1、電動(dòng)車驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)及其控制技術(shù)綜述2009-5-29 15:51:35 關(guān)注率:234簡述了電動(dòng)車驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)及特點(diǎn)，在此基礎(chǔ)上詳細(xì)分析并比較了電動(dòng)車主要電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，著重介紹了一種深埋式永磁同步電動(dòng)機(jī)及其控制系統(tǒng)，最后簡要概述了電動(dòng)車電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展方向。1 概述電動(dòng)車是一種安全、經(jīng)濟(jì)、清潔的綠色交通工具，不僅在能源、環(huán)境方面有其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)越性和競爭力，而且能夠更方便地采用現(xiàn)代控制技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)其機(jī)電一體化的目標(biāo)，因而具有廣闊的發(fā)展前景。現(xiàn)有電動(dòng)車大致可以分為以下幾個(gè)主要部分:蓄電池、電池管理、充電系統(tǒng)、驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、整車管理系統(tǒng)及車體等。驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)為電動(dòng)車提供所需的動(dòng)力，負(fù)責(zé)將電能轉(zhuǎn)換成機(jī)械能。無論何種電動(dòng)車

2、的驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，均具有基本相同的結(jié)構(gòu)，都可以分成能源供給子系統(tǒng)、電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)子系統(tǒng)、機(jī)械傳動(dòng)子系統(tǒng)三部分，其中電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)子系統(tǒng)是電動(dòng)車的心臟，主要包括電動(dòng)機(jī)、功率電子元器件及控制部分。如圖1所示。其中，電動(dòng)車驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)均具有相同或相似的功能模塊，如圖2所示。too busy to come over, this is very responsible. Next to thesanitation department signed removal contracts, in strict accordancewith the provisions of the contract. The back str

3、eet alleys andsuburban , to do a good job in environmental health at the same time, doa good job in a timely public facilities maintenance, repair, install,completely solve the piles of garbage, sewage crosscurrent,heidengxiahuo, potholes and other phenomena, do the streets clean,orderly, the conven

4、ience of the public life. To some five on theimprovement of the urban river construction site. Now our urban riverenvironment really let people see not bottom go to, than the works ofLao Shes Longxugou ditch is not strong to where to go. The next step,we should insist on treating the symptoms, the s

5、trict implementation ofthe long river responsibility system, strengthen the river dailycleaning, planting a number of decomposition and green vegetation, sothat Hanoi no garbage, riverside, no debris, the river no smell. At thesame time, it is necessary to focus on the effect a permanent cure,accele

6、rate the rain sewage diversion, to carry out the system ofcomprehensive remediation, accomplish treat a river, into a piece oflandscape. The building housing the departments should strengthen theconstruction site construction supervision, supervise the implementationof construction dust dust measure

7、s, the public security traffic policedepartment To2 電動(dòng)車電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)比較電動(dòng)機(jī)的類型對電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)以及電動(dòng)車整體性能影響非常大，評價(jià)電動(dòng)車的電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)實(shí)質(zhì)上主要就是對不同電動(dòng)機(jī)及其控制方式進(jìn)行比較和分析。目前正在應(yīng)用或開發(fā)的電動(dòng)車電動(dòng)機(jī)主要有直流電動(dòng)機(jī)、感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)、永磁無刷電動(dòng)機(jī)、開關(guān)磁阻電動(dòng)機(jī)四類。由這四類電動(dòng)機(jī)所組成的驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，其總體比較如下表所示。電動(dòng)車電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)用電動(dòng)機(jī)比較表下面分別對這幾種電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行較為詳細(xì)地分析和闡述。2.1 直流驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)too busy to come over, this is very respo

8、nsible. Next to thesanitation department signed removal contracts, in strict accordancewith the provisions of the contract. The back street alleys andsuburban , to do a good job in environmental health at the same time, doa good job in a timely public facilities maintenance, repair, install,complete

9、ly solve the piles of garbage, sewage crosscurrent,heidengxiahuo, potholes and other phenomena, do the streets clean,orderly, the convenience of the public life. To some five on theimprovement of the urban river construction site. Now our urban riverenvironment really let people see not bottom go to

