1、漢譯英對策（2）1漢譯英主干的確立一、主語的確立1. 漢語的主語非常靈活，幾乎可以由各種類型的詞匯和語言單位來擔任；英語主語的語法要求則非常嚴格，只能由名詞或具有名詞語法功能的語言單位（不定式、動名詞、名詞性從句）來充當。因此，譯文的主語確立首先要考慮它是否符合英語組句和英語主語角色的邏輯。2例那個地方明年5月以前1000萬元調(diào)查研究快用這種方法巧干如果運用科學的方法能解決這個問題3上面的句子，英譯時主語只能有兩種選擇(1)增添人稱主語“We/You/One”；(2)把“這個難題”當作主語，謂語譯成被動式。We can solve this problem / This problem can

2、 be solved at that place.before next May.with ten million yuan.42.漢語主語有時候有隱蔽性，難以一眼看清。譯者必須找出合乎英、美人思維方式的主語。例1在歷史上，由于長江不斷改道，在武漢地區(qū)形成了眾多的湖泊。譯文 The constant change of the course of the Yangtze River in history helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan.5例2健康狀況不佳就無法有效地工作。譯文1 Ones poor health

3、will incapacitate him for efficient work.譯文2 You cannot work efficiently if you are in poor health.例3古今中外，這種情況概莫能外。譯文 There is no exception to this in modern or ancient times, in China or elsewhere.63.漢語多以人為句子的主語；英語則常用物和具體的事實作主語。翻譯時應(yīng)當加以注意。例1我看當然想這么回事。譯文It certainly seems so to me.例2你做這件事不費吹灰之力譯文Its

4、easy for you to do such a thing.7例3他想到把這件事全都交給他的妻子去辦。譯文It occurred to him to leave the whole thing to his wife.例4我昨天收到你的信。譯文Your letter reached me yesterday.4.漢語無主句較多，譯成英語時絕大部分需要增加主語。8二、謂語的確立漢語的謂語具有開放性幾乎所有的詞類和各種語言單位都可以充當謂語。而英語的謂語只能由動詞來擔任。1.漢語謂語如果是名詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、介詞短語，譯成英語時必須在這些詞之前加上系動詞。9例1這小伙挺帥。譯文This you

5、ng man looks/is handsome.例2北京大地方。譯文Beijing is a big city.102.漢語的連動式謂語譯成英語時，只能保留一個主要動詞（并列動詞除外），而把其他動詞譯為名詞、介詞短語或不定式、分詞等。例1總統(tǒng)明天準備乘坐專機前往上海參觀訪問。譯文The president prepares to go to Shanghai by his special plane for a visit tomorrow.例2晚上過來跟我們一塊兒去打保齡球好嗎？譯文Would you come to join us for playing bowling this eve

6、ning?11漢語詞語的翻譯一、漢語詞語的特點及英譯對策1.漢語有許多詞語重意合，外形不完整，其含義靠人們的語言習得去感悟。翻譯這些詞時，一般要加詞。例1你怎么學的這樣下流？譯文Where did you learn these low-class ways?12例2這個我自己決定不了，我得請示上邊。譯文I cant decide on it personally. I have to ask the top kick.例3這個車間既做來料加工，又做來樣加工。譯文This workshop processes raw materials on clients demand and proces

7、ses according to investors samples as well.132.漢語有些詞語的含義會因為語境而發(fā)生微妙的變化。翻譯這類詞語時，應(yīng)緊密結(jié)合上下文譯成相應(yīng)的詞語，而不能按照原詞的外形機械翻譯。例1這兩塊大石頭輕重相等These two stones equal in weight.14這件事無足輕重。This is a matter of no consequence.他總是輕重倒置。He always puts the trivial above the important.處理事情應(yīng)該講輕重緩急。Matters should be handled accordin

8、g to priority.15這件事的輕重你仔細掂量掂量。Just think over the consequences of the matter.這些年輕人做事情不知輕重。These young people do not know the proper way to act.16例2這篇文章的中心意思是什么？Whats the central idea of this article?你什么意思？What do you mean?我的意思還是不去為好。In my opinion its better not to go.17天有點要下雨的意思。It looks like rain.跳

