1、TESTFORENGLISHMAJORS(2014)GRADEEIGHTPARTILISTENINGCOMPREHENSION(35MIN)SECTIONAMINI-LECTUREInthissectionyouwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillhearthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelistening,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtocompleteagap-fillingtaskafterthemini-lecture.Whenthe

2、lectureisover,youwillbegiventwominutestocheckyournotes,andanothertenminutestocompletethegap-fillingtaskonANSWERSHEETONE,usingnomorethanthreewordsineachgap.Makesuretheword(s)youfillinis(are)bothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyacceptable.YoumayrefertoyournoteswhilecompletingthetaskUsetheblanksheetfornote-

3、taking.Now,listentothemini-lecture.HowtoReduceStressLifeisfullofthingsthatcauseussress.Thoughwemaynotlikestress,wehavetolivewithit.Definitionofstress(1)reactioni.e.forceexertedbetweentwotouchingbodieshumanreactioni.e.responseto(2)onsomeonee.g.increaseinbreathing,heartrate,(3),ormuscletension(4),posi

4、tivestresswhereitoccurs:Christmas,wedding,(5)negativestresswhereitoccurs:test-takingsituations,friendsdeathWaystocopewithstressrecoginitionofstresssignalsmonitorfor(6)ofstressfindwaystoprotectoneselfattentiontobodydemandeffectof(7)planningandactingappropriatelyreasonforplanning(8)ofplanninglearningt

5、o(9)e.g.dlaycausedbytrafficpacingactivitiesmanageabletask(10SECTIONBINTERVIEWInthissectionyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.MarkthebestanswertoeachquestiononANSWERSHEETTWO.Questions1to5arebasedonaninterview.Attheendoftheinterviewyouwillbegiven10secondst

6、oanswereachofthefollowingfivequestions.Nowlistentotheinterview.Accordingtotheinterviewer,whichofthefollowingbestindicatestherelationshipbetweenchoiceandmobility?Bettereducationgreatermobilitymorechoices.Bettereducationmorechoicesgreatermobility.Greatermobilitybettereducationmorechoices.Greatermobili

7、tymorechoicesbettereducation.Accordingtotheinterview,whichofthefollowingdetailsaboutthefirstpollisINCORRECT?Shorterworkhourswasleastchosenforbeingmostimportant.Chancesforadvancementmighthavebeenfavouredbyyoungpeople.Highincomefailedtocomeontopforbeingmostimportant.Jobsecuritycamesecondaccordingtothe

8、pollresults.Accordingtotheinterviewee,whichisthemaindifferencebetweenthefirstandthesecondpoll?Thetypeofrespondentswhowereinvited.Thewayinwhichthequestionsweredesigned.Thecontentareaofthequestions.Thenumberofpollquestions.Whatcanwelearnfromtherespondentsanswerstoitems2,4and7inthesecondpoll?Recognitio

9、nfromcolleaguesshouldbegivenlessimportance.Workersarealwayswillingandreadytolearnmorenewskills.Psychologicalrewardismoreimportantthanmaterialone.Workwillhavetobemadeinterestingtoraiseefficiency.Accordingtotheinterviewee,whichofthefollowingcanofferbothpsychologicalandmonetarybenefits?Contactwithmanyp

10、eople.Chancesforadvancement.Appreciationfromcoworkers.Chancestolearnnewskills.SECTIONCNEWSBROADCASTInthissectionyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.MarkthebestanswertoeachquestiononANSWERSHEETTWO.Questions6and7arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsi

11、tem,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothenews.Accordingtothenewsitem,sleepboxespanies.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtruewithreferencetothenews?Sleepboxescanberentedfordifferentlengthsoftime.Rentersofnormalheightcanstandupinside.Beddingcanbeautomaticallychanged.Renterscantakeashowerins

12、idethebox.Question8isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestion.Nowlistentothenews.Whatisthenewsitemmainlyabout?LondonspreparationsfortheNottingHillCarnival.MainfeaturesoftheNottingHillCarnival.Policespreventivemeasuresforthecarnival.Policeparticipationi

13、nthecarnival.Questions9and10arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothenews.ThenewsitemreportsonaresearchfindingabouttheDutchfamineandtheDutchwomen.earlymalnutritionandhearthealth.thecausesofdeathduringthefamine.nutritioninchildhoodanda

14、dolescence.Whendidtheresearchteamcarryoutthestudy?AttheendofWorldWarII.Between1944and1945.Inthe1950s.In2007.PARTIIREADINGCOMPREHENSION(30MIN)TEXTAMyclassatHarvardBusinessSchoolhelpsstudentsunderstandwhatgoodmanagementtheoryisandhowitisbuilt.Ineachsession,welookatonecompanythroughthelensesofdifferent