10、, than the works ofLao Shes Longxugou ditch is not strong to where to go. The next step,we should insist on treating the symptoms, the strict implementation ofthe long river responsibility system, strengthen the river dailycleaning, planting a number of decomposition and green vegetation, sothat Han

11、oi no garbage, riverside, no debris, the river no smell. At thesame time, it is necessary to focus on the effect a permanent cure,accelerate the rain sewage diversion, to carry out the system ofcomprehensive remediation, accomplish treat a river, into a piece oflandscape. The building housing the de

12、partments should strengthen theconstruction site construction supervision, supervise the implementationof construction dust dust measures, the public security traffic policedepartment To直流電動(dòng)機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，具有優(yōu)良的電磁轉(zhuǎn)矩控制特性，所以直到20世紀(jì)80年代中期，它仍是國內(nèi)外的主要研發(fā)對象。而且，目前國內(nèi)用于電動(dòng)車的絕大多數(shù)是直流驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。但普通直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的機(jī)械換向結(jié)構(gòu)易產(chǎn)生電火花，不宜在多塵、潮濕、易燃易爆環(huán)

13、境中使用，其換向器維護(hù)困難，很難向大容量、高速度發(fā)展。此外，電火花產(chǎn)生的電磁干擾，對高度電子化的電動(dòng)汽車來說將是致命的。此外，直流電動(dòng)機(jī)價(jià)格高、體積和重量大。隨著控制理論和電力電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展，直流驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)與其它驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)相比，已大大處于劣勢。因此，目前國外各大公司研制的電動(dòng)車電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)已逐漸淘汰了直流驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。 2.2 感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)2.2.1 感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)電動(dòng)車感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)與一般感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)相比較具有以下特征:(1)穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行時(shí)，與一般感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)工況相似。(2)驅(qū)動(dòng)電動(dòng)機(jī)沒有一般感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)的起動(dòng)過程，轉(zhuǎn)差率小，轉(zhuǎn)子上的集膚效應(yīng)不明顯。(3)運(yùn)行頻率不是 50Hz，而是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)在此之上。(4)采用變頻

14、調(diào)速方式時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)速與極數(shù)之間沒有嚴(yán)格對應(yīng)關(guān)系。為此，電動(dòng)車感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)方面如下特點(diǎn):(1)盡力擴(kuò)大恒轉(zhuǎn)矩區(qū)，使電動(dòng)機(jī)在高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)也能有較高轉(zhuǎn)矩。而要提高轉(zhuǎn)矩，則需盡量減小定轉(zhuǎn)子之間的氣隙，同時(shí)減小漏抗。(2)更注重電動(dòng)機(jī)的電磁優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，使轉(zhuǎn)矩、功率和效率等因素達(dá)到綜合最優(yōu)。(3)減少重量、體積，以增加與車體的適配性。2.2.2 控制技術(shù)應(yīng)用于感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)的變頻控制技術(shù)主要有三種:V/F 控制、轉(zhuǎn)差頻率控制、矢量控制。20 世紀(jì) 90 年代以前主要以 PWM 方式實(shí)現(xiàn) V/F 控制和轉(zhuǎn)差頻率控制，但這兩種控制技術(shù)因轉(zhuǎn)速控制范圍小，轉(zhuǎn)矩特性不理想，而對于需頻繁起動(dòng)、加減速的電動(dòng)車不太適宜。近幾年來，

15、研制的電動(dòng)車感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)幾乎都采用矢量控制技術(shù)。矢量控制按其側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同，主要有兩種控制策略:提高驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)效率的最大效率控制與簡化系統(tǒng)、降低成本的無速度傳感器矢量控制。最大效率控制技術(shù)是通過使勵(lì)磁電流 Io 隨電動(dòng)機(jī)參數(shù)和負(fù)載條件而變化來實(shí)現(xiàn)在任何負(fù)載條件下都使電動(dòng)機(jī)的損耗最小，效率最大的目標(biāo)。矢量控制離不開速度的控制，而無速度傳感器是利用電動(dòng)機(jī)電壓、電流和電動(dòng)機(jī)參數(shù)來估算出速度，從而無需一般矢量控制中的速度傳感器，達(dá)到簡化系統(tǒng)、降低成本、提高可靠性的目的。2.3 永磁無刷電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)2.3.1 永磁無刷電動(dòng)機(jī)永磁無刷電動(dòng)機(jī)系統(tǒng)可以分為兩類，一類是方波驅(qū)動(dòng)的無刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)系統(tǒng)(BDCM)，另一類

