1、淺析愛默生的?論自助?人生自主的源泉abstrateersn,ralphaldisanutstandingaerianriterinthenineteenthentury.hisrkself-relianeisaniprtantandinfluentialrkhihenuragesaantbenfidentandindependent.thrughtheanalysisandresearhfeersnandhisrks,thethesisexplresfurainideasintherk,inluding“thenfidene,“theindependene,“thepersnality,“s

2、hingnsypathytthepr,fhih“thenfideneistherepintinthisthesis.basedntheresearhfthefurideas,thethesisdisussestheenlightenentsntdayssiety,inludingtheenlightenentsnthenfidentandptiistiattitudestardslife,theprtinffealesself-reliane,theinfluenenindividualssuessandauntrysprsperity.keyrdsself-reliane;eersn;enl

3、ightenent摘要拉爾夫華爾多愛默生是美國十九世紀著名的作家，?論自助?是其極具影響力的一部作品，也是一部鼓勵人們自信、獨立的作品。論文從分析、研究愛默生及其作品出發(fā)，探究了作品中的四種主要思想，包括“自信、“獨立、“個性、“回絕對窮人的同情，其中，“自信是論文的核心。在研究作品主要思想的根底上，論文討論了作品的主要思想對當今社會的啟迪和影響，包括對樂觀自信生活態(tài)度的啟迪、對女性自助思想的促進、對個人成功的影響及對國家繁榮與富強的影響。關鍵詞愛默生；自助；啟迪intrdutineersn,ralphaldasnefthestutstandingaerianritersinthe19then

4、tury;heexperieneduhinhishlelife.hisself-relianeisaninfluentialrkhihdeeplyattratsanyreaders.“believeinneselfistheainideaexpressedandanalyzedintherk.inself-reliane,thereexistfurkindsfiprtantthughts.thefirstkindfthughtis“thenfidene.eersnadvatedthataanustshhispininnfidentlyandbravelyinspitefdifferentide

5、as.“theindependeneisthesendkindfiprtantthughthihisexpressedinself-reliane.aanshuldkeephiselffirlybutntbeeasilyinfluenedbyenvirnent.thethirdkindfthughtistkeeppersnality,hihislselyrelatedtthenfideneandtheindependene.freersnspinin,aanustkeephispersnalityandnfrthisnpriniples.“shingnsypathytthepristhefur

6、thkindfthughtintherk.itshsthathytheprareprisainlyduettheirbakardthinking.shinghelptthiskindfpepleeansdinghartthe.alltheseideasineersnsself-relianehaveenlightenentsntdayssiety.theyhelppepletakenfidentandptiistiattitudestardslife.theseiprtantthughtsenlightenthefealetbenfidentandstrivefrtheirsialstatus

7、.besides,theyareruialfrindividualssuess.eahanhpssessesthethughtsiseasytakeprgressandahievesuess.rever,auntrysprsperityisestablishednthebasisfnfideneandindependene.i.abriefintrdutinteersnandhisself-relianea.eersn,ralphaldeersnasnefthestutstandingaerianritersinthe19thentury.heasbrninalergyansfailyinbs

8、tnin1803andraisedbyhistherandaunt.aeriaaslivelybutdisrderedhenheasbrn.sepepleereaareftheappearanefneper,butnbdyuldexpressitlearly.heenteredharvarduniversityhenheas14yearsld.duringthisperidftie,hereadalargenubersfbksabutbritainrantiisandenrihedhisthughts.threeyearslater,hegraduatedandbeaeateaherfrtye

9、ars.in1826,heenteredseinaryfharvardandfrallyappintedaspriestin1829.hever,heresigned3yearslaterfrtreasns,thatis,heasunsatisfiediththedgaandhisifediedfillness.thenhetraveledarundeurpeandgttknsefausriters.heasdeeplyinfluenedbyrantiisandgraduallyfredhisntransendentalis.hereturnedthisuntryin1834andthense

