往需要通讀全文后才能做出判斷。針對SM 問題，應采用快速閱讀法（Skimming）瀏覽全文，理解文章主旨大意，閱讀時要注意抓住中心的句子在文章中的位置也不同，但閱讀時，文章的開頭、結尾及段落的段首句和段尾

2、句特別重要，因為他們往往包含文章的中心議題（SM）。這類問題可分型、標題型和目的型。型一目了然就是找中心（Main Idea）；標題型是為文章選擇標題（Title）；目的型就是推斷作者的寫作意圖（Pure）。這類題常見（1）idea題方式有：Whatistheofmainthis(subject)passage ?（ 2 ）Whatdoesthispassagemainly(primarily)concerned ?（3）thisThe mapassageheme ofis.（4）Themainpoofthe passage is.（ 5 ）followingWhichofbestthetit

3、leisthefor the passage ?（6）Thetitletbestexpresses the theme of thepassage is .（ 7 ）Onwhichofthefollowingsubjectwouldthe passage most likely befoundin atextbook ?（8）writerThe pure of theinwritingthispassage .（ 9 ）followingWhichbestofthedescribesthe passage as a whole ?從整體來看，大四級閱讀文章題材廣泛，包括人物傳記、社會、文化、日

4、常知識、科普等；體裁也多種多樣，包括敘述文、說明文、議等，并沒有嚴格的規(guī)律可循。但就文章的結構而言，還是有一定的規(guī)律的。本文擬四級閱讀文章中較為常見的各種段落模式。一、總和模式這類文章由幾個段落組成，每個段落都有一個主題句。而且句一般在每一段的第一句話。這四個主題句從不同的方面或者角度去闡述。把這幾個句表達的意思疊加在一起，就可以找到文章的。Passage 1（1998 年 1月第 4 篇閱讀）Violin prodigies(),inIlearned,havewavescomedistinctdistinctthe greatfromregions.Mostofthe 20th andand

5、performersoflate19ndwereearlyborn Russiacenturiesbrought EasternupinEurope.IaskedIsaacStern,oneoftheworldsgreatestviolinists,thereasonforthisvery “Theyphenomenon.“Itisclear”,hetoldme.were all Jews (猶太人) andJewsatthetimewereandseverelyill-treatedoppressedhat part of theworld.allowed profesTheywereono

6、ttheal fields, but theywereallowedtoaachieveconcertexcellenceonstage.”JewishAsaresult,everyparentsdreamwasto have a childhe musicschoolbecauseitwasapassport to the West.Anotherelementinthe emergence of prodigies,Ifound,isasocietytavaluesexcellenceincertain field and is able tonurture(育 )thetalent.mo

7、st培Nowadays,nurturingsocietiesseemtobehe Far East. “In Japan,amostcompetitivesocietywith stronger disciplinenours,”saysIsaacready everyStern;“childrenaretodaytestintheirmanylimitsfields,includingmusic. When Western musiccametoJapanafterWorldWarII,tmusicnot onlybecamelives,part oftheirdailybutitasbec

8、ameadisciplinewell.”TheKoreans and Chi, as wehighlyknow,arejustasmotivated as the Japa.thing,tsagoodbecauseevenprodigiesmusthardworkhard.Nexttowork,biologicalinheritanceimportantplaysantheJ. S.roleinmakingofaprodigy.Bach,forexle,wasthetop of several generations ofmusisonsns,andfour ofhishad signific

9、antcareersusic.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthemain idea of the passage?A.JewishContributionto MusicC. Music and SocietyB. Training of Musi he WorldnsD.TheMakingofProdigies上面篇章中黑體部分是每一段的句，作者認為的出現(xiàn)有以下幾：（ 1） Violin個原因prodigies(), I learned,havewavescomeindistinctdistinctfromregions.（ 2 ） Anot

10、herelement in the emergenceof prodigies, I found, is asocietyexcellencetvaluescertaininisafieldandabletonurture (培育) talent.（3）tsbecauseagoodthing,evenprodigiesmust work hard.（4）Nexttohardwork,biologicalinheritanceplaysanimportantmaking ofroleinthe作明a沒prodigy.者雖然有標(1)(2)(3)(4),但是作者用了another和next to等

