1、 Introduction to Stylistics Introduction to Stylistics I. IntroductionWhat is stylistics?Modern Stylistics: General Stylistics, Literary Stylistics I. IntroductionWhThe Scope of StudiesLiterary stylistics: concentrating on the unique features of various literary works, such as poem, novel, prose, dr

2、amaGeneral stylistics: concentrating on the general features of various types of language use, including literary discourses and other practical stylesThe Scope of StudiesLiterary General stylisticsGenres: news reports, advertisements, public speeches, scientific treatises, legal documents and other

3、 practical stylesAttitudes: formal and informal languageMedia of communication: spoken English, written English, e-discourseRegions: British English, American English and other regional dialectsSocial groups: standard and non-standard language ( varieties of language)General stylisticsGenres: newsBo

4、oks for Reference王佐良英語文體學引論 秦秀白英語文體學入門 錢瑗實用文體學教程 王守仁英語文體學要略 申丹文學文體學與小說翻譯 張德祿功能文體學Books for Reference王佐良英語文體學引論I. Style and Stylistics“Take an egg, and make a perforation in the base and a corresponding one in the apex. And then, apply the lips to the aperture, and by frocibly inhaling the breath, th

5、e shell is entirely discharged of its contents.” I. Style and StylisticsI. Style and Stylistics “When I was a gal, they made a hole in each end and sucked.”I. Style and StylisticsI. Style and StylisticsWhen his dad died, Peter had to get another job.After his fathers death, Peter had to change his j

6、ob.On the decease of his father, Mr Brown was obliged to seek alternative employment.I. Style and StylisticsWhen hiConcepts of StyleA persons distinctive language habits, or the set of individual characteristics of language use e.g. Hemingways style Henry Jamess style Mark Twains style Concepts of S

7、tyleA persons dConcepts of Style2. Some or all of the language habits shared by a group of people at one time, or over a period of time. e.g. Elizabethan style the style of legal document the style of news reportingConcepts of Style2. Some or a Some Senses of style1) A mans style is his minds voice.

8、 (Ralph Waldo Emerson)2) Proper words in proper places makes the true definition of a style. (Jonathan Swift)3) Style is the very thought itself. (Nils Erik Enkvist)4) Style is ingratiation. It involves saying the right thing in the most effective way. (Nils Erik Enkvist) Some Senses of style1) A ma

9、nSome Senses of style5) Style is a shell surrounding a preexisting core of thought. It is regarded as an addition to a central core of thought or expression. (Nils Erik Enkvist)）Some Senses of style5) Style iSome Senses of style6) Style is choice. It is the choice between alterative expressions. (Ni

10、ls Erik Enkvist)7) Style is a set of individual characteristics. It is the man himself. (Nils Erik Enkvist) 8) Style is a deviation from a norm. (Nils Erik Enkvist)Some Senses of style6) Style iSome Senses of style9) Style is the relation among linguistic entities that are stable in terms of wider s

11、pans of text than the sentence. (Nils Erik Enkvist)10) Style is the linguistic features that communicate emotion or thought. (John Middleton Murry) Some Senses of style9) Style iSome Senses of style11) Style is personal idiosyncrasy(習性，癖好). (John Middleton Murry)12) Style is technique of expression.

12、 (John Middleton Murry)13) Style is the highest achievement of literature. (John Middleton Murry)Some Senses of style11) Style Some Senses of style14) Style is transformation. (Richard M. Ohmann)15) Style is expressiveness. (Stephen UIIman)16) Style is a choice among the non-distinctive features of

13、language. (Leonard Bloomfield)Some Senses of style14) Style Some Senses of style17) Style is the selection of features partly determined by the demand of genre, form, theme, etc. (Katie Wales)18) Style is equivalence. (Roman Jakobson & Levi Strauss) 19) Style is meaning potential. (Michael Halliday)

14、 Some Senses of style17) Style Definition of styleManner indicating prominent linguistic features, devices or patterns, most (or least) frequently occur in a particular text of a particular variety of language.Definition of styleManner indiDefinition of StylisticsStylistics is a discipline that stud

15、ies the ways in which language is used; it is a discipline that studies the styles of language in use.Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which applies the theory and methodology of modern linguistics to the study of style.Definition of StylisticsStylisDefinition of StylisticsStylistics is a branc

