1、誘發(fā)電位:Evoked cortical potential腦電自發(fā)腦電腦電圖(頭皮記錄)皮層電圖(皮層記錄)Spontaneous electric activity第七節(jié) 腦的電活動和覺醒、睡眠機(jī)制一、腦電圖（electroencephalogram，EEG）（一）腦電圖波形（一）正常波形波形名稱 頻率(次/s) 波幅(V)特 征8 1314 304 70.5 3 20 100 5 20 100 150 20 200安靜閉眼時枕葉較明顯活動時，額葉與頂葉較明顯困倦，睡眠深睡高幅、慢波低幅、快波興奮（去同步化）抑制（同步化）（二）臨床應(yīng)用對某些顱腦疾患有重要診斷價值。1、癲癇?。ㄋ追Q“羊角風(fēng)

2、”）2、顱內(nèi)占位性病變病人處于清醒狀態(tài)也能引出波或波。（三） 腦電波形成機(jī)制 腦電波是皮層神經(jīng)元的許多突觸后電位總和所形成的。皮層大錐體細(xì)胞強(qiáng)大電場同步化活動皮層表面電位波阻斷現(xiàn)象？腦干網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)上行激動活動波阻斷現(xiàn)象腦電出現(xiàn)激活狀態(tài)去同步化的快波同步化活動與丘腦功能有關(guān)一定同步節(jié)律的丘腦非特異投射系統(tǒng)的活動皮層電活動的同步化促進(jìn)平均誘發(fā)電位（averaged evoked potential）應(yīng)用電子計算機(jī)信號平均技術(shù)，把多次反應(yīng)的電位疊加、平均起來，能夠使誘發(fā)電位(主反應(yīng))顯示出來。用途:研究人類的感覺功能、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病、行為和心理活動的一種手段。臨床應(yīng)用：體感誘發(fā)電位、聽覺誘發(fā)電位、 視覺

3、誘發(fā)電位。三、覺醒和睡眠覺醒睡眠（一）覺醒狀態(tài)的維持 覺醒狀態(tài)的維持是腦干網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)乙酰膽堿遞質(zhì)系統(tǒng)（上行激動系統(tǒng),ARAS）的作用。覺醒腦電覺醒（EEG:去同步化快波）：ACh(ARAS）和NE（藍(lán)斑上部）行為覺醒:黑質(zhì)多巴胺遞質(zhì)系統(tǒng)（二）睡眠的時相慢波睡眠(slow wave sleep, SWS)快波睡眠(fast wave sleep, FWS) or異相睡眠(paradoxical sleep, PS) or 快速眼動睡眠(rapid eye movement, REM)睡眠時相 慢波睡眠（80 120min） 快波睡眠（20 30min）一夜間反復(fù)轉(zhuǎn)化約4 5次，越近睡眠后期，快波睡

4、眠持續(xù)時間越長。EEG in different sleep stage慢波睡眠異相睡眠覺醒狀態(tài)做夢是異相睡眠的特征之一但在REM睡眠剝奪時，可從覺醒直接進(jìn)入REM睡眠。SWSFour stages of progressively deepening sleep.Characterized by 1)decreased heart rate and blood pressure, 2)slow and regular breathing, and 3)relaxed muscle tone. 垂體前葉生長激素的分泌與睡眠的不同時相有關(guān)。慢波睡眠促進(jìn)機(jī)體生長、體力恢復(fù)。覺醒狀態(tài)慢波睡眠異相睡眠

5、生長激素分泌REM sleepAlso known as paradoxical sleep,Starting about 90 min after beginning of sleep & reoccurs about every 90 min.The EEG exhibiting beta waves.Back-and-forth movements of the eyes under closed lids, accompanied by autonomic excitation, SO:The autonomic nervous system Be in a state of exci

6、tationMost voluntary muscles Be temporarily paralyzedRecallable dreamingImportant for reinforcing memory tracesNormal sleep cycles at various agesREM sleep is indicated by the darker colored areas（三）睡眠發(fā)生的機(jī)制曾認(rèn)為：是覺醒完畢時的被動過程。根據(jù)：網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)上行激動系統(tǒng)活動睡眠。低頻刺激腦干尾端網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)某些核團(tuán)睡眠；破壞該處長期不寐。Insomnia: Sleeping pills (benzod