16、是永磁同步電動(dòng)機(jī)系統(tǒng)(PMSM)，也稱之為正弦波驅(qū)動(dòng)的無刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)系統(tǒng)。BDCM系統(tǒng)不需要絕對位置傳感器，一般采用霍爾元件或增量式碼盤，也可以通過檢測反電動(dòng)勢波形換相。PMSM系統(tǒng)一般需要絕對式碼盤或too busy tocome over, this is very responsible. Next to the sanitation departmentsigned removal contracts, in strict accordance with the provisions ofthe contract. The back street alleys and suburban

17、 , to do a good job inenvironmental health at the same time, do a good job in a timely publicfacilities maintenance, repair, install, completely solve the piles ofgarbage, sewage crosscurrent, heidengxiahuo, potholes and otherphenomena, do the streets clean, orderly, the convenience of the publiclif

18、e. To some five on the improvement of the urban river constructionsite. Now our urban river environment really let people see not bottomgo to, than the works of Lao Shes Longxugou ditch is not strong towhere to go. The next step, we should insist on treating the symptoms,the strict implementation of

19、 the long river responsibility system,strengthen the river daily cleaning, planting a number of decompositionand green vegetation, so that Hanoi no garbage, riverside, no debris,the river no smell. At the same time, it is necessary to focus on theeffect a permanent cure, accelerate the rain sewage d

20、iversion, to carryout the system of comprehensive remediation, accomplish treat a river,into a piece of landscape. The building housing the departments shouldstrengthen the construction site construction supervision, supervise theimplementation of construction dust dust measures, the public security

21、traffic police department To旋轉(zhuǎn)變壓器等轉(zhuǎn)子位置傳感器。從磁鐵所處不同位置的結(jié)構(gòu)上看，永磁無刷電動(dòng)機(jī)可以分成表面型、鑲嵌型、深埋式等結(jié)構(gòu)型式，在電動(dòng)汽車中也有采用盤式結(jié)構(gòu)或外轉(zhuǎn)子結(jié)構(gòu)的。深埋式永磁同步電動(dòng)機(jī)因其有高的功率密度、有效的弱磁控制及方便的最大效率控制而在電動(dòng)車應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域倍受青睞，是當(dāng)前電動(dòng)車電動(dòng)機(jī)研發(fā)的熱點(diǎn)。用在電動(dòng)車上的永磁同步電動(dòng)機(jī)是將磁鐵插入轉(zhuǎn)子內(nèi)部，得到同步旋轉(zhuǎn)的磁極深埋式轉(zhuǎn)子結(jié)構(gòu)如圖3所示，這種電動(dòng)機(jī)在結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)方面主要有兩個(gè)特征:?轉(zhuǎn)子磁鐵使用埋入式;?采用多極化設(shè)計(jì)。這種設(shè)計(jì)具有顯著的優(yōu)點(diǎn):(1)與將永磁體貼在轉(zhuǎn)子表面的情況相比，將永磁體植入轉(zhuǎn)子

22、內(nèi)部，則即使高速旋轉(zhuǎn)，永磁體也不會飛散，為此就使設(shè)計(jì)10000r/min以上的超高速電動(dòng)機(jī)成為可能。(2)對于要求的最大轉(zhuǎn)矩而言，采用圖3所示的轉(zhuǎn)子結(jié)構(gòu)，永磁電動(dòng)機(jī)能做得更小。圖3深埋式永磁同步電動(dòng)機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)簡圖(3)電機(jī)多極化設(shè)計(jì)也是降低成本的有效手段。圖4表示了電動(dòng)機(jī)永久磁鐵用量占電動(dòng)機(jī)總重量的百分比隨電動(dòng)機(jī)極數(shù)增加而減少的變化曲線。圖4永磁同步電動(dòng)機(jī)的極數(shù)和磁鐵用量的關(guān)系2.3.2 深埋式永磁同步電動(dòng)機(jī)的控制技術(shù)深埋式永磁同步電動(dòng)機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成如圖5所示。與一般電動(dòng)機(jī)的控制系統(tǒng)多為速度控制系統(tǒng)或位置控制系統(tǒng)不同，電動(dòng)車是由加速器與控制器共同決定的轉(zhuǎn)矩指令來控制電機(jī)。因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)矩由電流決定，所以

