住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.翻譯題

Contemporarypublicexpendituremanagement(PEM)isinterestedintheprocessofbudgetingprimarilybecauseproceduralrulesstronglyinfluenceexpenditureoutcomes.PEMtakesthepositionthattheserulesaffectthreeimportantoutcomes:thetotalamountspent,thecompositionofexpenditure,andtheefficiencyofgovernmentoperations.PEMseeksproceduresthatincreasetheprobabilityofachievingpreferredoutcomes.Thekeyaspectsofbudgetingaffectingexpenditureoutcomesareinstitutionalarrangements,thetypesofinformationavailableformakingandenforcingexpendituredecisions,theincentivesprovidedforspendersandcontrollerstobehaveinwaysthatpromotedesiredoutcomes,theissuanceandimplementationofsubstantivebudgerules.TheseelementsofPEMareappliedtothethreebasicobjectivesofmodempublicexpendituremanagement:tostrengthenaggregatefiscaldiscipline,toallocatepublicresourcesinaccordwithstrategicpriorities,andtopromotetheefficientprovisionofservices.

Fiscaldisciplinerequireseffectivecontrolofbudgetaggregates:totalrevenueandspendingandthebalancebetweenthesetotals.Whenaggregatecontroliseffective,theseoutcomesaredisciplined;theyresultfromexplicit,enforceddecisionsontheaggregatesbygovernment.Theyarenotmerelythesumofpowerfuldemandsonthebudget.PEMalsoseeksallocativeefficiency.Allocativeefficiencydependsonthecapacitytoshiftresourcesfromoldprogramstonewonesandfromlesstomoreproductiveuses,incorrespondencewithchangingpublicpolicyobjectives.Finally,PEMseeksefficiencyinadministrativeoperations,theprogressivereduction,throughproductivitygains,intherunningcostofgovernmentagenciesandintheunitcostofservices.

【答案】由于程序規(guī)則會(huì)對(duì)支出結(jié)果產(chǎn)生重大影響，當(dāng)代公共支出管理(PEM)研究重點(diǎn)就是編制預(yù)算。公共支出管理(PEM)認(rèn)為這些規(guī)則會(huì)影響三個(gè)重要結(jié)果：支出總金額，支出構(gòu)成和政府運(yùn)作效率。公共支出管理(PEM)尋求方法，以提升達(dá)到預(yù)期結(jié)果的概率。在編制預(yù)算中，影響支出結(jié)果的關(guān)鍵因素包括：制度安排、制定與實(shí)施支出決策的信息種類、保證支出者與管理者努力實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)期目標(biāo)的激勵(lì)手段、公布與實(shí)行大量的預(yù)算規(guī)則。這些規(guī)則旨在實(shí)現(xiàn)三個(gè)基本目標(biāo)：加強(qiáng)總的財(cái)政紀(jì)律、依據(jù)戰(zhàn)略重點(diǎn)分配公共資源、促進(jìn)提供有效服務(wù)。

財(cái)政紀(jì)律要求有效控制預(yù)算總量，總收入與總支出以及這兩者總數(shù)之間的平衡。當(dāng)總量控制是有效的，就說明支出受到財(cái)政紀(jì)律的控制。政府給予明確且需執(zhí)行的總量。這一總量并不僅僅是對(duì)預(yù)算有個(gè)明確的總量限制，公共支出管理(PEM)也還要尋求配置效率。配置效率的高低取決于資源從舊項(xiàng)目轉(zhuǎn)移到新項(xiàng)目、從低產(chǎn)向高產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的能力大小，同時(shí)還要與不斷變化中的國家公共政策目標(biāo)保持一致。最后，公共支出管理(PEM)要尋求行政管理的效率：通過提高生產(chǎn)率，逐步減小政府機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)作成本、服務(wù)的單位成本。

2.翻譯題

Modernsciencehasopenedupthepathfortheprogressofproductiontechniquesanddeterminedthedirectionoftheirdevelopment.Manynewinstrumentsofproductionandtechnologicalprocessesfirstseethelightofdayinthescientificlaboratories.Aseriesofnewbornindustrieshavebeenfoundedonthebasisofnewly-emergeddisciplinesofscienceandtechnology，ofcourse,thereare,andtherewillbe,manytheoreticalresearchtopicswithnopracticalapplicationinplainsightforthetimebeing.Howeverahostofhistoricalfactshaveprovedthatonceamajorbreakthroughisscoredintheoreticalresearch,itmeanstremendousprogressforproductionandtechnologysoonerorlater.