16、h of linguistics which studies style in a scientific and systematic way concerning the manners / linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels.Definition of StylisticsStylisThe need for the study of stylistics(1) Style is an integral part of meaning. Without the sense of

17、 style we cannot arrive at a better understanding of an utterance; The need for the study of styl(2) Stylistics study helps cultivate a sense of appropriateness. (grammar: correctness; stylistics: appropriateness);Who speaks what language to whom and when * Proper words in proper places make the tru

18、e definition of a style. - Swift(2) Stylistics study helps culFirst, a certain style is determined by the characteristics of the USER of language, such as the age, sex, education, socio-regional or ethnic background.First, a certain style is deteSecond, its related to the characteristics of the USE

19、of language in situation: # role-relationship between addresser and addressee (degree of intimacy) Second, its related to the ch# medium of communication (speech or writing) # setting: private or public # purpose for which language is used (to inform, persuade)# medium of communication (speFor Examp

20、le:(1) Dear Sir, I must apologize for the delay in replying to your letter of the 30th of December (2) Dear Jane, Im terribly sorry not to have got round to writing before now For Example:Now allow me to propose a toast to the friendship between Heres to the health of our friends!Cheers!Bottoms up!N

21、ow allow me to propose a toa（3） Stylistic study sharpens the understanding and appreciation of literary works（3） Stylistic study sharpens tDeviation: the breaking of normal rules of linguistic structure Repetition: the overuse of a particular linguistic features Deviation: the breaking of norForegro

22、unding e.g. a month ago (normal) a grief ago (abnormal) a joy ago (abnormal) a happiness ago (abnormal)Foregrounding（4） Stylistic study helps achieve adaptation in translation（4） Stylistic study helps achi1. Whoever tries to twist you up, may the end of his nose take a twist. （1） 誰要想捉弄你，誰的鼻子尖就會弄歪。 （

23、2） 誰騙你，誰就不得好死。1. Whoever tries to twist you2. 他對小兒子說，“那時候，干一天活兒累得連炕都上不去，渾身疼得要命，睡也睡不著?！?(1) He said to his little son, “At that time, I was so fatigued after a days drudgery that I found it very hard to mount the kang. My whole frame aching acutely, I couldnt go to sleep however hard I tried.” 2. 他對小

24、兒子說，“那時候，干一天活兒累得連炕都上不去，渾(2) He said to his little son, “ In those days, I was usually so done up after a days hard work that I could hardly get on the kang. As my whole body ached like anything, I simply couldnt get to sleep even I tried to. (2) He said to his little son,(1) Although learning is jud

25、ged to require from teachers (and sometimes indeed it does), real instructors may be found not so much in school or in great laboratories as in the students powers of insight.(1) Although learning is judge(2) We think we learn from teachers, and we sometimes do. But teachers are not always be found

26、in school or in great laboratories. Sometimes what we learn depends upon our own powers of insight.(2) We think we learn from tea(3) You know, people are always saying they learn from teachers! Ok, so they do, sometimes. But what I want to get across is this: you dont always find your teachers in sc

27、hools or in labs, either. No sir! Sometimes you find the teacher right in your own eyes and ears and brains. Thats where its at!(3) You know, people are alway學識得之于導(dǎo)師是人所共見的，有時也確乎如此。但是，真正的“導(dǎo)師”大都不出自學?；?qū)嶒炇?，而是學者本人的洞察力。學識得之于導(dǎo)師是人所共見的，有時也確乎如此。但是，真正的“導(dǎo)大家都說我們是向老師求教，一般說來，情形的確如此。但是老師也并不只有在學?；虼髮嶒炇依锊拍苷业?。有時侯，我們學到了

28、東西，靠的是自己的心明眼亮。大家都說我們是向老師求教，一般說來，情形的確如此。但是老師也大家總是說教學教學，教師教，學生學。不錯，有時侯是那么回事。但是，依我看來，老師也不是只有在學校里或者在實驗室里才能找到，不是的！有時“老師”就在你自己的腦袋里，在你的耳朵里、眼睛里，就是這么回事！大家總是說教學教學，教師教，學生學。不錯，有時侯是那么回事。Four aspects of “equivalence”1. Equivalence of semantic message of source language and target language. (原文的語義信息與譯文的語義信息對等）2. Equivalence of stylistic message of source lang