23、實(shí)際上構(gòu)成了一個(gè)電流控制系統(tǒng)。應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)矩指令和電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速，通過獨(dú)立增減d軸電流和q軸電流進(jìn)行too busy tocome over, this is very responsible. Next to the sanitation departmentsigned removal contracts, in strict accordance with the provisions ofthe contract. The back street alleys and suburban , to do a good job inenvironmental health at the same t

24、ime, do a good job in a timely publicfacilities maintenance, repair, install, completely solve the piles ofgarbage, sewage crosscurrent, heidengxiahuo, potholes and otherphenomena, do the streets clean, orderly, the convenience of the publiclife. To some five on the improvement of the urban river co

25、nstructionsite. Now our urban river environment really let people see not bottomgo to, than the works of Lao Shes Longxugou ditch is not strong towhere to go. The next step, we should insist on treating the symptoms,the strict implementation of the long river responsibility system,strengthen the riv

26、er daily cleaning, planting a number of decompositionand green vegetation, so that Hanoi no garbage, riverside, no debris,the river no smell. At the same time, it is necessary to focus on theeffect a permanent cure, accelerate the rain sewage diversion, to carryout the system of comprehensive remedi

27、ation, accomplish treat a river,into a piece of landscape. The building housing the departments shouldstrengthen the construction site construction supervision, supervise theimplementation of construction dust dust measures, the public securitytraffic police department To電流控制，就能使電動(dòng)機(jī)和逆變器的綜合損失最小，進(jìn)而提高電

28、動(dòng)車驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的效率。d軸電流指令為負(fù)，就意味著進(jìn)行弱磁調(diào)節(jié)，所以，弱磁控制也是有效的。以上設(shè)計(jì)不僅考慮了電動(dòng)機(jī)的特性，還考慮了電動(dòng)機(jī)的控制方法及使用方法，系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、性能穩(wěn)定，是目前電動(dòng)車的優(yōu)選驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。圖5永磁同步電動(dòng)機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)框圖2.4 開關(guān)磁阻電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)2.4.1 開關(guān)磁阻電動(dòng)機(jī)目前，開關(guān)磁阻電動(dòng)機(jī)(SRM)已投入實(shí)際使用，法國F1AT公司研制的電動(dòng)車和中國第二汽車制造廠研制的電動(dòng)客車都曾采用了開關(guān)磁阻電動(dòng)機(jī)。SRM是沒有任何形式的轉(zhuǎn)子導(dǎo)體和永久磁鐵的無刷電動(dòng)機(jī)，它的定子磁極和轉(zhuǎn)子磁極都是凸的。由于SRM具有集中的定子繞組和脈沖電流，其功率變換器可以采用更可靠的電路拓?fù)湫问健RM

29、具有簡單可靠、在較寬轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)矩范圍內(nèi)高效運(yùn)行、控制靈活、可四象限運(yùn)行、響應(yīng)速度快、成本較低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。但SRM有轉(zhuǎn)矩波動(dòng)大、噪聲大、需要位置檢測器、系統(tǒng)非線性特性等缺點(diǎn)，所以，目前應(yīng)用還受到限制。針對傳統(tǒng)SRM的缺點(diǎn)，研制了永磁式開關(guān)磁阻電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)(PMSRD)，通過高性能永磁鋼的引入，克服了傳統(tǒng)SRM存在的換流相對較慢、能量利用率較低的缺點(diǎn)，增加了電機(jī)的比功率密度。2.4.2 控制技術(shù)由于SRM系統(tǒng)具有明顯的非線性特性，系統(tǒng)難于建模，一般的線性控制方式不適于SRM系統(tǒng)。目前主要利用模糊邏輯控制、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制等。香港大學(xué)開發(fā)的模糊滑?？刂凭哂袦p少控制振蕩等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，是SRM系統(tǒng)控制研究的一個(gè)新的突