Contemporarynaturalsciencesarebeingappliedtoproductiononanunprecedentedscaleandatahigherspeedthaneverbefore.Thishasgivenallfieldsofmaterialproductionanentirelynewlook.Inparticular,thedevelopmentofelectroniccomputersandautomationtechnologyisraisingthedegreeofautomationinproduction.Withthesameamountofmanpowerandinthesamenumberofwork-hours,peoplecanturnoutscoresorhundredsoftimesmoreproductsthanbefore.Howisitthatthesocialproductiveforceshavemadesuchtremendousadvancesandhowisitthatlaborproductivityhasincreasedbysuchabigmargin?Mainlythroughthepowerofscience,thepoweroftechnology.Therefore,wemaintainthatthedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnologyhaslinkedscienceandproductionevenclosertogether.Aspartoftheproductiveforces,scienceandtechnologyarecomingtoplayanevengreaterrolethaneverbefore.

【答案】【參考譯文】

現(xiàn)代科學(xué)為生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步開辟了道路，決定了生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向。許多新的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備和工藝流程首先在科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室中問世。在新興科技學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)上，建立了一系列新興產(chǎn)業(yè)。當(dāng)然，目前和將來都會(huì)有許多理論研究課題暫時(shí)沒有明顯的實(shí)用性。然而，大量的歷史事實(shí)證明，理論研究一旦取得重大突破，就意味著生產(chǎn)和技術(shù)遲早會(huì)取得巨大的進(jìn)步。

當(dāng)代自然科學(xué)正以前所未有的規(guī)模和速度應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)。這給了所有材料生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域一個(gè)全新的面貌。特別是，電子計(jì)算機(jī)和自動(dòng)化技術(shù)的發(fā)展提高了生產(chǎn)中的自動(dòng)化程度。在相同的人力和工作時(shí)間內(nèi)，人們可以生產(chǎn)出比以前多幾十倍或幾百倍的產(chǎn)品。社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力是怎樣取得巨大進(jìn)步的？勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率又是如何大幅度提高的？主要通過科學(xué)的力量，技術(shù)的力量。因此，我們認(rèn)為，現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展使科學(xué)與生產(chǎn)的聯(lián)系更加緊密。作為生產(chǎn)力的一部分，科學(xué)技術(shù)將發(fā)揮前所未有的重要作用。

3.翻譯題

Thefactthatourcomputernetworkissoadvancedwillalsosoongiveustheopportunitytoshareourteachingexpertisewithlocalcompaniesandevenotheruniversities;adedicatedcenterfordistancelearningisalreadyunderdiscussion.Wewillincreasinglyuseinternet-basedcomputercourses,toenhanceourownteachingandalsotoreachstudentsoutsidetheuniversity.Thatdoesn’tmeancomputerterminalswilldisplacepeople;studentsarealwaysgoingtoneedadviceandhigh-qualitytuitiononthespot.Butitdoesmeanwecanrefineourteachingcoursesovertimeandmakethemavailableinthemanneroftextbooks.Inaddition,withintheuniversityitself,accessisgoingtoremainourkeypriority.

【答案】事實(shí)上，我們的計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)非常先進(jìn)，很快我們就能夠與當(dāng)?shù)氐墓旧踔疗渌髮W(xué)分享我們的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)；人們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)在開始討論遠(yuǎn)程教育中心。我們將提供越來越多的建立在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的課程，提高教學(xué)效果，教授校外的學(xué)生。這樣說并不意味著計(jì)算機(jī)終端將取代人，學(xué)生總是需要高水平的現(xiàn)場指導(dǎo)和幫助。但是，這意味著我們可以不斷改進(jìn)我們的課程，然后把它們變成教材。此外，就大學(xué)本身而言，易獲得性始終是我們的重點(diǎn)。

4.單選題

Thereweretwowidelydivergentinfluencesontheearldevelopmentofstatisticalmethods.Statisticshadamotherwhowasdedicatedtokeepingorderlyrecordsofgovernmentalunitsandagentlemanlygamblingfatherwhoreliedonmathematicstoincreasehisskillatplayingtheoddsingamesofchance.Theinfluenceofthemotherontheoffspring,statistics,isrepresentedbycounting,measuring,describing,tabulating,ordering,andthetakingofcensuses,allofwhichledtomoderndescriptivestatistics.Fromtheinfluenceofthefathercamemoderninferentialstatistics,whichisbasedsquarelyontheoriesofprobability.

Descriptivestatisticsinvolvestabulating,depicting,anddescribingcollectionsofdata.Thesedatamaybeeitherquantitative,suchasmeasuresofheight,intelligence,orgradelevel-variables，thatarecharacterizedbytheunderlyingcontinuumorthedatamayrepresentqualitativevariables,suchassex,collegemajor,orpersonalitytype.Largemassesofdatamustgenerallyundergoaprocessofsummarizationorreductionbeforetheyarecomprehensible.Descriptivestatisticsisatoolfordescribingorsummarizing,orreducingtocomprehensibleformthepropertiesofanotherwiseunwieldymassofdata.