15、theories,usingthemtoexplainhowthecompanygotintoitssituationandtoexaminewhatactionwillyieldtheneededresults.Onthelastdayofclass,Iaskedmyclasstoturnthosetheoreticallensesonthemselvestofindanswerstotwoquestions:First,HowcanIbesureIllbehamppyycianreer?Second,HowcanIbesuremyrelationshipswithmyspouseandmy

16、familywillbecomeanenduringsourceofhappiness?Herearesomemanagementtoolsthatcanbeusedtohelpyouleadapurposefullife.1.UseYourResourcesWisely.Yourdecisionsaboutallocatingyourpersonaltime,energy,andtalentshapeyourlifesstrategy.Ihaveabunchof“businesses”thatcompetefortheseresources:Imrewardingrelationshipwi

17、thmywife,raisegreatkids,contributetomycommunity,succeedinmycareer,andcontributetomychurch.AndIhaveexactlythesameproblemthatacorporationdoes.Ihavealimitedamountoftime,energyandtalent.HowmuchdoIdevotetoeachofthesepursuits?Allocationchoicescanmakeyourlifeturnouttoverydifferentfromwhatyouintended.Someti

18、mesthatgsood:opportunitiesthatyouhaveneverplannedforemerge.Butifyoudontinvestyourresourceswisely,theoutcomecanbebad.AsIthinkaboutmyformerclassmateswhoinadvertentlyinvestedinlivesofhollowunhappiness,Icanthelpbelievingthattheirtroublesrelatedrightbacktoashort-termperspective.Whenpeoplewithahighneedfor

19、achievementhaveanextrahalfhouroftimeoranextraounceofenergy,theyllunconsciouslyallocateittoactivitiesthatyieldthemosttangibleaccomplishments.Ourcareersprovidethemostconcreteevidencethatweremovingforward.Youshipaproduct,finishadesign,completeapresentation,closeasaleteachaclass,publishapaper,getpaid,ge

20、tpromoted.Incontrast,investingtimeandenergyinyourrelationshipswithyourspouseandchildrentypicallydoesntofferthesameimmediatachievement.Kidsmisbehaveeveryday.Itsreallynotuntil20yearsdowntheroadthatyoucansay,agoodsonoragooddaughter.”Youcanneglectyourrelationshipwithyourspouseandonadailybasisitdoesntsee

21、masifthingaredeteriorating.Peoplewhoaredriventoexcelhavethisunconsciouspropensitytounderinvestintheirfamiliesandoverinvestintheircareers,eventhoughintimateandlovingfamilyrelationshipsarethemostpowerfulandenduringsourceofhappiness.Ifyoustudytherootcausesofbusinessdisasters,overandoveryoullfindthispre

22、dispositiontowardendeavorsthatofferimmediategratification.Ifyoulookatpersonallivesthroughthatlens,youllseethatsamestunningandsoberingpattern:peopleallocatingfewerandfewerresourcestothethingstheywouldhaveoncesaidmatteredmost.2.CreateAFamilyCulture.Itsonethingtoseeintothefoggyfuturewithaacuityandchart

23、thecoursecorrectionsacompanymustmake.Butitsquiteanothertopersuadeemployeestolineupandworkcooperativelytotakethecompanyinthatnewdirection.Whenthereislittleagreement,youhavetouse“powertools”coercion,threats,punishmentsartosecurecooperation.Butifemployeeswaysofworkingtogethersucceedoverandover,consensu

24、sbeginstoform.Ultimately,peopledonteventhinkaboutwhethertheirwayyieldssuccess.Theyembraceprioritiesandfollowproceduresbyinstinctandassumptionratherthanbyexplicitdecision,whichmeansthattheyvecreatedaculture.Culture,incompellingbutunspokenways,dictatestheproven,acceptablemethodsbywhichmembersofagroupa

25、ddressrecurrentproblems.Andculturedefinestheprioritygiventodifferenttypesofproblems.Itcanbeapowerfulmanagementtool.Iusethismodeltoaddressthequestion,HowcanIbemyfamilybecomesanenduringsourceofhappiness?Mystudentsquicklyseethatthesimplestwayparentscanelicitcooperationfromchildrenistowieldpowertools.Bu

