1、WhenIwaspreparingthepostgraduateentranceexaminationofNNU(NanjingNormalUniversity),someofthesefollowingconceptshadbeentested,buttheresnospecificorclearexplanationinthetextbookrequiredbytheinpreparingthesecond-roundexaminationIreadtheminotherrelevantbooks,Iwrotedownhereforyourtheyareusefultosomeofyou.

2、1.Acculturation(同化過(guò)程）isaprocessinwhichmembersofoneculturalgroupadoptthebeliefsandbehaviorsofanothergroup.Adjacencypair（相鄰語(yǔ)對(duì)）;asequenceoftwoutterancesbydifferentspeakersinconversation.Thesecondisaresponsetothefirst,suchasquestion/answersequencesandgreeting/greetingexchange.3.affix:aboundmorphemethati

3、sattachedtoastemandmodifiesitsmeaninginsomeway.4.agreement(concord)（一致）:hesentenceTheboygoestoschooleveryisanagreementinnumberbetweenboyand.goes（發(fā)音器官):thetongue,lips,andvelum,whichchangetheshapeofthevocaltracttoproducedifferentspeechsounds.(體）:thegrammaticalcategoryrepresentingdistinctioninthetempor

4、alstructureofanevent.Englishhastwoaspectconstruction-theperfectandtheprogressive.(完成體和進(jìn)行體)(吐氣）;thepuffofairthatsometimesfollowsthepronounciationofastopconsonant./p/inthewordpit.（輔音）;aspeechsoundproducedbypartialorcompleteclosureofpartofthevocaltract,thusobstructingtheairflowandcreatingaudiblefrictio

5、n.Consonantsaredescribedintermsofvoicing,placeofarticulation,andmannerofarticulation.9.converstionalimplicature（會(huì)話含義）:petence（交際能力）;theabilitytouselanguageappropriatelyinsocialsituations.11.constituent（成分）:asyntacticunitthatfunctionsaspartofalargeunitwithinasentence;typicalconstituenttypesareverbphr

6、ase,nounphrase,prepositionalphraseandclause.(格)：thegrammaticalcategoryininflectionallanguagesbywhichtheformofanounornounphrasevariesforgrammaticalorsemanticreasons.Englishhasonlyonecasedistinctioninnounsthegenitivecase(所有格),butEnglishpronounshavethreeformsthatcorrespondtothreeofthesixcasesinLatin.（小

7、句）:agrammaticalunitthatcontainsasubjectandapredicate.Itmaybeasentenceorpartofasentence.class（封閉詞類）:agroupofwordswhosemembershipissmallanddoesnotreadilyacceptnewmembers.（創(chuàng)新詞）:theconstructionandadditionofnewwords.(分布）:thesetofpositionsinwhichagivenlinguisticelementorformcanappearinalanguage.（雙重結(jié)構(gòu)）:aty

8、peofdouble-layerstructureinwhichasmallnumberofmeaninglessunitsarecombinedtoproducealargenumberofmeaningfulunits.（包含）;therelationshipbetweentwosentenceswherethetruthofone(thesecond)isinferredfromthetruthoftheother.（宛轉(zhuǎn)語(yǔ)）:awordorphrasethatreplacesataboowordorisusedtoavoidreferencetocertainactsorsubject

9、s,.powderroomfortoilet.pathsentence（花園小徑句）:asentenceinwhichthecomprehenderassumesaparticularmeaningofawordoraphrasebutlaterdiscoversthattheassumptionwasincorrect,forcingthecomprehendertobacktrackandreinterpretthesentencevariation;(自由變異)arelationbetweentwospeechsoundssuchthateitheronecanoccurinacerta

10、inpositionandthesubstitutionofonefortheothernevermakesanydifferenceinthemeaningoftheword.Forinstance,theunexploded(失去爆破)stop/d/inthephraseGoodmorningisinfreevaritationwiththeexploded(爆破)counterpart.（屈折變化）:themorphologicalprocessbywhichaffixescombinewithwordsorstemstoindicatesuchgrammaticalcategories

11、astenseorplurity.（支配）:thegrammaticalphonomenoninwhichthepresenceofaparticularwordinasentencerequiresasecondwordwhichisgrammaticallinkedwithittoappearinaparticularform.aprepositionoraverbrequiresthatthepronounfollowingitbeintheobjectiveform,asinwithme,tohim.universal(語(yǔ)言共性):anypropertythatissharedbymo

12、st,ifnotall,humanlanugages.franca:(通用語(yǔ))Alanguagevarietyusedforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewodonototherwiseshareacommonlanguage.Forexample,Englishisthelinguafrancaoftheinternationalscientificcommunity.;Thestudyoftheeffectoflanguageonsociety.:Thestudyoftheeffectofanyandallaspectsofsociety,includin

13、gculturalnorms,expetationsandcontexts,onthewaylanguageisused.Itisoftensimplycalledsociolinguistics.relation:(縱組合關(guān)系)Thesubstitutionalrelationbetweenasetoflinguisticitems,thatis,linguisticforms(letters,wordsandphrases)canbesubstitutedforeachotherinthesamepositioninawordorsentence.,b,p,s,fareinparadigm