10、hetieflling,hepublishednaturethatinludesalstallhisiprtantideas.frthattien,headeaddresseseveryherepublilyandgraduallybeaeaelebratedshlarinaeria.eersnalaysheldasallpartyithhisfriendsandadedisussinabutthelgy,philsphyandsilgy.suhkindfpartyasalledtransendentalislubatthattie.nat

11、urally,eersnbeaetheleaderftransendentalisandasrespnsiblefrbriningtransendentalistengland.eersnlletedallhisspeehaterialsandadeabkalledessays,inludingself-reliane,lve,andfriendshipandsn.eersnsessaysspeakshighlyftheanhshuldtrusttheirnsuggestin.headvatedthataanshulddevelpthenatinalprideandppsedfllingthe

12、therssaying.alstallhisspeehesadeadeepinfluenenaeriasnatinalivilizatin.in1837,hepublishedafausspeehhihdelaredthattheaerianliteratureasseparatedfrbritainliterature.heasalsthespkesanftransendentalis.eersnabandnedthethughthihtakesgdastheentre.heraisedtheideathattheanuldknthetruthbyinstint,stseextent,the

13、anisthegd.thenheriedutthatbelieveinyurself.hispininrefletedtheadvaningspiritfapitalissiety.thispsitivespiritasalledasaerianreliginanditpushedthedevelpentfnatinalspiritfaeria.heasthelairvyantfaerianspiritandbelngedtaeria,eersnsthughtsandrkslargelyprtedtheestablishentanddevelpentfaeriannatinalspirit.b

14、.self-relianeeersnsrksdeeplyattratreaders,espeiallyself-reliane,hihisfressays.thisprseisfinishedardingtaseriesfspeehaterialsbeteen1836and1837.self-relianeishissignifiantrkhihexpresseshisideaftransendentalis.“believeinyurselfistherepintfself-reliane.eersnppsedallfrsfiitatinintherks.hethughttheanshuld

15、believeheasexellentatanytie.therealanshuldlearnhtrejettdriftiththestrea.ifaanisafraidfpublipininrpelledhitdsethingunhanged,heillpssiblylsetheinnvativeabilityhihleadshitsuess.ifapersndesntanttlethirthesietydn,heustplyiththepriniplesinhisinnerheart,yetthepeplehplyiththeauthrity,traditinrurrentsysteean

16、sbreakthispriniple.theideashiheersnexpressedinhisprsearelargelydifferent.theyagreediththeaerianpeplesptiistispiritatthattie.abveall,hebelievedinindividualis,independeneandself-reliane.hisrksisnteasytbeunderstd.herenstrutedthenliteratureiagesinritingskillandendedtherksithneideas.generally,thereadersh

17、aveanviethathisideasarespeialandunique.nadays,thereareanybksabutself-supprt.theauthrsexpressaseriesfideasaseersndid.thediffereneisthatthenbksareeasiertbeunderstd.theauthrsusesiplesentenesintheirrkssthatallreadersaneasilyknhattheauthrsexpress.buteersnsself-relianeisneededtreadanyties.heainlyexpressed

18、furiprtantideasinthisrks,inluding“thenfidene,“theindependene,“thepersnality,“shingnsypathytthepr.“thenfideneisarepinthiheersnstressedinself-reliane.allenshuldtrusttheirnpininsinspitefthedifferentideas.eersnthughtaanshuldtrusthiselffirly.“theindependeneisanthersubjethihself-relianefullyelabrates.itex

19、pressesthataanshuldatindependentlybutntalaysreliesnthetherpeple.besides,“herks,eersngavethepininthattheprarelakfadvaningideas.theresultfsupprtingthepristdhartthe.atlast,tbeaself-reliantpersn,theanshuldkeephispersnality.theseideasareiprtantintdayssie

20、ty.thisprseexertsuhinfluenenanyrdinarypeple.ii.theanalysisneersnsthughtsinself-relianeself-relianeisntanaveragerk.itsntentisdiffiultfrreaderstunderstand.eersnshedanyfhispininsabutlifeintherk.thestiprtantideasinlude“thenfidene,“theindependene,“thepersnality,and“shingnsypathytthepr.theseideasarepratia