Inferentialstatisticsisaformalizedbodyofmethodsforsolvinganotherclassofproblemsthatpresentgreatdifficultiesfortheunaidedhumanmind.Thisgeneralclassofproblemscharacteristicallyinvolvesattemptstomakepredictionsusingasampleofobservations.Forexample,aschoolsuperintendentwishestodeterminetheproportionofchildreninalargeschoolsystem,whocometoschoolwithoutbreakfasthavebeenvaccinatedforflu,orwhatever.Havingalittleknowledgeofstatistics,thesuperintendentwouldknowthatitisunnecessaryandinefficienttoquestioneachchild;theproportionfortheentiredistrictcouldbeestimatedfairlyaccuratelyfromasampleofasfewas100children.Thus,thepurposeofinferentialstatisticsistopredictorestimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromaknowledgeofthecharacteristicsofonlyasampleofthepopulation.

31.Thepassageismainlyconcernedwith______.

32.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,countinganddescribingareassociatedwith______.

33.Whydoestheauthormention“mother”and“father”inthefirstparagraph?

34.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdescriptivestatisticsisbestsupportedbythepassage?

35.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthepurposeofexaminingasampleorapopulation?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thedrawbacksofdescriptiveandinferentialstatistics

B.applicationsofinferentialstatistics

C.thedevelopmentanduseofstatistics

D.howtousedescriptivestatistics

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.inferentialstatistics

B.descriptivestatistics

C.unknownvariables

D.qualitativechanges

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Topointoutthatparentscanteachtheirchildrenstatistics.

B.Tointroduceinferentialstatistics.

C.Toexplainthattherearedifferentkindsofvariables.

D.Topresentthebackgroundofstatisticsinahumorousandunderstandableway.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itsimplifiesunwieldymassesofdata.

B.Itleadstoincreasedvariability.

C.Itsolvesallnumericalproblems.

D.Itchangesqualitativevariablestoquantitativevariables.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Tocomparedifferentgroups.

B.Topredictcharacteristicsoftheentirepopulation.

C.Toconsiderallthequantitativevariables.

D.Totabulatecollectionsofdata.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】31.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。文章第一段介紹了統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的誕生，接著介紹了兩種統(tǒng)計(jì)方法：描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)和推斷性統(tǒng)計(jì)可以解決的問題，說明本文主要講的是統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用。因此C選項(xiàng)“統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的發(fā)展和使用”正確。A選項(xiàng)“描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)和推斷性統(tǒng)計(jì)的缺點(diǎn)”，原文只介紹了這兩者的由來，沒有介紹它們的缺點(diǎn)，所以A錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“推斷性統(tǒng)計(jì)的應(yīng)用”，D選項(xiàng)“如何使用描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)”，原文介紹了描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)和推斷性統(tǒng)計(jì)兩者的應(yīng)用，所以B，D錯(cuò)誤。

32.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“countinganddescribing”可以定位到文章第一段第三句Theinfluenceofthemotherontheoffspring,statistics,isrepresentedbycounting,measuring,describing,tabulating,ordering,andthetakingofcensuses,allofwhichledtomoderndescriptivestatistics.（“母親”對(duì)其后代統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的影響表現(xiàn)在計(jì)數(shù)、測量、描述、制表、歸類和人口普查，所有這些導(dǎo)致了現(xiàn)代描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的誕生。），說明計(jì)數(shù)和描述與描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)相關(guān)。因此B選項(xiàng)“描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“推斷性統(tǒng)計(jì)”，C選項(xiàng)“未知變量”，D選項(xiàng)“質(zhì)變”均不符合題意，所以A，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

33.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。第一段中提到“母親”和“父親”用來說明統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的誕生和起源，運(yùn)用擬人的手法使文章更加生動(dòng)幽默，有助于讀者理解。因此D選項(xiàng)“以幽默、易懂的方式介紹統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的背景”正確。A選項(xiàng)“指出父母可以教孩子統(tǒng)計(jì)”，B選項(xiàng)“為了介紹推斷性統(tǒng)計(jì)”，C選項(xiàng)“說明變量有不同的種類”均不符合題意，所以A，B，C錯(cuò)誤。

34.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Descriptivestatisticsisatoolfordescribingorsummarizing,orreducingtocomprehensibleformthepropertiesofanotherwiseunwieldymassofdata.（描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)是一種工具，它對(duì)極其龐雜的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行描述、概括或簡化，使之成為可理解的東西。），說明描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)可以將龐雜的數(shù)據(jù)簡單化。因此A選項(xiàng)“簡化了繁雜的大量數(shù)據(jù)”正確。B選項(xiàng)“導(dǎo)致了變異性的增加”，C選項(xiàng)“可以解決所有的數(shù)值問題”，D選項(xiàng)“把定性變量變?yōu)槎孔兞俊痹谖闹芯鶝]有提及，所以B，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

35.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段最后一句Thus,thepurposeofinferentialstatisticsistopredictorestimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromaknowledgeofthecharacteristicsofonlyasampleofthepopulation.（因此，推理性統(tǒng)計(jì)的目的就是通過了解整個(gè)群體中一部分樣本的特征，來預(yù)測和估計(jì)整個(gè)群體的特征。），說明考察樣本目的是預(yù)測和估計(jì)整個(gè)群體的特征。因此B選項(xiàng)“預(yù)測整個(gè)群體的特征”正確。A選項(xiàng)“為了比較不同的群體”，C選項(xiàng)“考慮所有的定量變量”，D選項(xiàng)“將數(shù)據(jù)集合制成表格”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

