1、孔 子中國(guó)在兩千五百年前的“春秋”時(shí)期，出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)偉大的思想家和教育家孔子（公元前551-公元前479年）?！綞nglish】About 2 500 years ago, in what was called (known as) the Spring and Autumn Period (551-479 BC), China produced a great thinker and educator Confucius.春秋時(shí)期（公元前770-公元前476年）是一個(gè)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)大變動(dòng)的時(shí)代。The Spring and Autumn Period (770AC-476AC) was a

2、time/age/era of great/dynamic political, economic and social changes.政治上，周天子只是在名義上君臨天下，實(shí)際上已沒有多大權(quán)力。In the political field, the king of the East Zhou Dynasty continued to reign over the country, but in name only, for he had little real power. (Why not “emperor”?)諸侯中的強(qiáng)大者，如齊、晉、秦、楚、吳、越等國(guó)，在不同的時(shí)候享有霸權(quán)，比周天子的

3、影響和號(hào)召力還大。The strongest of his vassals, like the dukes of the states of Qi, Jin, Qin, Chu, Wu and Yue, enjoyed their own hegemony one after another, and were more powerful and influential than the king. (having more power .)各邦國(guó)之間戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不斷，許多小國(guó)被大國(guó)并吞；各國(guó)內(nèi)部，爭(zhēng)權(quán)、奪位、篡位、僭越、謀殺的事件頻繁發(fā)生。 Wars broke out from time to t

4、ime between the states, with the result of many small ones annexed by the big ones. Within those states power struggle, usurpation, assumption of undue titles or positions, and assassination, were frequent. Frequent within those states were.經(jīng)濟(jì)上，鐵器開始使用，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)大大提高。與此同時(shí)，手工業(yè)和商業(yè)也有發(fā)展。在大城市里出現(xiàn)了富商，他們甚至可以和掌權(quán)的公侯

5、交往，并對(duì)其施加影響。In the economic field, agricultural production rose markedly thanks to the use of iron tools. Along with this developed handicrafts and commerce. In big cities emerged rich merchants who were capable of steady contacts with ruling princes or dukes, and even exerting influence on them.政治上和

6、經(jīng)濟(jì)上的變革必然對(duì)各階層人的思想觀點(diǎn)產(chǎn)生影響。Such political and economic changes were certain to affect the thinking and attitudes (opinions) of all people (people from all walks of life). 各國(guó)統(tǒng)治者都力圖富國(guó)強(qiáng)兵，民眾在兵役和賦稅的重壓下，渴望生存與和平。The rulers of the states, without exception, tried hard to make their states rich and strong, while

7、 the common people, groaning under the heavy burden of military services and taxation, desired above all for survival and peace. 一個(gè)新的階層士出現(xiàn)了。士就是有知識(shí)、有學(xué)問的人。他們來自各個(gè)階層，但都發(fā)奮讀書研究各種問題和策略。Under these circumstances, a new class of people, the scholars (intellectuals), appeared. They came from various backgroun

8、ds and worked hard to study social and political issues (questions, problems), seeking for their solutions. 他們當(dāng)中有的人為各國(guó)統(tǒng)治者所用，為他們出謀劃策；有的進(jìn)一步研究自然、社會(huì)和歷史規(guī)律，進(jìn)行哲學(xué)探討。Some of these scholars, employed by the rulers of various states, gave their masters advice on how to deal with various problems. Some of them

9、went a step further to explore the basic laws of nature and society, and engage in philosophical research. 其中最突出的就是孔子和老子，他們?yōu)橐院蟮娜寮液偷兰覍W(xué)派奠定了基礎(chǔ)。這種學(xué)術(shù)研究的風(fēng)氣在隨后的戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期（公元前475-公元前221年）有了很大發(fā)展，形成了“百家爭(zhēng)鳴”局面。Of the latter the most outstanding were Confucius and Laozi, who laid the foundation of Confucius and Taoist

10、 schools of thought. This academic atmosphere developed drastically in the Warring States Period (475-221 BC) that followed, into what is so-called “the contention of the hundred schools of thought” in historical works. 孔子名丘，字仲尼，出生于魯國(guó)，在今山東省南部。三歲喪父，是母親帶他遷居魯國(guó)都城曲阜。 Kongqiu, the real name of Confucius,

11、and whose courtesy name was Zhongni, was born in the state of Lu, which is located in the south of present-day Shandong Province. After his father died when he was only three years old, his mother brought him to Qufu (capital of the Lu state) and they settled down there (where they settled down).孔子生

12、長(zhǎng)在魯國(guó)文化的氛圍中，自幼勤奮好學(xué)，逐漸成為有名的學(xué)者，并形成了自己的信念和哲學(xué)思想。Growing up in the cultural environment of the Lu state, Confucius showed a great interest in learning and became a renowned scholar with his distinct beliefs and philosophical thoughts. 他一生從事教育，主張“有教無類”，/He devoted all his life to education, advocating that