26、ttherecomesapointduringtheteenyearswhenpowertoolsnolongerwork.Atthatpoint,parentsstartwishingtheyhadbegunworkingwiththeirchildrenataveryyoungagetobuildacultureinwhichchildreninstinctivelybehaverespectfullytowardoneanother,obeytheirparents,andchoosetherightthingtodo.Familieshavecultures,justacompanie

27、sdo.Thoseculturescanbebuiltconsciously.Ifyouwantyourkidstohavestrongself-esteemandtheconfidencethattheycansolvehardproblems,thosequalitieswontmagicallymaterializeinhighschool.Youhavetodesignthemintofamilyyouhavethinkaboutthisveryearlyon.Likeemployees,childrenbuildself-esteembydoingthingsthatareharda

28、ndlearningwhatworks.Accordingtotheauthor,thekeytosuccessfulallocationofresourcesinyourlifedependsonwhetheryoucanmanageyourtimewellB.havelong-termplanningC.areluckyenoughtohavenewopportunitiesD.cansolvebothcompanyandfamilyproblemsWhatistheroleofthestatement“Ourcareersprovidethemostconcreteevidencetha

29、tweremovingforward”withreferencetothepreviousstatementintheparagraph?ToofferfurtherexplanationB.ToprovideadefinitionC.TopresentacontrastD.ToillustratecareerdevelopmentAccordingtotheauthor,acommoncauseoffailureinbusinessandfamilyrelationshipsislackofplanningB.short-sightednessC.shortageofresourcesD.d

30、ecisionbyinstinctAccordingtotheauthor,whendoesculturebegintoemergeWhenpeopledecidewhatandhowtodobyinstinctWhenpeoplerealizetheimportanceofconsensusWhenpeopleasagroupdecidehowtosucceedWhenpeopleuse“powertools”toreachagreementOneofthesimilaritiesbetweencompanycultureandfamilycultureisthatproblem-solvi

31、ngabilityisessentialB.cooperationisthefoundationC.respectandobediencearekeyelementsD.cultureneedstobenurturedTextBItwasnearlybed-timeandwhentheyawokenextmorninglandwouldbeinsight.Dr.Macphaillithispipeand,leaningovertherail,searchedtheheavensfortheSouthernCross.Aftertwoyearsatthefrontandawoundthathad

32、takenlongertohealthanitshould,hewasgladtosettledownquietlyatApia（阿皮亞，西薩摩亞首都）fortwelvemonthsatleast,andhefeltalreadybetterforthejourney.SincesomeofthepassengerswereleavingtheshipnextdayatPago-Pagotheyhadhadalittledancethateveningandinhisearshammeredstilltheharshnotesofthemechanicalpiano.Butthedeckwas

33、quietatlast.AlittlewayoffhesawhiswifeinalongchairtalkingwiththeDavidsons,andhestrolledovertoher.Whenhesatdownunderthelightandtookoffhishatyousawthathehadveryredhair,withabaldpatchonthecrown,andthered,freckledskinwhichaccompaniesredhair;hewasamanofforty,thin,withapinchedface,preciseandratherpedantic;

34、andhespokewithaScotsaccentinaverylow,quietvoice.BetweentheMacphailsandtheDavidsons,whoweremissionaries,therehadarisentheintimacyofshipboard,whichisduetopropinquityratherthantoanycommunityoftaste.Theirchieftiewasthedisapprovaltheysharedofthemenwhospenttheirdaysandnightsinthesmoking-roomplayingpokeror

35、bridgeanddrinking.Mrs.MacphailwasnotalittleflatteredtothinkthatsheandherhusbandweretheonlypeopleonboardwithwhomtheDavidsonswerewillingtoassociate,andeventhedoctor,shybutnofool,halfunconsciouslyacknowledgedthecompliment.Itwasonlybecausehewasofanargumentativemindthatintheircabinatnighthepermittedhimse

36、lftocarp（嘮叨）.Mrs.Davidsonwassayingshedidntknowhowtheydhavegotthroughthejourneyifithadnus,saidMrs.Macphail,assheneatlybrushedouthertransformation假（發(fā)）.Shesaidwerweereallytheonlypeopleontheshiptheycaredtoknow.Ishouldnthavethoughtamissionarywassuchabig要u人、名士）thathecouldaffordtoputonfrills（擺架子）.Itsnotfri

37、lls.Iquiteunderstandwhatshemeans.ItwouldnfortthaevDeabveidesnovnesrytoniceTOC o 1-5 h zhavetomixwithallthatroughlotinthesmoking-room.Thefounderoftheirreligionwasntsoexclusive,saidDr.Macphailwithachuckle.Iveaskedyouoverandoveragainnottojokeaboutreligion,answeredhiswife.Istohaveanaturelikeyours,Alec.Y