30、破。3 結(jié)速語20 世紀(jì)80年代以來，隨著電力電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展，交流電動(dòng)機(jī)折控制變得比較容易了。為此，電動(dòng)車的電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)從直流電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)向交流電動(dòng)機(jī)，特別是感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)具有結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、可靠性高、成本低的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，對于電動(dòng)車來說是特別可貴的。但永磁電動(dòng)機(jī)除有以上優(yōu)點(diǎn)外，還在轉(zhuǎn)換效率方面又較感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)稍勝一疇。too busy to come over, this is very responsible. Next to thesanitation department signed removal contracts, in strict accordancewith the provisions of

31、the contract. The back street alleys andsuburban , to do a good job in environmental health at the same time, doa good job in a timely public facilities maintenance, repair, install,completely solve the piles of garbage, sewage crosscurrent,heidengxiahuo, potholes and other phenomena, do the streets

32、 clean,orderly, the convenience of the public life. To some five on theimprovement of the urban river construction site. Now our urban riverenvironment really let people see not bottom go to, than the works ofLao Shes Longxugou ditch is not strong to where to go. The next step,we should insist on tr

33、eating the symptoms, the strict implementation ofthe long river responsibility system, strengthen the river dailycleaning, planting a number of decomposition and green vegetation, sothat Hanoi no garbage, riverside, no debris, the river no smell. At thesame time, it is necessary to focus on the effe

34、ct a permanent cure,accelerate the rain sewage diversion, to carry out the system ofcomprehensive remediation, accomplish treat a river, into a piece oflandscape. The building housing the departments should strengthen theconstruction site construction supervision, supervise the implementationof cons

35、truction dust dust measures, the public security traffic policedepartment To開關(guān)磁阻電動(dòng)機(jī)具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、控制靈活、可四象限運(yùn)動(dòng)、可靠性高、能在較寬的速度和轉(zhuǎn)矩范圍內(nèi)高效運(yùn)行等特點(diǎn)，作為具有潛力的電動(dòng)車電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)日益受到重視。但其轉(zhuǎn)矩脈動(dòng)大，噪聲大等缺點(diǎn)一直未得到很好解決，如何從電機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)和控制策略兩方面加以改進(jìn)是現(xiàn)在的研究熱點(diǎn)。永磁電動(dòng)機(jī)電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)以轉(zhuǎn)速更高(德國KOVO電技術(shù)公司已研制出轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá)50000r/min、功率達(dá)1.5kW的無刷電動(dòng)機(jī))、用磁更省、可以實(shí)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)子輕小緊湊、低成本化設(shè)計(jì)而成為研究與應(yīng)用的熱點(diǎn)。但

36、永磁電動(dòng)機(jī)也有制成后難以調(diào)節(jié)磁場以控制功率因素和無功功率的缺點(diǎn)，這將成為今后的研究方向。在控制器件方面，應(yīng)用新一代功率電子器件，可使變頻器有更高的功率密度和效率，結(jié)構(gòu)也更牢固，更適于電動(dòng)車所用。在控制策略方面，變結(jié)構(gòu)控制、模糊控制、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制以及專家系統(tǒng)等新的控制方法正逐漸應(yīng)用于電動(dòng)車驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中，并取得越來越好的效果。2009-5-29 15:51:35 關(guān)注率:234簡述了電動(dòng)車驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)及特點(diǎn)，在此基礎(chǔ)上詳細(xì)分析并比較了電動(dòng)車主要電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，著重介紹了一種深埋式永磁同步電動(dòng)機(jī)及其控制系統(tǒng)，最后簡要概述了電動(dòng)車電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展方向。1 概述電動(dòng)車是一種安全、經(jīng)濟(jì)、清潔的綠色交通工具，不僅

37、在能源、環(huán)境方面有其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)越性和競爭力，而且能夠更方便地采用現(xiàn)代控制技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)其機(jī)電一體化的目標(biāo)，因而具有廣闊的發(fā)展前景。現(xiàn)有電動(dòng)車大致可以分為以下幾個(gè)主要部分:蓄電池、電池管理、充電系統(tǒng)、驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、整車管理系統(tǒng)及車體等。驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)為電動(dòng)車提供所需的動(dòng)力，負(fù)責(zé)將電能轉(zhuǎn)換成機(jī)械能。無論何種電動(dòng)車的驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，均具有基本相同的結(jié)構(gòu)，都可以分成能源供給子系統(tǒng)、電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)子系統(tǒng)、機(jī)械傳動(dòng)子系統(tǒng)三部分，其中電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)子系統(tǒng)是電動(dòng)車的心臟，主要包括電動(dòng)機(jī)、功率電子元器件及控制部分。如圖1所示。其中，電動(dòng)車驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)均具有相同或相似的功能模塊，如圖2所示。too busy to come over, this is