21、bleandeaningfulfrthereaderslives.a.thenfideneself-relianeisnefeersnsiprtantrkshihexpresshistransendentalis.“herks,eersnshedhispininsabutthenfidene.heritiizedallfrsfiitatinandppsedallself-abasedpeple.thenfideneisanevidentideahiheersngaveinself-reliane.hethughtthatthe

22、nfideneasaveryiprtantvirtue.thephilsphialideahihheexpressedinself-relianehaditsspeialper.itenlightenedanypepleandateredtthespiritfptiisinaeriaatthattie.eersnbelievedaanusttrusthiselfandbehiself.anyself-abasedpepleantexpresstheselvesbravelyandareashaedftheirdivineideasjustbeausetheideasaretheirn.eers

23、nbelievedthattheanshuldnernhisnpintsfvieandkeepthesteadfastly.inhispinin:“aanshuldlearntdetetandaththegleaflightflashesarsshisindfrithin,rethanthelusterfthefiraentfbardsandages.yethedisissesithutntiehisthught,beauseitishis.(eersn,p7,2022)frthissentene,itanbeaquiredthateersngavesupprtfrexpressingnesn

24、ideasludlyandbravelyinspitefthethersexistene.eersnspininsenlightenaantkeephisriginalsayinginthefaefixedvies.asanindividualinsiety,aanshuldntsuspethiself,rthesuspiinfrthetherpepleillattakhinstantly.thepersnhdesntbelieveinhiselfillneverinthethersredibility.ineersnsself-reliane,itisalittlediffiulttunde

25、rstandtheeaning.hever,“trustyurselfisexpressedlearlyandanbeknnbyreaderseasily.theauthrshedtheideathattheanshuldnthespiritfself-nfideneandtrytbethetruehiself.frexaple,eersnsaidinself-reliane:“l(fā)etusneverbandaplgizere.agreatanisingteatatyhuse,idntishtpleasehi;iishthatheshuldishtpleasee.(eersn,p20,2022)

26、neersnssaying,itisknnthathesupprtedtheantbehiselfgeneruslyinspitefthetherpeplessialstatus.neapersnesttherld,heispssibletbethebestne.hever,anypeplearegenerallytiid,andtheyarenlngerupright,theyareafraidfsaying“ithink,butnlyqutett.asaatterffat,eersnenuragedthepepletexpress“ithink,“iabravelyanddiretly.t

27、heserdslearlyprvethespiritfself-trust.thereisappularsayingthat“ifyuthinkyuan,yuan.thenfideneisthefirststeptakesuess.andeersnshedthevaluableideainhisrks.itisbelievedthatthereadersarerenfidentaftertheyfinishedself-reliane.b.theindependenejustas“thenfidene,“theindependeneisalsasignifiantideahiheersnshe

28、dintherks.“theindependeneislselyrelatediththespiritfself-reliane.theauthrentined“theindependeneeveryhereintherks.eersnsupprtedtheantbethetruehiselfindependently.eahpersnshuldatardingthathethinks.ardingteersnsriginalrds:“hatiustdisallthatnernse,nthatthepeplethink(eersn,p15,2022)，eersnthughtthatthepep

29、leshuldntbeinfluenedbythethers.eahneisthefirsthknshiselfuh.itisknnthatthenlyrightistnfrttheansnill,naely,thenlyrngthingishatisagainsthisnill.eersnsupprtedthatthepepleinsistnarryingtheselvesinthefaefallppsitin.thetrueself-independeneisvidfthersenurageent;prizeisjustasanauxiliaryfuntinfrahieveents.the

30、trueself-independentanisnehstillstandfirlyhenallpeplefallver,andhhiselfplaystheajrrleinhisrld,hileallthetherpersnsaresupprtingrles.eersnpintedutthatitaseasytliveaftertherldspinin.stpepleprefertthisindailylives.butagreatanalaysseparateshiselffrtherds.generallyspeaking,anypepleareeasilyinfluenedbyenvi