11、詞,表明了作者的觀點。可以知道文章最恰當?shù)臉祟}應為D.TheMakingofProdigies之道。2003 年 1 月第 1 閱讀即：的成功”和 2003理解“關于年 6 月簡短回答問題“老師應該具品質”均在此模式之列。二、重述模式這類文章由引言，文章主體和結論。文章開門見山，在第一段也就是引言里就開宗明義。然后在部分對最后在結論進行闡述。重述其觀點，與引言遙相呼應，通過引言和結論以及文章主體的閱讀，可以找到文章的主題或者作者的意圖。（經(jīng)典例題）Themedicalworldistgraduallyrealizingthequalityoftheenvironmentinhospitalsm

12、ay play a significant roleintherecoveryfromillness.As part of a nationwideeffort in Britao bring artout of the galleries andothepublicpla,mostsomecountrystalentedartists have been calledotransformolderhospitalsand to soften the hard edgesof modern buildings. Of the2,500NationalHealthService hospital

13、s in Britain,almost100nowhaveof insignificantcollectionscontemporaryartcorridors, waiting areas andtreatment rooms.Theserecentinitiatives (創(chuàng)造精神) owe agreat deal to one artist, PeterSenior who set up his studioataManchesterhospitalinnortheastern England duringthe early 1970s. He felt theartisthadlost

14、 hisplaceinartamodernshouldsocietyandtbybeenjoyedwider audience.Atypicalhospitalve aswaiting room mighmany as 5,000 visitors eachk.Whatbetterplacetoofholdart?regularSeniorexhibitionsheldofthehisexhibitionownpaingsintheout-patientswaitingareaofthein beManchesterHospital1975.Britains SeniordemandBeved

15、tohospital artist,wastsohemuchinwassoonsixjoinedbyateamofyoung art school graduates.Theineffectisstriking.Nowthecorridorsandwaitingexperienroomsathevisitorfullviewoffresh colors, playful imagesand restful courtyards.Thequalityoftheenvironmentmayreducetheneedforexpensivedrugswhenapatientisrecovering

16、from an illness.Astudyhaswhoshowntview halfpatientshadaontotheagardenneedednumberofstrongwithpainkillerscomparedpatients who had no view atalloronlyabrickwalltolook at.The pure of this article isA.tochangepeoplesattitude toward hospitalsB.tobuildings buildingsreplacewiththeoldmodernC.tosuggesttthequ

17、alityofenvironmentinhospitalplaysantheimportantroleinrecovery from illness.D.toillustratetaartisnotappretedbylargeodernnumber of peoplesociety“The文章在引言部分medical world is graduallyrealizingtthequalityoftheenvironmentina thehospitalssignificantmayroleplayinrecoveryfromillness.” 接著用一些例子闡明觀點，在文章的結論部分，作者

18、又指出 “Thequalityoftheenvironmentmayreducetheneedforexpensivepatientisdrugswhenarecoveringfromanillness.”進一步的重述其觀點，說明環(huán)境在康復中所起的作用。首尾呼應，一氣呵成確定為C。也就很快可以屬于同樣模式的還有2003 年 6 月第 4 篇閱讀理解關于養(yǎng)父母和親生父母對孩子的影響。2002年 1月 第 3 篇閱讀理解獵人和動物保護者之間的。2001 年 1 月第 3 篇閱讀理解室內空氣污染。三、提問型這類文章作者以問句開頭,自問自答。然后用論據(jù)來支撐自己的觀點。只要認真地閱讀問題和回答，就能夠

19、判斷出作者的寫作意圖，也就能夠準確找出文章的。Whatephonehasdone totheorus,forus,initsthedredyearsfewofexistence?Aeffectssuggestthemselvesatonce.Ithassaved lives by getting rawordofillness,injury,orfire from remote pla. Byjoiningmakewiththeelevatortosibleresidencetheormulti-storyoffice building, ithas madesible - for bette

20、r or worse-themoderncity.great easeByleap withbringingaboutainthespeedandwhichinformationmovesit hasfromgreplacetoplace,yacceleratedtherateofscientificandandtechnologicalchangesgrowthdoubtinitindustry.Beyondhasnotseriouslyweakenedifkilledtheancient art of letter writing.Ithassiblemadeforlivingsalone

21、withnormalsolimpulses;bysong, is played a rolein one of the greatest solthe thechangesbreakupofthis century,ofmulti-generationalhousehold.Ithasmadethewar chillingly more efficientnthoughformerly.Perhaps,nothasprovablyprevented(可證wars實).Itt mighernationalve arisen out ofmisunderstanding caused bywrit