38、ouneverlookforthebestinpeople.Hegaveherasidelongglancewithhispale,blueeyes,butdidnotreply.Aftermanyyearsofmarriedlifehehadlearnedthatitwasmoreconducivetopeacetoleavehiswifewiththelastword.Hewasundressedbeforeshewas,andclimbingintotheupperbunkhesettleddowntoreadhimselftosleep.Whenhecameondecknextmorn

39、ingtheywereclosetoland.Helookedatitwithgreedyeyes.Therewasathinstripofsilverbeachrisingquicklytohillscoveredtothetopwithluxuriantvegetation.Thecoconuttrees,thickandgreen,camenearlytothewatersedge,andamongthemyousawthegrasshousesoftheSamoaris（薩摩亞人）;andhereandthere,gleamingwhite,alittlechurch.Mrs.Davi

40、dsoncameandstoodbesidehim.Shewasdressedinblack,andworeroundherneckagoldchain,fromwhichdangledasmallcross.Shewasalittlewoman,withbrown,dullhairveryelaboratelyarranged,andshehadprominentblueeyesbehindinvisiblepince-nez（夾鼻眼鏡）.Herfacewaslong,likeasheeps,butshegavenoimpressionoffoolishness,ratherofextrem

41、ealertness;shehadthequickmovementsofabird.Themostremarkablethingaboutherwashervoice,high,metallic,andwithoutinflection;itfellontheearwithahardmonotony,irritatingtothenerveslikethepitilessclamourofthepneumaticdrill.Thismustseemlikehometoyou,saidDr.Macphail,withhisthin,difficultsmile.Oursarelowislands

42、,youknow,notlikethese.Coral.Thesearevolcanic.Wevegotanothejourneytoreachthem.Inthesepartsthatsalmostlikebeinginthenextstreetathome,saidDr.MacphailfacetiouWell,thatsratheranexaggeratedwayofputtingit,butonedoeslookatdistancesdifferentlyintheJSouthSeas.Sofaryoureright.Dr.Macphailsighedfaintly.Itcanbein

43、ferredfromthefirstparagraphthatDr.MacphailpreferredquietnesstonoiseB.enjoyedthesoundofthemechanicalpianoC.wasgoingbacktohishometownD.wantedtobefriendtheDavidsonsTheMacphailsandtheDavidsonswereineachotherecompanybecausetheyA.hadsimilarexperienceB.likedeachotherC.shareddislikeforsomepassengersD.hadsim

44、ilarreligiousbeliefWhichofthefollowingstatementsbestDESCRIBESMrs.Macphail?A.ShewasgoodatmakingfriendsB.ShewaspronetoquarrellingwithherhusbandC.ShewasskillfulindealingwithstrangersD.Shewaseasytogetalongwith.AllthefollowingadjectivescanbeusedtodepictMrs.DavidsonEXCEPTA.arrogantB.unapproachableC.unplea

45、santD.irritableWhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutDr.MacphailisINCORRECT?A.Hewassociable.B.Hewasintelligent.C.Hewasafraidofhiswife.D.HewasfunoftheDavidsons.TextCTodaywemakeroomforaremarkablynarrowrangeofpersonalitystyles.Weretoldthattobegreatistobebold,tobehappyistobesociable.Weseeourselvesasanationo

46、fextrovertswhichmeanstsightofwhowereallyare.One-thirdtoone-halfofAmericansareintrovertsintheotherwords,oneverytwoorthreepeopleyouknow.Ifyourenotanintrovertyourself,youaresurelyraising,managing,marriedto,orcoupledwithone.Ifthesestatisticssurpriseyou,thatsprobablybecausesomanypeoplepretendtobeextrover

47、ts.Closetintrovertspassundetectedonplaygrounds,inhighschoollockerrooms,andinthecorridorsofcorporateAmerica.Somefooleventhemselves,untilsomelifeeventalayoff,anemptynest,aninheritancethatfreesthemtospendtimeastheylikejoltsthemintotakingstockoftheirtruenatures.Youhaveonlytoraisethissubjectwithyourfrien

48、dsandacquaintancestofindthatthemostunlikelypeopleconsiderthemselvesintroverts.Itmakessensethatsomanyintrovertshideevenfromthemselves.WelivewithavaluesystemthatIcalltheExtrovertIdealtheomnipresentbeliefthattheidealselfisgregarious,alpha,andcomfortableinthespotlight.Thearchetypalextrovertprefersaction