7、iazepines)Narcolepsy（發(fā)作性嗜睡） Sleep disorders大腦蘑菇體在睡眠調(diào)控中的作用（Sleep regulation）A dynamic role for the mushroom bodies in promoting sleep in Drosophila果蠅是睡眠研究的一個成熟的遺傳模型。果蠅具有與我們相似的“睡眠行為模式”，但睡眠典型的標(biāo)志性EEG變化及其階段尚沒有被識別出來，所以還不能確定果蠅的睡眠是否是一個神經(jīng)過程，以及如果是，涉及到什么神經(jīng)基質(zhì)?；卮疬@一問題，是解釋基因影響睡眠機(jī)制的一個重要步驟?，F(xiàn)在，兩個小組已經(jīng)解決了這一問題，他們都識別出，被稱

8、為蘑菇體的結(jié)構(gòu)是大腦參與睡眠調(diào)控的部分。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)使我們從神經(jīng)角度對果蠅的睡眠有了一個認(rèn)識，并且還將睡眠與蘑菇體的其他已知功能學(xué)習(xí)和記憶聯(lián)系了起來。（Letters pp. 753, 757） （選自英國Nature雜志，2006年6月8日出版） Sleep in Drosophila is regulated by adult mushroom bodiesWilliam J. Joiner1, Amanda Crocker1, Benjamin H. White3 andAmita Sehgal1,2Sleep is one of the few major whole-organ phen

9、omena for which no function and no underlying mechanism have been conclusively demonstrated. Sleep could result from global changes in the brain during wakefulness or it could be regulated by specific loci that recruit the rest of the brain into the electrical and metabolic states characteristic of

10、sleep. Here we address this issue by exploiting the genetic tractability of the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, which exhibits the hallmarks of vertebrate sleep1, 2, 3, 4. Letter, Nature 441, 757-760 (8 June 2006)We show that large changes in sleep are achieved by spatial and temporal enhancement

11、 of cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity specifically in the adult mushroom bodies of Drosophila. Other manipulations of the mushroom bodies, such as electrical silencing, increasing excitation or ablation, also alter sleep. These results link sleep regulation to an anatomical locus kn

12、own to be involved in learning and memory.Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892

13、, USA Letter, Nature 441, 757-760 (8 June 2006)眼睛快速活動的睡眠狀態(tài)（被稱為REM睡眠），是一種大腦高度活躍的做夢狀態(tài)。雖然REM睡眠已被發(fā)現(xiàn)了50多年，但我們對其與非REM睡眠之間的切換機(jī)制很不了解?？刂芌EM睡眠狀態(tài)切換的腦干區(qū)域被發(fā)現(xiàn)（In-and-out of sleep）A putative flipflop switch for control of REM sleep Nature 441: 7093; 1 June 2006 A putative flipflop switch for control of REM sleepJu

14、n Lu1, David Sherman1, Marshall Devor1,2 andClifford B. Saper11Dept.of Neurology and Program in Neurosci., Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA 2 Dept.of Cell and Animal Biology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelREM sleep consists

15、 of a dreaming state in which there is activation of the cortical and hippocampal EEG, rapid eye movements, and loss of muscle tone. Although REM sleep was discovered more than 50 years ago, the neuronal circuits responsible for switching between REM and non-REM sleep remain poorly understood. Nature 441, 589-594 (1 June 2006) Published online 10 May 2006現(xiàn)在，基于詳細(xì)解剖和損傷實(shí)驗(yàn)，研究人員在腦干發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個區(qū)域（REM關(guān)/開區(qū)域），后者可以控制由REM睡眠向非REM睡眠過渡，是相互抑制的。這似乎形成了一種觸發(fā)開關(guān)關(guān)系，它有可能解釋如在失眠癥等睡眠失調(diào)癥中所看到的在REM睡眠與非REM睡眠之間突然切換的很多現(xiàn)象。皮層神經(jīng)通信的另一種機(jī)制（A slice of the action）Modulation of intracortical synaptic poten