詞匯學(xué)名詞解釋,復(fù)習(xí)提綱詞匯學(xué)名詞解釋,復(fù)習(xí)提綱詞匯學(xué)名詞解釋,復(fù)習(xí)提綱V:1.0精細(xì)整理，僅供參考詞匯學(xué)名詞解釋,復(fù)習(xí)提綱日期：20xx年X月第一章：Awordcanbedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning,capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunctionThedevelopmentofEnglishVocabulary.①OldEnglish(OE)(449-1100)OEischracterizedbythefrequentuseofcompounds.SomeOEcompoundsinvolvingalliterationhavesurvivedinModern85%ofOEwordsarenolongerinuse.②MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)MEischaracterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066.（lawandgovernmentaladministration）③ModernEnglish(1500-thepresent)Therapidgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabularyanditscauses：A.markedprogressofscienceandtechnology（software,hardware）,politicalandculturalchanges（creditcard,fringebenefit,pressurecooker）C.influenceofotherculturesandlanguages（maotai,sputnik）classificationofEnglishwordsaccordingtodifferentcriteria1.Byorigin：nativewordsandloanwords。Nativewords(Anglo-SaxonoriginofOE)Loanwords(borrowedfromotherlanguage)featuresofbasicwordstock:toformcollocations.levelofusage(1)Commonwords:stylisticallyneutral,appropriateinbothformalandinformalwritingandspeech(2)Literarywords:chieflyusedinwriting,especiallyinbookswritteninamoreelevatedstyle,inofficialdocuments,orinformalspeeches.A.archaicwords:Theyaresometimesemployedinpoetry,businessletters,legaldocuments,religiousspeeches,andproses.words（thedeep(thesea),slumber(sleep)maiden(girl),etc.）(3)colloquialwords：mainlyusedinspokenEnglish,orininformalwriting.(4)slangwords（kickthebucket,top-notchteachers,buzz(telephonecall)(5)technicalwords（psychoanalysis,interlanguage,discovery,assaultandcoversation）3.BynotionFunctionwords:determiners,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliaries.Contentwords:nouns,mainverbs,adjectives,adverbs.第二章：Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.Theclassificationofmorpheme：andboundmorphemes：Afreemorphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.Itcanexistonitsownwithoutaboundmorpheme.Aboundmorphemecannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance.Itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.2.rootsandaffixes1)roots:Arootisthebasicunchangeablepartofaword,anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.A.freeroots：InEnglish,manyrootsarefreemorphemes.B.boundroots：Quiteanumberofrootsderivedfromforeignsources,especiallyfromGreekandLatin.2)affixesA.inflectionalaffixes:plurality,tense,comparativeorsuperlativedegree.B.derivationalaffixes(prefixesandsuffixes)第三章：1.Derivation(1)prefixes：Prefixescanbeclassifiedintothefollowingcategoriesbytheir.表“方式”的前綴（）B.表“態(tài)度”的前綴C.表“程度”的前綴D.表“時(shí)間”的前綴E.表“地點(diǎn)”的前綴F.表“否定”的前綴G.表“大小”的前綴(2)suffixes(1)-ee:加于動(dòng)詞后，表示受事者或施事者(2)-eer:由其構(gòu)成的名詞有時(shí)含有貶義，表達(dá)作者或說(shuō)話人對(duì)某人的蔑視態(tài)度(3）-er:由其構(gòu)成的新詞在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中顯得生動(dòng)活潑，帶有濃厚的口語(yǔ)色彩(4)-ism(5)-wise:(intermsof,sofaras...isconcerned)在......