49、tocontemplation,risk-takingtoheed-taking,certaintytodoubt.Hefavorsquickdecisions,evenattheriskofbeingwrong.Sheworkswellinteamsandsocializesingroups.Weliketothinkthatwevalueindividuality,butalltoooftenweadmireonetypeofindividualcomfortableputtinghimselfoutthere.Sure,weallowtechnologicallygiftedloners

50、wholaunchcompaniesingaragestohaveanypersonalitytheyplease,buttheyaretheexceptions,nottherule,andourtoleranceextendsmainlytothosewhogetfabulouslywealthyorholdthepromiseofdoingso.Introversionalongwithitscousinssensitivity,seriousness,andshynessisnowasecond-classpersonalitytrait,somewherebetweenadisapp

51、ointmentandapathology.IntrovertslivingundertheExtrovertIdealarelikewomeninamansworld,discountedbecauseofatraitthatgoestothecoreofwhotheyare.Extroversionisanenormouslyappealingpersonalitystyle,butweveturneditintoanoppressivestandardtowhichmostofusfeelwemustconform.TheExtrovertIdealhasbeendocumentedin

52、manystudies,thoughthisresearchhasneverbeengroupedunderasinglename.Talkativepeople,forexample,areratedassmarter,better-looking,moreinteresting,andmoredesirableasfriends.Velocityofspeechcountsaswellasvolume:werankfasttalkersasmorecompetentandlikablethanslowones.Eventhewordintrovertisstigmatizedoneinfo

53、rmalstudy,bypsychologistLaurieHelgoe,foundthatintrovertsdescribedtheirownphysicalappearanceinvividlanguage,butwhenaskedtodescribegenericintrovertstheydrewablandanddistastefulpicture.ButwemakeagravemistaketoembracetheExtrovertIdealsounthinkingly.Someofourgreatestideas,art,andinventionsfromthetheoryof

54、evolutiontovanGoghssunflowerstothepersonalcomputercamefromquietandcerebralpeoplewhoknewhowtotuneintotheirinnerworldsandthetreasurestobefoundthere.Accordingtotheauthor,thereexists,asfaraspersonalitystylesareconcerned,adiscrepancybetweenA.whatpeoplesaytheycandoandwhattheyactuallycanwhatsocietyvaluesan

55、dwhatpeoplepretendtobewhatpeopleprofessandwhatstatisticsshowD.whatpeopleprofessandwhattheyhidefromothersTheidealextrovertisdescribedasbeingallthefollowingEXCEPTA.doubtfulB.sociableC.determinedD.boldAccordingtotheauthor,oursocietyonlypermits_tohavewhateverpersonalitytheylike.A.theyoungB.theordinaryC.

56、theartisticD.therichsopinAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsBESTreflectstheauthorA.Introversionisseenasaninferiortraitbecauseofitsassociationwithsensitivity.sopinExtroversionisarbitraryforcedbysocietyasanormuponpeople.Introvertsaregenerallyregardedaseitherunsuccessfulorasdeficient.Ex

57、troversionandintroversionhavesimilarpersonalitytraitprofiles.Theauthorwindsupthepassagewithanote.A.cautiousB.warningC.positiveD.humorousTextDSpeakingtwolanguagesratherthanjustonehasobviouspracticalbenefitsinanincreasinglyglobalizedworld.Butinrecentyears,scientistshavebeguntoshowthattheadvantagesofbi

58、lingualismareevenmorefundamentalthanbeingabletoconversewithawiderrangeofpeople.Beingbilingual,itturnsout,makesyousmarter.Itcanhaveaprofoundeffectonyourbrain,improvingcognitiveskillsnotrelatedtolanguageandevenshieldingagainstdementiainoldage.Thisviewofbilingualismisremarkablydifferentfromtheunderstan

59、dingofbilingualismthroughmuchofthe20thcentury.Researchers,educatorsandpolicymakerslongconsideredasecondlanguagetobeaninterference,cognitivelyspeaking,thathinderedachildsacademicandintellectualdevelopment.Theywerenotwrongabouttheinterference:thereisampleevidencethatinabilingualbrsainbothlanguagesyste

60、msareactiveevenwhenheisusingonlyonelanguage,thuscreatingsituationsinwhichonesystemobstructstheother.Butthisinterference,researchersarefindingout,isnstomuchahandicapasablessingindisguise.Itforcesthebraintoresolveinternalconflict,givingthemindaworkoutthatstrengthensitscognitivemuscles.Thecollectiveevi