5.翻譯題

無比強(qiáng)大的科技很快就將完全改變我們的生活。這可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生危險(xiǎn)的后果，尤其是因?yàn)槲覀兛赡懿欢澈蟮幕A(chǔ)科學(xué)。我們的科技能力和對(duì)科學(xué)的基本理解之間的差距愈發(fā)加大。我們借助于未來科技可以從事非常巧妙的事情，而不必理解基本的科學(xué)，這是很危險(xiǎn)的。

未來的一百年中特別危險(xiǎn)的技術(shù)是納米技術(shù)、人工智能和生物技術(shù)。它們帶來的好處不容置疑，但它們潛在的危險(xiǎn)很大。在人工智能領(lǐng)域，到2010年比人腦聰明500億倍的東西原型設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。電影《終結(jié)者》（Terminator）中唯一不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事是人類獲勝。假如你在和比自己聰明得多的技術(shù)對(duì)抗，你可能不會(huì)取勝。我們都聽說過灰色粘質(zhì)（greygoo）問題，能自我復(fù)制的納米技術(shù)裝置不停地復(fù)制，直到世界淪為黏糊糊的質(zhì)體（stickygoo）。無疑在生物技術(shù)方面，我們真的有個(gè)大問題，因?yàn)樗谂c納米技術(shù)合流。一旦把納米技術(shù)和有機(jī)體相結(jié)合，就有了納米技術(shù)制造的細(xì)菌，我們能夠比《星際迷航》中的博格飛船（theBorginStarTrek）旅行得更遠(yuǎn)，但那些超人生物體可能對(duì)我們并不太友好。

我們所處的世界科學(xué)與商業(yè)日益結(jié)盟。在全球自由貿(mào)易體制的環(huán)境中，技術(shù)正在發(fā)展，這種體制認(rèn)為技術(shù)的傳播與商業(yè)結(jié)合實(shí)質(zhì)上是件好事。我們應(yīng)該做好準(zhǔn)備，迎接圍繞新興技術(shù)而展開的前所未有的爭論。

【答案】【參考譯文】

Verysoon,unimaginablypowerfultechnologieswillremakeourlives.Thiscouldhavedangerousconsequences,especiallybecausewemaynotevenunderstandthebasicscienceunderlyingthem.There’sagrowinggapbetweenourtechnologicalcapabilityandourunderlyingscientificunderstanding.Wecandoverycleverthingswiththetechnologyofthefuturewithoutnecessarilyunderstandingsomeofbasicscience,andthatisverydangerous.

Thetechnologiesthatareparticularlydangerousoverthenexthundredyearsarenanotechnology,artificialintelligenceandbiotechnology.Thebenefitstheywillbringarebeyonddoubtbuttheyarepotentiallyverydangerous.Inthefieldofartificialintelligencethereareprototypedesignsforsomethingthatmightbe50000milliontimessmarterthanthehumanbrainbytheyear2010.TheonlythingnotfeasibleinthefilmTerminatoristhatthepeoplewin.Ifyou’refightingagainsttechnologythatismuchsmarterthanyou,youprobablywillnotwin.We’veallheardoftheissueaboutgreygoothatself-replicatingnanotechdevicesmightkeeponreplicatinguntiltheworldhasbeenreducedtostickygoo.Certainlyinbiotechnology,we’vereallygotabigproblembecauseit’sconvergingwithnanotechnology.Onceyoustartmixingnanotechwithorganismsandyoustartfeedingnanotech-enabledbacteria,wecangomuchfurtherthantheBorginStarTrek,andthosesuperhumanorganismsmightnotlikeusverymuch.

Weareinaworldnowwherescienceandcommerceareincreasinglybedfellows.Thedevelopmentoftechnologyishappeninginthecontextofglobalfreetraderegimeswhichseetechnologicaldiffusionembeddedwithcommerceasintrinsicallyagood.Weshouldpreparefornewandunfamiliarformsofargumentaroundemergingtechnologies.

6.翻譯題

OnthefirstdayoftheUSfederalgovernmentshutdown,aCalifornianresidentmaynotyetfeeltheimpact,butmanyChinesetouristsareunhappyandtheirtourguidesnervous.TonyLuhasrunatravelagencyinLosAngelesfor20years.FourtouristgroupsfromChina’smainlandorganizedbyhisagencyarecurrentlytravellingaroundtheUnitedStates.Theyaresufferingdifferentkindsofimpactfromthefederalgovernmentshutdown,whichledtothecloseof401nationalparks,Smithsonian’s19museumsandgalleriesandtheNationalZoo.“Comparedtothe1995-1996shutdown,thistimeismoreserioustous.WerunmostlyChinesemarketbusinessandtherearemanymoreChinesetouristsgroupsnowthan17yearsago,”hesaid.