22、tencommunication.Orperhaps - again not provably-bymagnifyingandalvoice wars.extending irrationalscontact,basedonithascausedCertainly is extended thescopesinceofhumans,itimpartiallydisseminates()theofusefulscientistsknowledgeandthenonsenseof the ignorant, the affectionoftheaffectionateandofthethemali

23、ce()malicious.Whatisthemainideaofthis passage?A. Theephonesavehaspeoplehelpedtofrom illness and fire.B. Theitiveephonehashadasaswellnegative effects on us.C.helpedTheephonehasandtos.preventwarsDmade.hetheephonemodernhascityneither better nor worse.文章的中黑體部分是問句和答語。Whathas theephonedone tous,orforus,in

24、thedredyearsfewofitsexistence?Aeffectssuggestthemselvesatonce.根據(jù)這一問一答及下面的闡述，可以知道文章的中心為B。2000 年級閱讀理解第 3 篇屬于此模式。四、定義型這一類文章以給出定義開頭,如下段落圍繞著這個談開去。Passage4（1994 年 1 月四級考題）OceanographyhasbeendefinedasTheapplicationofallscientothestudyof the sea Beforecentury,erestthenineteenthscientistswithanhe sea were fe

25、wandfarbetn.CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsofheitinhiswritings,butwasreluctanttogotoseatofurther his work .For most people the seawasremote,andofwiththeexceptionearlyercontinentaltravelersorothers,whoearnedalivingfrom the sea, there was littlereasontoaskmanyquestions about it, let al

26、onetowhatlayThebeneathtimethetsurface,the question What is at thebottomofoceans?hadtobeansweredwithanycommerlconsequencewaswhenthelayingofaegraph cable from EuropetoAmericawasproed.knowThethe theengineershadtodepthrouteprofile( 輪廓 )oftoestimatethetolengthofcablethadbe manufactured.ItwastotMaurytheof

27、USNavyegraphCompanyturned,in1853,for information onthismatter.Inhadthebeen1840s,Mauryresponsible forencouragingvoyagesduringwhichtakensoundings(試探)wereinvestigate the depths of theNorthOceans. findingspopularandsomePacificLater,ofhisarousedmucherest in his bookThePhysical Geographyofthe Sea.Thecable

28、was laid,butthenotuntil1866wasconnection made permanentandreliable.Attheearlyattempts,thecablefailedand when it was takenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobe covered in living growths,afactwhichdefiedscientificcontemporaryopinionttherewasnolifesea.he deeparts of theWithinoceanographyafewyearsunderwasway. In

29、1872 Thomson led ascientificexpedition,whichlastedforfouryearsandbroughthomethousandsofsles form the sea. Theirclassificationandysisoccupied scientists for yearsandledtoafive-volumereport, the last volume beingpublished in 1895 .Thispassage ismainlyabout.A.thebeginnings ofoceanographyB.thelayingofth

30、eundersea cableC.theinvestigationofocean depthsD.ercontinental communicationstheearly文章第一段談的是關于海洋學的定義；第二段是講 19 世紀前對海洋感的科學家不多；第三段談到由于有人提了鋪設海底電纜，人們才開始研究海底深處究竟是什么；第四段說 Maury西洋和太平洋的發(fā)現(xiàn)引起廣泛的注意；第五段講修筑海底電纜過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)大量的海洋生物；最后一段是海洋學研究的成果?？梢娙饕侵v海洋學的研究是如何開展起來的，所以正確A。是2002 年級閱讀第 2篇屬于此模式。五、花開兩朵，各表一枝（1999 年 1 月第 3 篇

31、閱讀）文章開門見山。然后在第二段用一句表示否定的話。在以后的段落還出現(xiàn)表示相反意義的句子。把這或者看法綜合起來，就是文章的想。思Theadvertisingappealoftobuyingmotivesnegative effects.canhavebothitivemayandConsumersbeconvincedtobuyaor anle,productofpoorqualityhighpricebecauseofadvertisement. For exsomeadvertisershaveappealed topeoplesdesireforbetterfueleconomyfortheircarsbyadvertisingautomotiveproductstage.improvegasolineSome of the products work.Othersareworthlessandawaste of consumers money.oemnteiotinmaellsy amdivselera