13、 education should be provided to everybody without any distinction or discrimination. 凡是向他求教的人，他都接受為學(xué)生，打破了以前貴族對(duì)教育的壟斷，把教育帶給所有的人，/從而對(duì)中國(guó)文化的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的積極影響。Accordingly, he accepted all those who came to ask for learning, thus breaking the monopoly of education by the nobles before his time and making educat

14、ion accessible to all people. It turned out that this has a far-reaching influence on the development of Chinese culture. 孔子是中國(guó)第一個(gè)教育家，畢生從事教學(xué)和整理古代典籍，并提出許多重要的教育原則和有效的教學(xué)方法。As the first educator in China, Confucius engaged in teaching and editing ancient classics all his life. He put forward many import

15、ant educational principles and teaching methods. 他認(rèn)為人人皆可教，因?yàn)槿诵韵嘟?，差別只緣于學(xué)習(xí)和實(shí)踐。他的教學(xué)內(nèi)容主要是古代文獻(xiàn)和道德理念。He believed that all men are educable, because they are like by nature, different only as a result of learning and practice. His teaching mainly involves ancient classics and moral tenets. 他希望學(xué)生了解歷史和社會(huì)，成為對(duì)

16、社會(huì)有用、品德高尚的人；他的教學(xué)方法包括啟發(fā)式、因材施教和理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際等。He expected his students to understand (learn from) history and society and become useful men of moral integrity. His methods include eliciting teaching, personalized teaching and combining theory with reality and practice. 孔子是中國(guó)思想史上第一個(gè)把道德作為做人和治國(guó)首要條件和最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提出來的哲人。道

17、德的核心是仁。 Confucius was the first thinker (philosopher) in Chinas intellectual history to propose (consider) moral standards as the first and highest criterion for mans behaviour and government. The core of morality, according to him, is humanity (humaneness, benevolence). 人懷仁心，即會(huì)從各種貪欲、野心、自私和罪惡的念頭中解放出

18、來，過著高尚、愉快、充實(shí)而有意義、無愧于心、心情平靜的生活，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)人生的價(jià)值。A humane mind would free one from greed, ambition, and all other selfish or evil ideas, and enable one to live a lofty, happy, fulfilled and meaningful life, at peach with the world and himself, thus making it possible for one to realize his life value. 孔子重視孝悌

19、，即重視家庭。這便加強(qiáng)了中國(guó)人的家庭觀念。Confucius stressed (emphasized, valued, treasured) the importance of filial piety and brotherly love, or the importance of family. These views helped to strengthen the Chinese attachment to the family. 他的思想不但在中國(guó)、而且在世界都已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生巨大影響，并將在治療社會(huì)弊病、提高人的素質(zhì)，乃至推動(dòng)社會(huì)進(jìn)步方面發(fā)出更加燦爛的光輝。His thoughts ha

20、ve had great influence on not only the Chinese people but also the whole world. It will further prove to burn with the enduring glow of the central heat in curing social diseases, improving human qualities, and even promoting social progress. Question:What are the main points of this passage?貧困地區(qū)資源開

21、發(fā)利用程度、土地生產(chǎn)率和勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率均較低，資源開發(fā)層次淺，經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)單一，缺乏支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益差，不能充分發(fā)揮貧困地區(qū)資源優(yōu)勢(shì)；第一產(chǎn)業(yè)比重過大，產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈條短；第二產(chǎn)業(yè)極不發(fā)達(dá)，少數(shù)貧困地區(qū)發(fā)展高能產(chǎn)業(yè)，污染嚴(yán)重；社會(huì)發(fā)育程度低，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)非常落后。貧困地區(qū)的產(chǎn)業(yè)優(yōu)化升級(jí)面臨生態(tài)環(huán)境惡劣、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)條件差，人口數(shù)量大、質(zhì)量低，貧困地區(qū)的政府行政措施不當(dāng)、農(nóng)民有抵觸情緒，產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整晚、程度低、效益差等諸多難題。貧困地區(qū)資源開發(fā)利用程度、土地生產(chǎn)率和勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率均較低，資源開發(fā)層次淺，經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)單一，缺乏支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益差，不能充分發(fā)揮貧困地區(qū)資源優(yōu)勢(shì)； The poor areas stay at l

22、ow levels of resource use, land and labor productivity, and resource development/ exploitation. Meanwhile, their simplex/single/simple economic structures and lack of backbone industries produce bad economic results. All this makes them unable to take advantage of their resources. 第一產(chǎn)業(yè)比重過大，產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈條短；第二產(chǎn)業(yè)極不發(fā)達(dá)，少數(shù)貧困地區(qū)發(fā)展高能產(chǎn)業(yè)