38、very responsible. Next to thesanitation department signed removal contracts, in strict accordancewith the provisions of the contract. The back street alleys andsuburban , to do a good job in environmental health at the same time, doa good job in a timely public facilities maintenance, repair, instal

39、l,completely solve the piles of garbage, sewage crosscurrent,heidengxiahuo, potholes and other phenomena, do the streets clean,orderly, the convenience of the public life. To some five on theimprovement of the urban river construction site. Now our urban riverenvironment really let people see not bo

40、ttom go to, than the works ofLao Shes Longxugou ditch is not strong to where to go. The next step,we should insist on treating the symptoms, the strict implementation ofthe long river responsibility system, strengthen the river dailycleaning, planting a number of decomposition and green vegetation,

41、sothat Hanoi no garbage, riverside, no debris, the river no smell. At thesame time, it is necessary to focus on the effect a permanent cure,accelerate the rain sewage diversion, to carry out the system ofcomprehensive remediation, accomplish treat a river, into a piece oflandscape. The building hous

42、ing the departments should strengthen theconstruction site construction supervision, supervise the implementationof construction dust dust measures, the public security traffic policedepartment To2 電動(dòng)車電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)比較電動(dòng)機(jī)的類型對電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)以及電動(dòng)車整體性能影響非常大，評價(jià)電動(dòng)車的電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)實(shí)質(zhì)上主要就是對不同電動(dòng)機(jī)及其控制方式進(jìn)行比較和分析。目前正在應(yīng)用或開發(fā)的電動(dòng)車電動(dòng)機(jī)主要有直流電動(dòng)機(jī)

43、、感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)、永磁無刷電動(dòng)機(jī)、開關(guān)磁阻電動(dòng)機(jī)四類。由這四類電動(dòng)機(jī)所組成的驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，其總體比較如下表所示。電動(dòng)車電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)用電動(dòng)機(jī)比較表下面分別對這幾種電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行較為詳細(xì)地分析和闡述。2.1 直流驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)too busy to come over, this is very responsible. Next to thesanitation department signed removal contracts, in strict accordancewith the provisions of the contract. The back street alleys andsubu

44、rban , to do a good job in environmental health at the same time, doa good job in a timely public facilities maintenance, repair, install,completely solve the piles of garbage, sewage crosscurrent,heidengxiahuo, potholes and other phenomena, do the streets clean,orderly, the convenience of the publi

45、c life. To some five on theimprovement of the urban river construction site. Now our urban riverenvironment really let people see not bottom go to, than the works ofLao Shes Longxugou ditch is not strong to where to go. The next step,we should insist on treating the symptoms, the strict implementati

46、on ofthe long river responsibility system, strengthen the river dailycleaning, planting a number of decomposition and green vegetation, sothat Hanoi no garbage, riverside, no debris, the river no smell. At thesame time, it is necessary to focus on the effect a permanent cure,accelerate the rain sewa

47、ge diversion, to carry out the system ofcomprehensive remediation, accomplish treat a river, into a piece oflandscape. The building housing the departments should strengthen theconstruction site construction supervision, supervise the implementationof construction dust dust measures, the public secu

48、rity traffic policedepartment To直流電動(dòng)機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，具有優(yōu)良的電磁轉(zhuǎn)矩控制特性，所以直到20世紀(jì)80年代中期，它仍是國內(nèi)外的主要研發(fā)對象。而且，目前國內(nèi)用于電動(dòng)車的絕大多數(shù)是直流驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。但普通直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的機(jī)械換向結(jié)構(gòu)易產(chǎn)生電火花，不宜在多塵、潮濕、易燃易爆環(huán)境中使用，其換向器維護(hù)困難，很難向大容量、高速度發(fā)展。此外，電火花產(chǎn)生的電磁干擾，對高度電子化的電動(dòng)汽車來說將是致命的。此外，直流電動(dòng)機(jī)價(jià)格高、體積和重量大。隨著控制理論和電力電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展，直流驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)與其它驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)相比，已大大處于劣勢。因此，目前國外各大公司研制的電動(dòng)車電氣驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)已逐漸淘汰了直流驅(qū)動(dòng)系