“Ourclientsarecomplaining.ThetourguidesexplainedtothemthateventheUSPresidentBarackObamacannotsolvetheproblemimmediately,”hesaid.Someofthegroupshavetochangetheiritineraries(行程)astheycannotenterYellowstoneNationalParkortheLincolnMemorial,norcantheyhaveacloselookoftheStatueofLiberty,allofwhichareamongthemostpopulartourismsites.

AccordingtoNationalParkServices,thenationalparkshaveabout715,000visitorsperdayonaverageinOctober.Butnow,visitorsarebeingturnedaway.

Althoughthere’snofigureyetofhowmanyChinesetouristsareaffectedbytheshutdown,someareexpressingtheirsadnessonline.“Iwanttocry,”wroteMsHetoherWeChat(微信)friends.ShehadbeenlookingforwardtohersightseeingtriptotheUSforalongtime.

Butsoonaftershelanded,shelearnedthattheStatueofLiberty,LincolnMemorialandmanyothertouristattractionsonherlistwouldbeclosed.

“NobodywillgiveanycompensationtotheseChinesetourists.TheSenateandtheCongresswilldefinitelynot,”saidLu,“Andwehavetodomoretomakethemfeelbetter,suchasexplainingthesituationtothemandhelpingsomeofthemmodifytheirtravelplans.Hopefullythefederalgovernmentshutdownendssoon.”

Nearly1.5millionChinesetraveledtotheUSlastyear,accordingtotheOfficeofTravelandTourismIndustriesoftheUSDepartmentofCommerce.

ChinesecompaniesdoingbusinessintheUSmayalsobeaffectedifthefederalregulatoryagenciesandotherservicesdonotresumeworksoon.

【答案】美國聯(lián)邦政府關(guān)門第一天，一個(gè)加利福尼亞的居民可能覺得沒有影響，但許多中國游客卻不開心，他們的導(dǎo)游也很緊張。托尼?魯在洛杉磯經(jīng)營一家旅行社20年。由他的旅行社接待的來自中國大陸的四個(gè)旅游團(tuán)目前正在周游美國。他們正因聯(lián)邦政府關(guān)門而遭受著不同程度的影響，聯(lián)邦政府關(guān)門導(dǎo)致了401個(gè)國家公園、史密森尼的19家博物館和畫廊以及國家動(dòng)物園的關(guān)閉?！跋啾?995-1996年的關(guān)門，這次對(duì)我們來說更嚴(yán)重。我們主要經(jīng)營中國市場業(yè)務(wù)，和17年前相比，現(xiàn)在有更多的中國游客群，”他說。

“我們的客戶在抱怨。導(dǎo)游解釋說就連美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬也不能立即解決問題，”他說。

因?yàn)樗麄儾荒苓M(jìn)入黃石國家公園或林肯紀(jì)念堂，也不能近距離觀察自由女神像，一些旅行團(tuán)不得不改變行程。而所有景點(diǎn)這些都列在最受歡迎的旅游網(wǎng)站上。

據(jù)國家公園的服務(wù)中心，在10月國家公園平均每天有715000名游客。但是現(xiàn)在，游客卻遭到拒絕。

雖然還沒有數(shù)據(jù)顯示有多少中國游客受關(guān)閉影響，但一些人在線表達(dá)了他們的傷心?！拔蚁肟蓿焙闻吭谖⑿派蠈懡o她朋友。她期待著她的美國觀光之旅很長時(shí)間了。

但她下飛機(jī)不久后，她了解到她清單上的自由女神像、林肯紀(jì)念堂和許多其他旅游景點(diǎn)將被關(guān)閉。

“沒人會(huì)給這些中國游客任何補(bǔ)償。參議院和國會(huì)絕對(duì)不會(huì)，”托尼?魯說，“我們必須做更多的工作來讓他們覺得好一點(diǎn)，比如向他們解釋情況，幫助他們中的一些人修改他們的旅行計(jì)劃。希望聯(lián)邦政府關(guān)門這件事很快結(jié)束?！?/p>

根據(jù)旅游局和美國商務(wù)部的旅游機(jī)構(gòu)，去年有大約150萬中國人前往美國。

如果聯(lián)邦監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和其他服務(wù)沒有很快恢復(fù)工作的話，在美國經(jīng)商的中國公司也可能受到影響。

7.單選題

ThefirstancientOlympicswereheldin776B.C.ThegamesgottheirnamefromOlympia,theGreekcitywheretheytookplace.LikethesummerOlympicsoftoday,theancientOlympicswereheldeveryfouryears.

ThousandsofpeoplefromallovertheGreekworldcametowatch.Themainstadiumheldabout45,000people.“Wehaveaccountsofvisitorsandpilgrimssettinguptentsallaroundthesite.”LisaCerratoofTuftsUniversitysaid.

