1、高三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題（一）定語(yǔ)從句 【專題眺望】知能目標(biāo)： 正確判斷使用關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。表示所有格的whose和of which之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。 只能用that引導(dǎo)不能用which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句以及只能用which不用that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的特點(diǎn)?！局R(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)】 關(guān)系詞的作用及類別定語(yǔ)從句分為：限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫做“先行詞”。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫“關(guān)系詞”。關(guān)系詞有兩個(gè)作用：1、引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。2、代替先行詞在其引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。（1）先行詞一般是名詞和不定代詞，如:some-, any-, every-和no與-boy, -thing的合

2、成詞；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代詞。數(shù)詞也可以作先行詞，人稱代詞也同樣可作先行詞。（2）先行詞與關(guān)系詞是等量關(guān)系。必須注意兩點(diǎn)： 先行詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)由先行詞而定。Anyone who breaks the law is to be punished.Those who are against the plan please sign your names here.關(guān)系詞在從句句子中充當(dāng)了成分，其意思就是先行詞的意義，所以在從句中不能重復(fù)其意。錯(cuò)：There are many places we can visit them in Ch

3、ina.關(guān)系詞有兩類：關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, which, that, whose, as。關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why。that偶爾也作關(guān)系副詞。when 指時(shí)間 = in / at / on / during/+ whichwhere指地點(diǎn) = in / at / from / + whichwhy指原因 = for which注意：1). 當(dāng)先行詞為way、day、reason、time時(shí)，可用that作關(guān)系副詞。（非正式場(chǎng)合） 2). 當(dāng)time作先行詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞可以省掉。I dont like the way (that / in which / )he tal

4、ks.This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French.This is the reason why he was late.=This is the reason (that)he was late. 關(guān)系詞的選用與判斷 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用取決于先行詞及它們?cè)诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中的語(yǔ)法成份關(guān)系代詞先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)法成份who人主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)whom人賓語(yǔ)whose人或物定語(yǔ)which物主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)that人或物主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)as主要用于非限制性的定語(yǔ)從句和suchas, the sameas, asas,結(jié)構(gòu)中。關(guān)系副詞先行詞在

5、定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)法成份when表時(shí)間的名詞時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)where表地點(diǎn)的名詞地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)why表原因的名詞原因狀語(yǔ)that主要用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和介詞+ which可作關(guān)系副詞 確定關(guān)系詞的步驟（1）先找關(guān)系詞，看先行詞指的是什么。（2）看關(guān)系詞在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?。那就是他工作的大學(xué)。 at which he works. which he works at.That is the college where he works. that he works at. he works at.（做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可省略） 它出生的那一天是1952年8月2

6、0日。 on which he was born which he was born onThe day when he was born was ,1952. that he was born on he was born on .（做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可省略） why he came late is not clear. The reason which he gave is not acceptable. he explained is not acceptable. （做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可省略）注意定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞省略與保留：1).在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中which, whom, that充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以省

7、略。而在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中whom, who, which 不能省略。2).當(dāng)and, but, or等連詞連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的定語(yǔ)從句修飾一個(gè)先行詞時(shí),關(guān)系代詞第一個(gè)可省略,第二、第三個(gè)等不可省略。例如: This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I found very interesting. 這就是我昨天讀的那本書(shū),它很有趣。 You have many people around you (whom) you always turn to and whom you will never forget.你身邊有很多人,你經(jīng)常

8、向他們求助,你永遠(yuǎn)不要忘記他們。 特殊的定語(yǔ)從句句型：He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.【重難點(diǎn)透析】1. 只能用that 而不能用which引導(dǎo)的情況1)關(guān)系代詞是everything，anything，nothing，all，little，few，much，any，some，none，the one等不定代詞時(shí) etc. (something作先行詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞既可用which 也可用that) We should do all that is useful to the people. D

9、o you mean the one that was bought yesterday.2)先行詞被the only，the very，the just ,the same，the last，all，any，some，no，few，little，much等修飾 The only thing that we can do was to wait. You can take any seat that is free.3).先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí) When we talk about Hangzhou, the first that came to our mind is the We

10、stlake.4)先行詞是最高級(jí)或被最高級(jí)級(jí)修飾時(shí) This is the best that we can be done now.5)先行詞既有人又有物 The director and his movie that you have just talked about is really popular.6)先行詞是由數(shù)詞而形成的代詞 In face there are four of them. The two that you could see now survived the fire.7)主句是there be結(jié)構(gòu)He asks for a book(that) there i

11、s on the subject .(現(xiàn)有的。)l must make full use of the time(that) there is left to me.( 我要充分利用我的剩余時(shí))8)在雙重從句中,其一已經(jīng)用了which,另一個(gè)用that He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.9)先行詞是主句表語(yǔ),或關(guān)系詞本身是從句表語(yǔ)China is no longer the country that it (what it )used to be.He has changed

12、a lot ;he is not the man that (who)he was.10)主語(yǔ)是who/which開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)Which is the car that hurt my sons leg? Who that has such a house doesnt love it?2. whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)： = 1 * GB3 whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，其先行詞不僅可以指人，還可以指物。Mr King, whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital

13、.It was a meeting whose importance I didnt realize at the time.I saw a tree whose leaves were black with disease. = 2 * GB3 whose在定語(yǔ)從句中與它所修飾的名詞一起可作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，可以與介詞放在先行詞與從句之間。The boss in whose department Mr King worked had heard about the accident.Tom, on whose bike I went to school is a friend of mine. =

14、 3 * GB3 whose的先行詞指物時(shí), 可用of which代替, 但詞序不同，即whose+n=the +n +of whichThe novel whose title(the title of which/of which the title) is Red and Black is very interesting.He lives in the room whose window( the window of which/of which the window) faces south.3. 限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別1).限定性定語(yǔ)從句：從句和主句關(guān)系密切，去掉從句，主句意思不完整，甚至不合邏輯。例如：I was the only person in our office who was invited. 我是辦公室里唯一受到邀請(qǐng)的人。2).非限