方面，就......來(lái)說(shuō)isaword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzero–derivation.Typesofconversion1.①NtoVconversionA.toputin/onN把.......放入.......使.......處于.......B.togiveN,toprovidewithN給予，提供C.todepriveofN去掉D.to......withN用......來(lái)做E.tobe/actasNwithrespectto像......那樣F.tomake/oN使......成為......，把.......改變?yōu)?.....G.tosend/gobyNH.tospendtheperiodoftimedenotedbyN②Adjtothistypeofverbmeans"tomake/become...adj.”Someadjectivescanonlybeconvertedintotransitiveverbs.③adv.toV（toup.Todown）④conjunctiontoV（tobut）2.①VtoN這一類(lèi)詞常與動(dòng)詞have,take,give,make等詞搭配使用形成一個(gè)短語(yǔ)2)表示行動(dòng)的結(jié)果（afind,acatch,acough,etc.）3)原動(dòng)詞表示一種行動(dòng)或行為，轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞后表示行為的主體，如：（abore,acheat,asneak,acoach,agoodkick）②AtoN(1)PartialconversionA.表示一種類(lèi)的概念，指具有某種特點(diǎn)的一類(lèi)人，不指?jìng)€(gè)別人。B.以-s,-sh,-se,-ch結(jié)尾表示民族概念的形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，與定冠詞連用，指整個(gè)民族C.表示抽象概念，指具有某種特點(diǎn)的東西D.最高級(jí)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，其中一些詞用在固定詞組或英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)詞組中。E.過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成的形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞。這類(lèi)詞前面加定冠詞，不指一般人，而指特定的人。(2)Completeconversion3.NtoA.英語(yǔ)中的名詞可以直接用作定語(yǔ)修飾另一個(gè)名詞，既不需要加形容詞詞尾，也不需要任何格的變化，這樣的定語(yǔ)就是名詞定語(yǔ).3.Compoundingorcompositionisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorewordstoformanewunit,acompoundword.Classificationofcompounds1.Nouncompounds(1)a+n（harddisk,easychair,deadline)(2)n+n（mousemat,DreamTeam,informationhighway,etc.)（3)adv+n（after-effect,overburden）(4)gerund+n（chewinggum,readinglamp）(5）presentparticiple+n（rulingclass,floatingbridge(6)v+n（swearword,driveway）(7)n+v（nightfall,toothpick,watersupply,snowfall）(8)v+adv(show-off,put-off)(9）adv+v(downfall,upset,upstart)2.adjectivecompounds(1)由狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化而成的復(fù)合形容詞（anoff-thecuffopinion(臨時(shí)想起的一點(diǎn)意見(jiàn)）(2）短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（astand-upcollar(豎領(lǐng)）(3）動(dòng)詞不定式（take-homepay(扣除稅后的實(shí)得工資）across-borderraid(越界襲擊）(4）定語(yǔ)從句壓縮（adifficult-to-operatemachine）3.verbcompounds第四章：Acronymy:Initialism詞首字母縮略詞andAcronyms首字母縮略詞Initialisms(首字母縮略詞）Initialismisatypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropernameatechnicalterm,oraphrase.（BBC(BritishBroadcastingCorporation),VIP(VeryImportantPerson)Threetypesoflettersrepresentfullwords:（CIA=CentralIntelligenceAgencyofthe）lettersrepresentelementsinacompoundorjustpartofaword:（ID=Identification(card)3.Aletterrepresentsthecompleteformofthefirstword,whilethesecondwordisinfullform.(V-Day=VictoryDay)Acronyms:arewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorascientificterm,etc.