DuringthefirstOlympics,therewasonlyonecompetition-a200-meterrace.Butovertimethegamesgrewtoincludewrestling,racing,boxing,andothersports.Womenwerenotallowedtocompete,buttheyhadtheirownseparategames.

“Theancientathletebecamecelebrities,justliketoday.Theyoftenlivedtherestoftheirlivesbeingtreatedtofreedinners.”Cerratosaid,“City-stateseventriedtostealawayeachother’sathletesbyofferingthemvariousawards.”

TheancientOlympicsexisteduntilA.D.393.ButthemodemOlympicsarestillgoingstrong.

1.WheredidtheancientGreeksholdtheirfirstOlympics?

2.HowdidresearchersknowthatancientGreeksrushedtowatchtheOlympics?

3.WhatdidwomendosincetheywerenotallowedtoparticipateintheOlympics?

4.Theancientathletesmusthavefelthonoredwhenthey（

）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthefourthparagraphthat（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.InAthens.

B.InOlympics.

C.Inatown.

D.Inastate.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thousandsofpeoplecametowatch.

B.Themainstadiumwasnotbigenough.

C.Manyofthemwerevisitorsandpilgrims.

D.Theyhavefoundtherelatedrecordofevents.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theystayedathomedoingnothing.

B.Theyorganizedprotestsinthecity.

C.Theyhadtheirowngames.

D.Theysetuptentsaroundthesite.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.completedina200-meterrace

B.wrestledwitheachother

C.readtheaccountsofthegames

D.receivedthetreatmentoffreedinners

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.city-statescompetedwitheachothertowintheOlympics

B.theancientathleteslikedtocelebratetheirvictories

C.freedinnerswereofferedduringthecompetition

D.awardswereoftenstolentohonortheathletes

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段：ThegamegottheirnamefromOlympia,theGreekcitywheretheytookplace.運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)得名于它的舉辦地一奧林匹亞，它是希臘的一個(gè)城市。確定C選項(xiàng)正確

2.根據(jù)第二段：…“wehaveaccountsofvisitorsandpilgrims...”確定C選項(xiàng)’他們中許多是參觀者和朝圣者‘正確。A選項(xiàng)’數(shù)以千計(jì)的人來參觀‘與題意不符。B選項(xiàng)’主體育場不夠大‘，文中提到體育場可容納45,000人，與原文不符。D選項(xiàng)’他們己經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了有關(guān)運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的記錄‘文中未提及。

3.根據(jù)文章第三段：Womenwerenotallowedtocompete,buttheyhadtheirownseparategames.女性不允許參加比賽，但是她們可以有自己單獨(dú)的比賽，確定C選項(xiàng)’她們有她們自己的比賽‘正確。A選項(xiàng)’她們呆在家里，什么也不做‘和B選項(xiàng)’她們在城里組織抗議‘文中沒有提及。D選項(xiàng)’她們在比賽場地周圍搭建帳篷‘與’參觀者與朝圣者搭建帳篷‘不符合，排除。

4.根據(jù)第四段：Theancientathletesbecamecelebrities,justliketoday.Theyoftenlivedtheirrestoftheirlivesbeingtreatedtofreedinners.古時(shí)候的運(yùn)動(dòng)員就如同當(dāng)今的大腕一樣。他們經(jīng)常終生可以享受免費(fèi)就餐的待遇，確定D選項(xiàng)’享受免費(fèi)就餐的待遇‘正確。A選項(xiàng)’參加200米競賽‘是比賽項(xiàng)目，不符合題意。B選項(xiàng)’彼此較勁‘和C選項(xiàng)’閱讀比賽記錄‘文中未提及。

5.根據(jù)第四段：City-stateseventriedtostealawayeachother'sathletesbyofferingthemvariousawards.”各城邦試圖通過提供各種優(yōu)厚福利來按對(duì)手的運(yùn)動(dòng)員，確定A選項(xiàng)’各城邦為了在奧運(yùn)會(huì)中獲勝，彼此互想競爭‘正確。B選項(xiàng)’古時(shí)候的運(yùn)動(dòng)員喜歡慶祝勝利‘文中未提及。C選項(xiàng)’比賽中提供免費(fèi)就餐‘與原文不符。D選項(xiàng)’經(jīng)常盜取獎(jiǎng)賞以獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員‘與原文不符。

8.單選題

MuchoftheresearchonhallucinogenicdrugssuchasLSDhasfocusedontheneurotransmitterserotonin,achemicalthatwhenreleasedfromaprescriptionserotonin-secretingneuroncausesthetransmissionofanerveimpulseacrossasynapsetoanadjacentpost-synaptic,ortargetneuron.Therearetwomajorreasonsforthisemphasis.First,itwasdiscoveredearlyonthatmanyofthemajorhallucinogenshaveamolecularstructuresimilartothatofserotonin.Inaddition,animalstudiesofbrainneurochemistryfollowingadministrationofhallucinogensinvariablyreportedchangesinserotoninlevels.