31、rnent.eersnsharplyppsedthisideainself-reliane.hethughttheanshuldultivatethepersnalityfself-independene.eersnexpressedantherkindfviepint,thatis,nsisteny,hihisinlargesaleakindfself-trust.henesaid:“areverenefrurpastatrrd,beausetheeyesfthershaventherdatafrputingurrbitthanurpastats,andearelathtdisappintt

32、he.(eersn,p16,2022)indeed,alargenuberfpersnalayspeiththeirlivesinthesaeay,beausetheyareafraidfbeingdefeatedbyneethds.hever,theyarelakfinnvatin,hihakesthelakfself-independene.beauseftheirnsisteny,itisverydiffiultfrthetakeprgressrstrideinlife.independeneisestablishednthebasisfntinuusneprgress.therefre

33、,thespiritfinnvatinanstrengthenself-reliane.eersnsaid:“naturesuffersnthingtreaininherkingdshihannthelpitself.thegenesisandaturatinfaplanet,itspiseandrbit,thebendedtreereveringitselffrthestrngind,thevitalresuresfeveryanialandvegetable,aredenstratinsfself-suffiing,andtherefreself-relyingsul.(eersn,p30

34、,2022)ardingteersnsrds,thesietyrefusesthepersnsithutself-reliane.nneanhelptheanexepthiself.thseindependentpepleanstandeasilyandstably.independeneisanindispensablequalityfrnessuess.eersnpintedutthattheanithutanyindependentideaisdiffiulttnduthiself.therefre,itisveryneessarytfrthehabitfself-reliane.the

35、persnalityinself-reliane,eersnadvatedthataanshulddeverythingardingthisnill.thisthughtislselyrelatediththeideafnfidene.anfidentanisthenehalayskeepshisnpersnality.itisaveryiprtantthughthiheersnexpressedintherks.itdeshelpthereaderstbenfident.nadays,anypepletendthasefashinandiitatestars.sepeplelvethesta

36、rsharatersdeeplyandevenanttbeastar.infat,thesepepleareexellentinanyaspets,buttheyneverlkfrtheireritsarefully.itissaidinthebestsellerintherld:“ithegreatestiraleinthenature;nneissaeithesinethegdreatedtherld.yhead,eyes,ears,handsaredistintive.itheuniquenessintherld.(gandin,p45,1996)frthispinin,itisknnt

37、hateahanisdifferent,andeahanhashisnrthintherld.itisuselesstiitateanyne.eersnsuggestedtheanexpresstheirpininsludlyandbravelyeveniftheyarerng.aanshuldnfrthisnpriniplesandlivenhisay.eersnsaid:“nlaanbesaredtebutthatfynature.gdandbadarebutnaesveryreadilytransferabletthatrthis;thenlyrightishatisafterynsti

38、tutin,thenlyrnghatisagainstit.aanistarryhiselfinthepresenefallppsitin,asifeverythingeretitularandepheeralbute.(eersn,p10,2022)frtherds,hedeisinhasbeenade,itisuneasythangeitrgiveitup.thereisafatthatsepeplearedifferentfrbefreaftertheenvirnentsarehanged.itisbviusthatthesepepleareinfluenedbythethersanda

39、reeasytfllthetherspriniplesandfrgettheirn.eersngavethereadersaverytypialexaple:“infanynfrstnbdy,allnfrstit,sthatnebabynlyakesfurrfivesutfadultshpattleandplaytit.(eersn,p8,2022)itshsthatifaanftenkeepshisnpersnality,heisabletaketheenvirnentdifferent.theansinnerperisliitless;heisablethangethehlerldifhe

40、standsnhisnfeetfrever.eersnalayslivedinhisnrldandneverixediththeanhhedidntbelngt.hesaid;“iillnthideytastesraversins,iillstrustthathatisdeepishly,thatiilldstrnglybefrethesunandnhateverinlyrejiese,andtheheartappints,ifyuarenble,iilllveyu,ifyuarent,iillnthurtyuandyselfbyhypritialattentins.(eersn,p32,20