9、舞很有意思Dancing is a lot of fun.他這人很有意思He is rather humorous.夠意思！不過，我的意思你還是收下，不要不好意思。Really kind you are! But I insist that you should receive it. Dont feel embarrassed.183.有些漢語詞語比較籠統(tǒng)，表意模糊，翻譯時應(yīng)尋求詞語的確切含義。例1昨天看電影我沒有買到好票。譯文I did not buy a good seat for yesterdays film.例2我校目前尚未設(shè)博士點。譯文Our university hasnt y

10、et had any doctoral programs.19例3煙囪通風不好，所以火不旺。譯文There is not much draught up the chimney; thats why the fire doesnt burn well.例4我們相信用不了多久我們的產(chǎn)品就會走向世界。譯文We believe that it will not be long before our products go global.204.漢語動詞的含義比較單一，其修飾以一往往需要副詞配合。英語動詞的表達能力強，不僅表達動作本身，而且還表達修飾意義。翻譯帶副詞修飾的漢語動詞時，很多情況下可以不用

11、副詞。例1一座古塔陰森森地矗立在山腰上。譯文An ancient pagoda frowns on the mountainside.21例2他摸索著把門打開。譯文He fumbled the door open.例3我的姐姐又因為我不愛整潔而向我嘮叨地訓(xùn)誡了。譯文My sister has been preaching at me again about my lack of neatness.225.漢語有許多比喻詞匯，表面意義和喻指含義完全不同。翻譯時應(yīng)該譯出潛在的意義。例1你怎么能夠相信他呢？他是個墻頭草，誰硬就跟誰。譯文How can you trust him? Dont you

12、know that he always sits on the fence and falls on the side of the stronger?23例2他真是軟棉花捏的，挨了罵都不敢還嘴。譯文Hes wishy-washy. He dare not talk back when being cursed.例3他這是吃不了兜著走。譯文He landed himself in serous trouble.例4他們幾乎每天晚上都修長城。譯文They play mahjong almost every night.24二、翻譯漢語詞語的基本要求1.確切。包括詞的輕重、范圍、褒貶、色彩、搭配及

13、近義詞、同義詞的選擇。例1和這里的人一樣，他也喜歡吃土豆。譯文Like most people here, he likes to eat potatoes.25例2他們在積極鞏固戰(zhàn)果。譯文1They are actively consolidating their victories.譯文2They are actively consolidating their victorious gains.例3這個人私販鴉片。譯文1This man is a trafficker of opium.譯文2This man secretly sells opium.262.簡潔。包括去掉可有可無的詞，

14、略譯漢語的某些詞語，去掉虛夸的修飾語。例1吸煙是他的習慣，對他的健康損害很大。譯文1Smoking, his habit, has done considerable harm to his health.譯文2Smoking, which is his habit, has done considerable harm to his health.27例2她們你一句我一句，說個沒完。譯文1They talked on and on, without stop.譯文2They talked on and on.例3我們的目的，一定能夠達到。譯文1Our goal will certainly

15、be attained.譯文2Our goal will be attained.283.生動。除譯出詞的基本含義外，還要譯它的分量、感情色彩、使用場合以及它所包含的特殊氣氛等。例1他總算把記者招待會應(yīng)付過去了。譯文After all, he survived the press conference.29例2花園里花草茂盛，五彩繽紛。譯文The garden is carpeted with a mass of multicolored flowers.例3公共汽車未人們?nèi)ラL城參觀提供了方便。譯文Buses provide easy access to the Great Wall.30三、

16、漢語重疊詞語和四字詞組的翻譯漢語的重疊詞語多處于音韻對仗或生動性的考慮，有時只需譯出基本含義，有些還要譯出情感、節(jié)奏等。例1讓我們把房子打掃打掃。譯文Lets clean up the house.31例2我聽說你們公司有個空位，我很想去試一試。但你能先為我牽線搭橋嗎？譯文I hear that there is an opening in your company and I would like to fill it. But will you pull some strings for me?例3她獨身一人，無親無故。譯文She was all by herself and far from home, without a single relative or friend to help her.32Translation exercise1.你們不能草率行