EarlyinvestigatorscorrectlyreasonedthatthestructuralsimilaritytotheserotoninmoleculemightimplythatLSD’seffectsarebroughtaboutbyanactionontheneurotransmissionofserotonininthebrain.Unfortunately,theleveloftechnicalexpertiseinthefieldofbrainresearchwassuchthatthishypothesishadtobetestedonperipheraltissue(tissueoutsidethebrain).TwodifferentgroupsofscientistsreportedthatLSDpowerfullyblockadedserotonin’saction.Theirconclusionswerequicklychallenged,however.Wenowknowthattheactionofadrugatonesideinthebodydoesnotnecessarilycorrespondtothedrugactionatanotherside,especiallywhenonesiteisinthebrainandtheotherisnot.

Bythe1960's,technicaladvancespermittedthedirecttestingofthehypothesisthatLSDandrelatedhallucinogensactbydirectlysuppressingtheactivityofserotonin-secretingneuronsthemselves-theso-calledprescriptionhypothesis.Researchersreasonedthatifthehallucinogenicdrugsactbysuppressingtheactivityofserotonin-secretingneurons,thendrugsadministeredaftertheseneuronshadbeendestroyedshouldhavenoeffectonbehavior,becausethesystemwouldalreadybemaximallysuppressed.

Contrarytotheirexpectations,neurondestructionenhancedtheeffectofLSDandrelatedhallucinogensonbehavior.Thus,hallucinogenicdrugsapparentlydonotactdirectlyonserotonin-secretingneurons.

However,theseandotheravailabledatedosupportanalternativehypothesis,thatLSDandrelateddrugsactdirectlyatreceptorsitesonserotonintargetneurons(thepost-synaptichypothesis).ThefactthatLSDelicits"serotoninsyndrome-thatiscausesthesamekindsofbehaviorsasdoestheadmissionofserotonin-inanimalswhosebrainsaredepletedofserotoninindicatesthatLSDactsdirectlyonserotoninreceptors,ratherthanindirectlythroughthereleaseofstoresofserotonin.TheenhancedeffectofLSDreportedafterserotonindepletioncouldbeduetoaproliferationofserotoninreceptorsitesonserotonintargetneurons.Thisphenomenonoftenfollowsneurondestructionorneurotransmitterdepletion;theincreaseinthenumberofreceptorsitesappearstobeacompensatoryresponsetodecreasedinput.Significantly,thishypothesisissupportedbydatefromanumbersofdifferentlaboratories.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisoneoftheprimaryfactorsthatledresearchersstudyinghallucinogenicdrugstofocusonserotonin?

2.Itcanbeinferredthatresearchersabandonedtheprescriptionhypothesisbecause（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?

4.Theresearchdescribedinthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithansweringwhichofthefollowingquestions?

5.Whichofthefollowingbestdefines’'serotoninsyndrome"（underlined,asthetermisusedinthepassage?

6.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationoftheargumentthattheauthorofthepassagepresentsinthelasttwoparagraphs?

7.Theauthor'sattitudetowardearlyresearchers’reasoningconcerningtheimplicationofsimilaritiesinthestructuresofserotoninandLSDmoleculescanbestbedescribedasoneof（

）

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Thesuppressionoftheactivit3rofserotoninsecretingneuronsbytheadministrationofhallucinogens

B.Theobservedsimilaritiesinthechemicalstructuresofserotoninandhallucinogens

C.Theeffectstheadministrationofhallucinogenshasonserotoninproductioninthehumanbrain

D.Serotonin-inducedchangesintheeffectsofhallucinogensonbehavior

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.anewandmoreattractivehypothesiswassuggested

B.noresearchwasreportedthatsupportedthehypothesis

C.researchresultsprovidedevidencetocounterthehypothesis

D.thehypothesiswassupportedonlybystudiesofanimalsandnotbystudiesofhumanbeings

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Researchhassuggestedthattheneurotransmitterserotoninisresponsiblefortheeffectsofhallucinogenicdrugsonthebrainandonbehavior.

B.Researchershavespentaninadequateamountoftimedevelopingtheoriesconcerningthewayinwhichtheeffectsofhallucinogenicdrugsoccur.

C.Researchresultsstronglysuggestthathallucinogenicdrugscreatetheireffectsbyactingontheserotoninreceptorsiteslocatedontargetneuronsinthebrain.

D.Researchershaverecentlymadevaluablediscoveriesconcerningtheeffectsofdepletingtheamountofserotonininthebrain.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.HowcanresearcherscontroltheeffectsthatLSDhasonbehavior?

B.Howareanimals’reactionstoLSDdifferentfromthoseofhumanbeing?

C.WhattriggerstheeffectsthatLSDhasonhumanbehavior?

D.WhattechnicaladvanceswouldpermitresearcherstopredictmoreaccuratelytheeffectsofLSDonbehavior?

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Theseriesofbehaviors,usuallyassociatedwiththeadministrationofserotonin,thatalsooccurswhenLSDisadministeredtoanimalswhosebrainsaredepletedofserotonin

B.Theseriesofbehaviors,usuallyassociatedwiththeadministrationofLSD,thatalsooccurswhentheamountofserotonininthebrainisreduced.