14、aticrelationinthewordsbit,pit,sit,fit,soareNature,Beauty,Love,Honestyinthesentences:Naturepurifiesthemind.Beautypurifiesthemind.Lovepurifiesthemind.Honestypurifiesthemind.relation:(橫組合關(guān)系)Thewordbit,b,i,tareinsyntagmaticrelation,soarenature,purifies,the,mind,inthesentenceNaturepurifiesthemind.（預(yù)設(shè)）:im

15、plicitassumptionsabouttheworldacquiredtomakeanutterancemeaningfulorappropriate,e,g,“someteahasalreadybeentaken”isapresuppostionof“Takesomemoretea”.(典型):Whatmembersofaparticularcommunitythinkofasthebestexampleofalexicalcategory,someEnglishspeakers“cabbage”(ratherthan,say,carrot)mightbetheprototypical

16、vegetable.(詞根):themorphemethatremainswhenallaffixesarestrippedfromacomplexword.systemfromun-+system+atic+ally.（詞干）:thebasetowhichoneormoreaffixesareattachedtocreateamorecomplexformthatmaybeanotherstemoraword.（禁忌語(yǔ)）:wordsthatareoffensiveorembarrassing,consideredinappropriatefor“politesociety”,thustobe

17、avoidedinconversation.restriction(選擇限制):arestrictiononthecombiningofwordsinasentenceresultingfromtheirmeaning.universal:(語(yǔ)言共性)Thelinguisticuniversalsareprinciplesthatenablechildrentoacquireaparticularlanguageunconsciously,withoutinstructionintheearlyyearsoflife.AsawholetheyarereferredtoasUniversalGr

18、ammar.distribution(比較分布)：Ifthespeechsoundsoccurinthesamephoneticcontextandthesubstitutionresultsacontrastinmeaning,wesaytheyareincontrastivedistribution.constituentanalysis（直接成分解析法）isthetechniqueofbreakingupsentencesintowordgroupsbymakingsuccessivebinarycuttingsuntilthelevelofsinglewordsisreached.co

19、nstruction:(向心結(jié)構(gòu)或內(nèi)心結(jié)構(gòu))Oneconstructionwhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents.ThetypicalEnglishendocentricconstructionsarenounphrasesandadjectivephrases.construction(離心結(jié)構(gòu)或外心結(jié)構(gòu))theoppositeofendocentricconstruction,referstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwo

20、rdswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothewholegroup.Mostconstructionsareexocentric.canbedefinedasthemeansemployedtoshowawarenessofanotherpersonspublicself-image.(politenessprinciple)tactmaxim;generosityprinciple;approbationmaxim;modestymaxim;agreementmaxim;sympathymaxim.(反語(yǔ))istheuseofwords

21、toexpresssomethingotherthanandespeciallytheoppositeoftheliteralmeaningoftheutterance.:(語(yǔ)碼變換)meansthealternationbetweentwoormorelanguages,languagevarietiesorregistersincommunication.filter(感情過(guò)濾)：Ascreenofemotionthatcanblocklanguageacquisitionorlearningifitkeepsthelearnersbeingtooself-consciousortooem

22、barrassedtotakerisksduringcommunicativeexchanges.（轉(zhuǎn)類構(gòu)詞）isachangeinthegrammaticalfunctionofawordwithoutaddingorremovinganypartofit.Awordbelongingtoonepartofspeechisextendedtoanotherpartofspeech.Itisalsocalledfunctionalshiftorzeroderivation.meaningVSgrammaticalmeaning(詞匯意義與語(yǔ)法意義)Themeaningofasentenceis

23、carriedbythewordsproperaswellasbythepatternsofwordorderthatispartofthegrammaticalsystemofalanguage.Thepartofthesentencemeaningcontributedbywordsiscalledthelexicalmeaningandthepartofsentencemeaningthatdependsuponthewaythewordsareputtogetheriscalledgrammaticalmeaning,inwhichthefunctionwordsandthewordo

24、rderplayaveryimportantrole.meaningVSnon-linguisticmeaning(副語(yǔ)言意義與非語(yǔ)言意義)Inhumancommunication,apartfromthelinguisticmeaningconveyedbylanguageitself,therearenumerousparalinguisticmeaningsandnon-linguisticmeaningsthatareperceivedsimultaneouslybythehearer.Paralinguisticmeaningsarethoseattachedtotheverbale

25、xpressionsbyqualityofvoice,tempoofspeech,posture,facialexpressionandgestures.Non-linguisticmeaningsarethoseindicatedbynon-verbalnoisessuchascough,sigh,tongue-clicking,variouskindsofbodylanguagesanddifferentcontextsofsituation.VSconnotation(外延與內(nèi)涵)Denotationisastraightforward,literalmeaningofthewordeverymemberofthelanguagespeakingcommunitywillagreeon.Connotationisnotthebasicmeaingofthewordbutsomeemotiveorevaluativemeaingsassociatedwithth