49、統(tǒng)。 2.2 感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)2.2.1 感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)電動(dòng)車感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)與一般感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)相比較具有以下特征:(1)穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行時(shí)，與一般感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)工況相似。(2)驅(qū)動(dòng)電動(dòng)機(jī)沒有一般感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)的起動(dòng)過程，轉(zhuǎn)差率小，轉(zhuǎn)子上的集膚效應(yīng)不明顯。(3)運(yùn)行頻率不是 50Hz，而是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)在此之上。(4)采用變頻調(diào)速方式時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)速與極數(shù)之間沒有嚴(yán)格對應(yīng)關(guān)系。為此，電動(dòng)車感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)方面如下特點(diǎn):(1)盡力擴(kuò)大恒轉(zhuǎn)矩區(qū)，使電動(dòng)機(jī)在高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)也能有較高轉(zhuǎn)矩。而要提高轉(zhuǎn)矩，則需盡量減小定轉(zhuǎn)子之間的氣隙，同時(shí)減小漏抗。(2)更注重電動(dòng)機(jī)的電磁優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，使轉(zhuǎn)矩、功率和效率等因素達(dá)到綜合最優(yōu)。(3)減少重量、體積，以增加與車體

50、的適配性。2.2.2 控制技術(shù)應(yīng)用于感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)的變頻控制技術(shù)主要有三種:V/F 控制、轉(zhuǎn)差頻率控制、矢量控制。20 世紀(jì) 90 年代以前主要以 PWM 方式實(shí)現(xiàn) V/F 控制和轉(zhuǎn)差頻率控制，但這兩種控制技術(shù)因轉(zhuǎn)速控制范圍小，轉(zhuǎn)矩特性不理想，而對于需頻繁起動(dòng)、加減速的電動(dòng)車不太適宜。近幾年來，研制的電動(dòng)車感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)幾乎都采用矢量控制技術(shù)。矢量控制按其側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同，主要有兩種控制策略:提高驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)效率的最大效率控制與簡化系統(tǒng)、降低成本的無速度傳感器矢量控制。最大效率控制技術(shù)是通過使勵(lì)磁電流 Io 隨電動(dòng)機(jī)參數(shù)和負(fù)載條件而變化來實(shí)現(xiàn)在任何負(fù)載條件下都使電動(dòng)機(jī)的損耗最小，效率最大的目標(biāo)。矢量控制離不開速

51、度的控制，而無速度傳感器是利用電動(dòng)機(jī)電壓、電流和電動(dòng)機(jī)參數(shù)來估算出速度，從而無需一般矢量控制中的速度傳感器，達(dá)到簡化系統(tǒng)、降低成本、提高可靠性的目的。2.3 永磁無刷電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)2.3.1 永磁無刷電動(dòng)機(jī)永磁無刷電動(dòng)機(jī)系統(tǒng)可以分為兩類，一類是方波驅(qū)動(dòng)的無刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)系統(tǒng)(BDCM)，另一類是永磁同步電動(dòng)機(jī)系統(tǒng)(PMSM)，也稱之為正弦波驅(qū)動(dòng)的無刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)系統(tǒng)。BDCM系統(tǒng)不需要絕對位置傳感器，一般采用霍爾元件或增量式碼盤，也可以通過檢測反電動(dòng)勢波形換相。PMSM系統(tǒng)一般需要絕對式碼盤或too busy tocome over, this is very responsible. Next

52、to the sanitation departmentsigned removal contracts, in strict accordance with the provisions ofthe contract. The back street alleys and suburban , to do a good job inenvironmental health at the same time, do a good job in a timely publicfacilities maintenance, repair, install, completely solve the

53、 piles ofgarbage, sewage crosscurrent, heidengxiahuo, potholes and otherphenomena, do the streets clean, orderly, the convenience of the publiclife. To some five on the improvement of the urban river constructionsite. Now our urban river environment really let people see not bottomgo to, than the wo