(SAM=surface-to-airmissileSALT=StrategicArmsLimitationTalks)Rapidgrowthofacronymsandinitialisms:space-savingandtime-savingdevicesClipping:1.Backclippings:(ad=advertisement;gas=gasoline)clippings:(chute=parachute;)andbackclippings:（flu=influenza;fridge=refrigerator）4.Phraseclippings:（pub=publichouse;pop=popularmusic）Blendingisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfull.Firstpartofthefirstword+thelastpartofthesecondword:（botel(boat+hotel):汽艇游客旅館）2.Firstpartofthefirstword+Firstpartofthesecondword:（psywar(psychological+warfare):心理戰(zhàn)）3.Wholeformofthefirstword+lastpartpartofthesecondword:（viedophone(viedo+telephone))4.Firstpartofthefirstword+Wholeformofthesecondword:（helipad(helicopter+pad)從文體色彩來(lái)看，拼綴詞可分為以下三大類(lèi)：1.俚語(yǔ)或臨時(shí)語(yǔ)2.科技用語(yǔ)3.報(bào)刊用語(yǔ)Back-formationisatermusedtorefertoatypeofword-formationbywhichashorterwordiscoinedbythedeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage.WordsFromProperNamesFromnamesofpeopleFromnamesofplacesFromtrdemarksFromliterature第五章：WordMeaningandSemanticFeatures1.ConventionalityandMotivationConventionality歸略法：MostEnglishwordsareconventioal,arbitrarysymbols;consequently,thereisnointrinsicrelationbetweenthesound-symbolanditsMotivation有理?yè)?jù)的：Motivationreferstotheconnectionbetweenword-symbolanditssense.①Phoneticmotivation:Wordsmotivatedphoneticallyarecalledechoicwordsoronomatopoeicwords,whosepronounciationsuggeststheshowacloserelationshipofsoundtosense.（miaowofacat;roarofalion;quackofaduck）②Morphologicalmotivation:Whenawordismorphologicallymotivated,adirectconnectioncanbeobservedbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.（anticancer,kilometer,etc.）③Semanticmotivation:Itreferstomotivationbasedonsemanticfactors.Itisakindofmentalassociation.隱喻：在20世紀(jì)的絕大部分的時(shí)間里，隱喻被認(rèn)為是語(yǔ)義演變的主要因素。相似性是構(gòu)成隱喻的基礎(chǔ)，是詞義得以演變的依據(jù)theeyeofaneedle(針眼）theeyeofapotato(土豆的芽眼）相似性包括外觀相似、功能相似、褒貶相似、心理相似等。隱喻的分類(lèi)（1）結(jié)構(gòu)隱喻：一個(gè)概念通過(guò)隱喻的方式系統(tǒng)地用另一個(gè)概念表達(dá)出來(lái)，兩個(gè)概念具有結(jié)構(gòu)上的相似性（2）方位隱喻：方位隱喻是指參照空間方位而構(gòu)建的一系列隱喻概念。（3）本體隱喻：用關(guān)于物體的概念或概念結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)認(rèn)識(shí)和理解我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，如可將抽象的概念喻說(shuō)成具體的物體，可使后者的有關(guān)特征映射到前者上去。（4）容器隱喻：將本體（不是容器的事物，如大地、視野、事件、行動(dòng)、狀態(tài)、心境等）視為一種容器（5）擬人隱喻：將事體視為具有人性。轉(zhuǎn)喻：轉(zhuǎn)喻基于鄰近聯(lián)想突顯性（salience)一件事情、一個(gè)物體或一個(gè)概念有很多屬性，而人的認(rèn)知往往更多地注意到其最突出、最容易記憶和理解的屬性，即突顯屬性。語(yǔ)境依賴(lài)性typesofwordmeaninggrammaticalmeaning語(yǔ)法意義指詞中表示語(yǔ)法概念或關(guān)系的那部分意義，如詞的詞性、名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。Lexicalmeaning①denotativemeaning/conceptualmeaning/cognitivemeaningItisthecentralfactorinlinguisticdenotativemeaningofawordisitsdefinitiongiveninadictionary.Itisthataspectoflexicalmeaningwhichmakescommunicationpossible.