41、22)thesepintsfvieareeasytbeunderstd.therepintisthataanshuldinsistthathisideabethebestne.asaaterffat,itistheansfaith,nttheenvirnentthatinfluenespepleslives.asuessfulanisthenehdeeplytrustshisinnerper.heisneverinfluenedbytheenvirnent.d.shingnsypathyttheprinself-reliane,eersnfundaentallyshedtheideafnfid

42、eneandindependene.besidestheseideas,heillustratedtheideaf“shingnsypathytthepr.thispintfvieagreesiththenfideneandindependene.eersnindiretlyshedthereasnhytheanisprandhynsypathyshuldbeshedtthepr.frself-reliane,eersnneversypathizediththepersnhhadnrelatinithhi.hejustdidhatheshuldd.hesaid:“expetenttshause

43、shyiseekrhyiexludepany.thenagain,dnttelle,asagdandidtday,fybligatintputallpreningdsituatins.aretheyypr?itellyur,yurflishphilanthrpist,thatigrudgethedllar,thedie,theent.igivetsuhenasdntbelngteandhidntbelng.(eersn,p12,2022)thispintfvieshsthatiftheseprpepleareself-supprted,theirlivingnditinsuldbebetter

44、.helpingthiskindfpepleistdharttheandakethereandrepr.thereisappularsaying:“ifnespketisepty,butideaisfull,thatsteprary;nthentrary,ifnespketiffull,butideaisepty,thatsalsteprary.atsttie,theprarelakfindependentnduts,ptiistiattitudes,andadventurusspirits.theyhaveninnvativeabilities,beausetheyneverthinktha

45、ttheyshuldhallengelifeandakeprgress.therefre,inanyaspets,theprarelaggedbehindfthesiety.freersnspinin,hedefinitelyrejetedthelpthiskindfpeple.hever,setiesthesituatinisdifferent,justaseersnsaid“thereisalassfpersnsthbyallspiritualaffinityiabughtandsld,frtheiillgtprisn.(eersn,p12,2022).thiskindfpepleisth

46、eprinpket,buttheyarefullfideasinind.theyhavethequalityfnfidene,findependene,butnlylakfaterials.eersnbelievedthattheirnditinsuldbequiklyiprvedthrughaperidftie.theprnditinisntterrible,buttheprindisaveryseriusprble.theanshuldneverhelptheprithney,butgivetheatltprdueealthbytheselves,rteahthetbeindependen

47、tandhallengeable.eersnspininstardstheprhavegiventhereadersaeaningfulenlightenent.iiiself-relianesenlightenentntdayssietyself-relianegivesreadersuhhelpinpingiththeirlives.itexertsenlightenentnreaderstbenfidentandindependent.itteahesanttakeadvaningattitudestardslife.besides,theseideasenlightenfealesli

48、fe.itisalsfgreathelpfrindividualsprgressandauntrysdevelpent.a.attitudestardslifeself-relianeprfundlyinspiresaantstrengthenhisself-nfidene.ayungansaidinafru:“iftheyareafraidfthersdifferentsuggestinandgiveuptheirnthinking,thenthatslsingtheselves.natterhattheyd,theyshuldkeepdefinitepintfvieandindepende

49、ntthinking.(sear,p49,2002).hefurtherexplainedthateverynesideaisdifferent,nneanakethethersthesaeithhehiself,sjustthinkabutthebjetinbutneglettheirrelevantdisussin.hentheanfinisheshisai,allvieshavestppedithit.eahanshuldhavehisvirtueintakingithallprbles.theattitudestardslifehavethies.neistdieandthetheri

50、stlive.eersnsself-relianeteahesthereaderstflltheirnthughtsandtakeptiistiattitudestardslife.everythinghastsides,thestiprtantisthathihsidetheanhses.aanshuldbenfidenteveryday,andtheneahdayisbeautifulandithutrry.eersnshedinhisrksthateahanshuldbeindependenttpeithhisprbles,butntalaysseekfrassistane.theana