C.Themaximalsuppressionofneuronactivitythatresultsfromthedestructionofserotonin-secretingneurons

D.Thereleaseofstoresofserotoninfromserotonin-secretingneuronsinthebrain

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.Twoapproachestotestingahypothesisaredescribed,andthegreatermeritsofoneapproachareindicated.

B.Theassumptionsunderlyingtwohypothesesareoutlined,andevidenceforandagainsteachhypothesisisdiscussed.

C.Aphenomenonisdescribed,andhypothesesconcerningitsoccurrenceareconsideredandrejected

D.Thereasoningbehindahypothesisissummarized,evidencesupportingthehypothesisispresented,andresearchthatcountersthesupportingevidenceisdescribed.

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.completeagreement

B.reluctantsupport

C.subtlecondescension

D.irreverentdismissa

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:A

第6題:D

第7題:B

【解析】1.由題干中的單詞factor找到文章第一段：Therearetwomajorreasonsforthisemphasis.First,itwasdiscoveredearlyonthatmanyofthemajorhallucinogenshaveamolecularstructuresimilartothatofserotonin.Inaddition,animalstudiesofbrainneurochemistryfollowingadministrationofhallucinogensinvariablyreportedchangesinserotoninlevels.這種強(qiáng)調(diào)有兩個(gè)主要原因。首先，人們很早就發(fā)現(xiàn)，許多主要致幻劑的分子結(jié)構(gòu)與血清素相似。此外，對(duì)服用迷幻藥后的腦神經(jīng)化學(xué)的動(dòng)物研究總是報(bào)告血清素水平的變化。確定B選項(xiàng)‘5-羥色胺和致幻劑化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)的相似性‘正確。

2.文章第二段中Unfortunately和challenged為關(guān)鍵詞，具有轉(zhuǎn)折的意味。第二段中thishypothesishadtobetestedonperipheraltissue這一假設(shè)必須在周圍組織上進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,由此可知答案為C選項(xiàng)’研究結(jié)果為反駁這一假設(shè)提供了證據(jù)‘正確。

3.該題為主旨概括題。文章第一句開篇點(diǎn)題，講的是科學(xué)家對(duì)迷幻藥的研究，并將研究目標(biāo)集中于神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)血清素，并得出了迷幻藥對(duì)目標(biāo)神經(jīng)元的影響作用。所以C選項(xiàng)‘研究結(jié)果強(qiáng)烈表明，致幻藥物通過作用于位于大腦目標(biāo)神經(jīng)元上的血清素受體來產(chǎn)生效果?！_。

4.由上題可知，文章主要是描述迷幻藥對(duì)人的神經(jīng)元的影響作用。并且回答了是怎么對(duì)人的神經(jīng)產(chǎn)生影響的。選項(xiàng)A選項(xiàng)‘研究人員如何控制LSD對(duì)行為的影響?’文章沒有提及。文章是對(duì)動(dòng)物的實(shí)驗(yàn)，但并沒有對(duì)比人與動(dòng)物的區(qū)別，所以選項(xiàng)B‘動(dòng)物對(duì)LSD的反應(yīng)與人類有何不同?’排除。選項(xiàng)D‘什么技術(shù)進(jìn)步能讓研究人員更準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測LSD對(duì)行為的影響?’文章沒有提到。所以排除法，選C。

5.該詞出現(xiàn)在最后一段，Thatis后是對(duì)該詞的解釋。thatiscausesthesamekindsofbehaviorsasdoestheadmissionofserotonin-inanimalswhosebrainsaredepletedofserotoninindicatesthatLSDactsdirectlyonserotoninreceptors,ratherthanindirectlythroughthereleaseofstoresofserotonin.這與大腦血清素缺乏的動(dòng)物吸收血清素的行為相同，表明LSD直接作用于血清素受體，而不是通過釋放血清素來間接作用。所以確定A選項(xiàng)‘這一系列的行為，通常與給藥血清素有關(guān)，當(dāng)給大腦中血清素不足的動(dòng)物注射LSD時(shí)也會(huì)發(fā)生‘正確。

6.最后兩段，作者提出相反的假設(shè)，以證據(jù)證明假設(shè)。所以D選項(xiàng)‘總結(jié)假設(shè)背后的推理，提出支持假設(shè)的證據(jù)，描述反駁支持證據(jù)的研究?！_。

7.題干提問作者的態(tài)度。A選項(xiàng)‘完全同意’；B選項(xiàng)‘不支持‘；C選項(xiàng)‘不予考慮的’；D選項(xiàng)‘無關(guān)緊要的‘。文中第二段作者對(duì)早期的以Unfortunately和challenged語氣進(jìn)行了否定，接著在下文中論述，從而得出真正的結(jié)果。所以B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

9.翻譯題

Whatisthebestexercisetocontrol