②Connotativemeaningreferstotheemotionalassociationwhichawordoraphrasesuggestsinone’smind③Comparedwithconceptualmeaning,connotativemeaningisperipheral,andrelativelyunstable,thatis,itmayvaryaccordingtoculture,historicalperiod,andtheexperienceoftheindividual.Socialorstylisticmeaning：OneoftheconsequencesofthewayinwhichEnglishhasdevelopedoverthepast1,500yearshasbeentheemergenceofdifferentstyles.ThishasbeenpartlyduetotheinfluxofnewwordsfromotherlanguagessuchasLatinandFrenchandpartlytothevarietyofsocialneedswhichEnglishhashadtofulfill..Affective.Reflexivemeaning：Reflexivemeaningisthemeaningwhicharisesincasesofmultipleconceptualmeanings,whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.meaning：Theassociationsawordgetsbecauseofthemeaningsofwordswhichtendtooccurinitslinguisticcontextarecalledcollocativemeanings.meaningi：mainlyamatterofchoicebetweenalternativegrammaticalconstructions.3.文化差異：文化差異往往和不可譯性聯(lián)系起來(lái)，主要表現(xiàn)在帶有文化含義的語(yǔ)項(xiàng)翻譯上。英漢兩種語(yǔ)言所體現(xiàn)出來(lái)的文化異同表現(xiàn)在多個(gè)方面，但主要集中在概念意義和聯(lián)想意義上，可粗略歸類(lèi)為等額對(duì)應(yīng)、差額對(duì)應(yīng)和文化空缺。(1)等額對(duì)應(yīng)，是指甲文化語(yǔ)境下的某一表達(dá)形式在另一語(yǔ)言文化背景下能找到現(xiàn)成的表達(dá)形式。（入鄉(xiāng)隨俗WheninRome,doastheRomansdo）(2)差額對(duì)應(yīng)指英漢兩種語(yǔ)言都擁有某一文化概念，但兩種概念在文化語(yǔ)義層面并不完全對(duì)應(yīng)。(母親望子成龍Themotherlongstoseehersonbecomeadragon.)4.英漢文化差異的表現(xiàn)(1)動(dòng)物的聯(lián)想意義(狗急跳墻Acorneredbeastwilldosomethingdesperate)(2)顏色的聯(lián)想意義(紅包redenvelope紅娘matchmaker)第六章：：Whenawordhastwoormoremeaningsthatarerelatedconceptuallyorhistorically,itissaidtobepolysemousorisalsoanessentialfeatureoflanguage’seconomyandefficiency.approachestopolysemy：Oneisdiachronic,theotherissynchronic.ProcessesleadingtopolysemyA.Concatenation2.語(yǔ)境是幫助譯者確定多義詞詞義的最有效的途徑。我們?cè)诖酥饕接憙煞N語(yǔ)境，即話題語(yǔ)境和搭配語(yǔ)境在翻譯實(shí)踐中確定多義詞詞義的作用。1.話題語(yǔ)境：話題指話語(yǔ)所涉及的主題或內(nèi)容common一詞在法律領(lǐng)域與其他詞搭配完全喪失了“普通的；共有的”等含義。（commonassurance物權(quán)證書(shū)）2.搭配語(yǔ)境：搭配語(yǔ)境指的是句子成分內(nèi)部詞與詞的搭配使用3.Homonymy.Typesofhomonyms:①Perfecthomonyms:wordsidenticalinsoundandspellingbutdifferentinmeaning.②Homophones:wordsidenticalinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning.③Homographs:wordsidenticalinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning.4.Thestylisticvalueofpolysemyandhomonymy:Contextplaysaveryimportantroleinthehearer’sinterpretationofwordsofthesetwoandhomonymouswordsarestylisticallyusefultoachievehumourorirony,ortoheightendramaticeffect.第七章：1.Synonymy：Therearealsowordsthatsounddifferentbuthavethesamemeaning.Suchwordsarecalledsynonyms,andthesenserelationof“samenessofmeaning”iscalledsynonymy.Twokindsofsynonyms①Complete(perfect)synonyms：areveryrare.Examplesarespirantsandfricativesinphonetics,word-formationandword-buildinginlexicology.②Relativesynonyms：differfromcompletesynonymsinthefollowingrespects:(1)Indegreeofagivenqualityorin(2)Inaffectiveandstylisticmeaning(3)Incollocationanddistribution：Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningareoftencalledantonyms.AndtheoppositenessofmeaningiscalledofAntonyms（1）Contraries(相對(duì)性反義詞)Contrariesdisplayatypeofsemanticcontrast,illustratedbysuchpairsasrichandpoor,heavyandlight,.Complementaries(Contradictories)(互補(bǔ)反義詞)Complementariesrepresentatypeofbinarysemanticcontrast.Inacomplementarypairthecontrastbetweenthetwotermsisabsolute,thatistheyareinsucharelationshipthat“theassertionofoneoftheitemsimpliesthedenialoftheother:anentitycannotbebothatonce.”3.Conversives(反向或逆反反義詞)Antonymsclassifiedonthebasisofmorphologicalstructure1.Rootantonyms：Wordslikelove-hate,up-downarerootantonymsfortheyarewordswithdifferent.Derivationalantonyms：Wordswiththesamerootshavingnegativeaffixes.Somerelevantpointsaboutantonyms1.Markedandunmarkedmembers：Antonymsoftendonothaveequalstatuswithrespecttomarkedness.Incertainpairsofgradableantonyms,onewordismarkedandtheotherunmarked.2.Somewordswithoutantonyms3.Differentantonymsunderdifferentcircumstances：1)Differentcircumstancesgiverisetodifferentantonyms:2)Differentcontextsbringaboutdifferentantonyms3)Somewordswithdifferentcollocationshavedifferentantonyms4.Lexicalantonymsvs.syntacticnegation：Lexicalantonymyisoftenstrongerthansyntacticnegation(usingnot).Hyponymy：WeknowthattheEnglishwordsred,white,blue,etc.are“colour”terms,thatis,theyhavethefeatureindicatingacategorytowhichtheyallbelong.Semantic(Lexical)fields第八章：Twotypesofcontextcontext語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)境(1)Lexicalcontextreferstothelexicalitemscombinedwithagivenpolysemousword.(2)Grammaticalgrammaticalcontext,thesyntacticstructureofthecontextdeterminesvariousindividualmeaningsofapolysemousword(3)Verbalverbalcontext,initsbroadsense,maycoveranentirepassage,orevenanentirebook,andinsomecaseseventheentiresocialorculturalsetting.context(Contextofsituation)非語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)境(1)Theactualspeechsituationinwhichawordoccurs(2)Theentireculturalbackgroundagainstwhichaword,oranutteranceoraspeecheventhastobeset.Thevitalroleofcontextindeterminationofwordmeaning1.Eliminatingambiguities：Ambiguityreferstoaword,phrase,sentenceoragroupofsentenceswithmorethanonepossibleinterpretationormeaning2.Conveyingemotionalovertone3.Indicatingreferentsandtherangeofthemeaningofaword1.Suggestedwaysforthecorrectcomprehensionofwordmeaninguseofanup-to-dateandadequatemonolingualdictionary2.AgoodknowledgeofthecultureoftheEnglish-speakingoftheabilitytodeterminethemeaningofawordfromitscontext第九章：CausesofchangesinwordmeaningHistoricalcauseSocialcauseForeigninfluencesLinguisticcausePsychologicalcause詞義演變?nèi)齽?dòng)因①客觀動(dòng)因：客觀世界每一個(gè)引起人們注意的變化都會(huì)及時(shí)地反映到詞義中。②主觀動(dòng)因：語(yǔ)言的使用者是人，人的主觀世界如思想觀念和心理感情等的變化必然導(dǎo)致詞義演變。③語(yǔ)言動(dòng)因：詞義的演變跟語(yǔ)言本身的發(fā)展也有關(guān)。由于語(yǔ)言接觸，出現(xiàn)借詞的大量涌入，使原有詞的詞義發(fā)生演變。FourtendenciesinsemanticchangeRestrictionofmeaning(specialization)1.詞義的縮?。╯pecializationornarrowing）指詞從原先表達(dá)外延較寬的概念縮小到外延較狹窄的概念。（1）從泛指到特指：meat原指“各種食物”，在sweetmeat（甜食）,greenmeat（蔬菜）（2）從抽象到具體：room一詞從前的意義是“空間”、“地方”（3）從普通名詞到專(zhuān)有名詞.prophet(預(yù)言者，先知）寫(xiě)成theProphet時(shí)，伊斯蘭教徒都知道是指穆罕默德；（4)從一般詞語(yǔ)到術(shù)語(yǔ)。許多科學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)都來(lái)自一般詞語(yǔ)。recovery(恢復(fù)），ofmeaning(generalization)詞義的擴(kuò)大指從原先表達(dá)外延較狹窄的概念擴(kuò)大到外延較寬的概念，其結(jié)果是新義大于舊義，舊義包含在新義之中。（1）從特指到泛指bird(幼鳥(niǎo)-----鳥(niǎo)）（2）從具體到抽象grasp的原義是用手“抓牢，握緊”，指的是具體的動(dòng)作。（3）從術(shù)語(yǔ)到一般詞語(yǔ)bullish(股市看漲的)源自股市的“牛市的”、“行情看漲的”（4）從專(zhuān)有名詞到普通名詞sandwitch(三明治，夾肉面包