51、nlearnfrthetherpeple,butheshuldakedeisinsbyhiself.eahsuessfulanhashisnpersnalitysthatheiseasytahievehisdreas.neapersnathesthefundaentalideafself-independeneandself-nfidene,heantellhihisrightrrngnatterhpliatedtheinterpersnalrelatinis.thenheislikelytrejettparrt.b.thefealesself-relianeitisknnthatananda

52、narebrnfinequalityinhuanhistry.natterhsuessfultheensliberatinis,thisbiasillfreverupypeplesinds.iththedevelpentfsiety,sefealepepleithspiritsfself-supprtfierelybjetthisthught.enhavetheirnfrteinsttiehiletheendnthave.itisaeptedthatenssialstatusishighlyiprved.ardingttheinvestigatin,thefealeffiersranagers

53、arehighlyinreasedandauntalargeprprtinangthettal.besidesthis,stenaeptreadvanededuatinthantheale.hever,theprejudieriginatedfrthehistryseesnevertdisappearfrpeplesinds.seenarestillsufferingfrtheprejudieinsuhadevelpedsiety.indernsiety,theenpssesssanysialprtls.frinstane,thereisappularsayingthat“l(fā)adiesfirs

54、t,andthenatinallaalssafeguardsthefealesrightsandinterests.senethinkstheeaningipliedinthisphenennisthatthesietytakesenastheeak,frthepeplehneedprtetinaretseextenteakerthanthsehandealithprblesbytheselves.hever,althughasallpartfgirlsantliventheirn,stenareaareftherisis,andstftheandealiththeirlivespletely

55、andindependently.neersnsvies,hetheraanranis,he/sheshulddependntheselvesexeptthegeneralassistanefreahther.asaniprtantpartinhuanbeing,enshuldhavetheirnunderstanding,theirnareersandrlds.segirlshseekfrtunerrelianefrenareseverelylkeddnupnbysiety.thseenseetleadaperfetlife,buttheirinnerheartsaretvid.theyak

56、nledgethattheyarerruptedandfrsakenbysiety.hereas,theyarerelutanttesapefrthisrruptedlivingirlenetheyabandntheselvestit.rever,theyftensearhprtetin,respnsibilityfren.butstenareadvaninginind.itseesthatentakereandresignifiantrlesinafaily,eveninthesiety.stenftensupprtfrtheirfailieshihtestifiestheirhighabi

57、lity.freersnsideasinself-reliane,allenshuldntheself-relianefidea,feny,andfability.headvatedtheentstrivefrthesialstatusandakentributinstthesiety.theinfluenenindividualstbeaself-independentpersnanabslutelyhangeneshublelifeeveninthebakardsiety.generally,theprpepleareinliningtbeself-reliantfrerinflife.i

58、tisellknnthattherihestan,lijiaheng,isthebusinesstyninhngkng.itisanevidentexaplethatthepranisabitiusandself-iprvingsthatheanbeeanunnpersninlatertie.antherfauspersnistheheadfbardfengniuenterprise,niugengsheng.heassldutfr50yuanhenheasininfanyntbeausehisparentsabandnedhibutbeausetheyuldntraisehi.insuhki

59、ndflivingnditin,hestudiedandrkedhardtbeasuessfulan.allenareintelligentandbrave,butntallenanakesuess.sepepleftenplainabutdestiny.theisethinkthatsuessriginatesfrnesspirit.thegeniusisnlybutnpepleithknledgeandvirtue.helenkeller,theeverlastingpridefhuanbeing,asdeprivedfbthsightandhearingaftertheterriblei

60、llnessinthe19thnthaftersheasbrn.hever,sheasntdefeatedbydisastruslifehihhappenedtherinheryungage.nneaniaginehadubanddeafgirltransfredherlifethrughlybyherpersistenthardrkandperseveringspirit,yethelenkellerdidit.heradversityandgreatahieveentsstiulatesthenpepletrkhardandtbeself-supprted.helensrearkables