54、rks of Lao Shes Longxugou ditch is not strong towhere to go. The next step, we should insist on treating the symptoms,the strict implementation of the long river responsibility system,strengthen the river daily cleaning, planting a number of decompositionand green vegetation, so that Hanoi no garbag

55、e, riverside, no debris,the river no smell. At the same time, it is necessary to focus on theeffect a permanent cure, accelerate the rain sewage diversion, to carryout the system of comprehensive remediation, accomplish treat a river,into a piece of landscape. The building housing the departments sh

56、ouldstrengthen the construction site construction supervision, supervise theimplementation of construction dust dust measures, the public securitytraffic police department To旋轉(zhuǎn)變壓器等轉(zhuǎn)子位置傳感器。從磁鐵所處不同位置的結(jié)構(gòu)上看，永磁無刷電動(dòng)機(jī)可以分成表面型、鑲嵌型、深埋式等結(jié)構(gòu)型式，在電動(dòng)汽車中也有采用盤式結(jié)構(gòu)或外轉(zhuǎn)子結(jié)構(gòu)的。深埋式永磁同步電動(dòng)機(jī)因其有高的功率密度、有效的弱磁控制及方便的最大效率控制而在電動(dòng)車應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域倍

57、受青睞，是當(dāng)前電動(dòng)車電動(dòng)機(jī)研發(fā)的熱點(diǎn)。用在電動(dòng)車上的永磁同步電動(dòng)機(jī)是將磁鐵插入轉(zhuǎn)子內(nèi)部，得到同步旋轉(zhuǎn)的磁極深埋式轉(zhuǎn)子結(jié)構(gòu)如圖3所示，這種電動(dòng)機(jī)在結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)方面主要有兩個(gè)特征:?轉(zhuǎn)子磁鐵使用埋入式;?采用多極化設(shè)計(jì)。這種設(shè)計(jì)具有顯著的優(yōu)點(diǎn):(1)與將永磁體貼在轉(zhuǎn)子表面的情況相比，將永磁體植入轉(zhuǎn)子內(nèi)部，則即使高速旋轉(zhuǎn)，永磁體也不會飛散，為此就使設(shè)計(jì)10000r/min以上的超高速電動(dòng)機(jī)成為可能。(2)對于要求的最大轉(zhuǎn)矩而言，采用圖3所示的轉(zhuǎn)子結(jié)構(gòu)，永磁電動(dòng)機(jī)能做得更小。圖3深埋式永磁同步電動(dòng)機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)簡圖(3)電機(jī)多極化設(shè)計(jì)也是降低成本的有效手段。圖4表示了電動(dòng)機(jī)永久磁鐵用量占電動(dòng)機(jī)總重量的百分比隨電動(dòng)

58、機(jī)極數(shù)增加而減少的變化曲線。圖4永磁同步電動(dòng)機(jī)的極數(shù)和磁鐵用量的關(guān)系2.3.2 深埋式永磁同步電動(dòng)機(jī)的控制技術(shù)深埋式永磁同步電動(dòng)機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成如圖5所示。與一般電動(dòng)機(jī)的控制系統(tǒng)多為速度控制系統(tǒng)或位置控制系統(tǒng)不同，電動(dòng)車是由加速器與控制器共同決定的轉(zhuǎn)矩指令來控制電機(jī)。因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)矩由電流決定，所以實(shí)際上構(gòu)成了一個(gè)電流控制系統(tǒng)。應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)矩指令和電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速，通過獨(dú)立增減d軸電流和q軸電流進(jìn)行too busy tocome over, this is very responsible. Next to the sanitation departmentsigned removal contracts, in

59、 strict accordance with the provisions ofthe contract. The back street alleys and suburban , to do a good job inenvironmental health at the same time, do a good job in a timely publicfacilities maintenance, repair, install, completely solve the piles ofgarbage, sewage crosscurrent, heidengxiahuo, po

60、tholes and otherphenomena, do the streets clean, orderly, the convenience of the publiclife. To some five on the improvement of the urban river constructionsite. Now our urban river environment really let people see not bottomgo to, than the works of Lao Shes Longxugou ditch is not strong towhere to