英國微小說大賽獲獎作品Finallyspoketoher,leftflowers.終于跟她搭上話了，留下了一束花（在墳?zāi)骨埃?。Birthcertificate,deathcertificate,onepen.出生證明，死亡證明，一支筆寫完。2022/10/29法律英語1英國微小說大賽獲獎作品FinallyspoketoheSorry,solder,shoessoldinpairs.對不起士兵，我們的鞋子按雙出售。Imetmysoulmate，shedidn’t.我遇見了我的那個她，但她沒有。2022/10/29法律英語2Sorry,solder,shoessoldinpIntroducedmyselftoMomagaintoday.今天我又一次向媽媽介紹了自己。（阿茲海默癥）。Strangers,friends,bestfriends,lovers,strangers.陌生人，朋友，好朋友，愛人，陌生人。2022/10/29法律英語3IntroducedmyselftoMomagain2022/10/29法律英語4LessonTenTortLaw2022/10/22法律英語4LessonTenTortDelict/Tort

Whatisatort?侵權(quán)行為是民事主體違反民事義務(wù)，侵害他人合法權(quán)益，依法應(yīng)當承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任的行為。WhatisTortiousLiability?侵權(quán)責(zé)任是指民事主體因?qū)嵤┣謾?quán)行為而應(yīng)承擔(dān)的民事法律后果。2022/10/29法律英語5Delict/TortWhatisatort?20WhatarecomponentsofTortLiability?(a)illegalbehavior(b)damages(c)causality(d)fault2022/10/29法律英語6WhatarecomponentsofTortLiWhataremethodsofbearingtortliability?(a)

cessation

of

infringement(b)removal

of

obstruction(c)elimination

of

danger(d)

return

of

property(e)restoration

to

the

original

status2022/10/29法律英語7Whataremethodsofbearingto(f)compensation

for

losses(g)apology(h)elimination

of

consequences

and

restoration

of

reputation2022/10/29法律英語8(f)compensation

for

losses20doctrineofliabilityfixationA.DoctrineofLiabilityforWrongsArticle6,Para1----TortLaw“行為人因過錯侵害他人民事權(quán)益，應(yīng)當承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任”BurdenofProof?Plantiff----原告（受害人）負舉證責(zé)任證明被告（加害人）主觀上有過錯.2022/10/29法律英語9doctrineofliabilityfixationdoctrineofliabilityfixationB.DoctrineofpresumptionArticle38教育機構(gòu)的~Article58醫(yī)療機構(gòu)的~【conditional】Article75高度危險物非法占有管理的~Article81動物園的過錯推定責(zé)任Article85墜落懸掛物的所管使人~Article88堆放物2022/10/29法律英語10doctrineofliabilityfixationdoctrineofliabilityfixationArticle90折斷林木的所管人的~Article91窨井管理人的~Burdenofproof?Defendant----被告（加害人）負舉證責(zé)任證明自己主觀上無過錯2022/10/29法律英語11doctrineofliabilityfixationdoctrineofliabilityfixationC.DoctrineofStrictLiablity

Article41產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者銷售者的~Article65環(huán)境污染者的~Article69高度危險經(jīng)占使者的~Article78動物的飼養(yǎng)管理者的~BurdenofProof？Defendant——加害人證明行為與損害無因果關(guān)系2022/10/29法律英語12doctrineofliabilityfixation2022/10/29法律英語13Part1:Introductiondamagesclaims

要求賠償mostcivilsuits

大多數(shù)民事訴訟tortlaw

侵權(quán)法1.Automobileaccidents2022/10/22法律英語13Part1:Intro2022/10/29法律英語14ManycircumstancesTheplaintiffinacivilsuitisordinarilyentitledtotryhisclaimbeforeajurywhichwilloftenrelymoreonhumanthanonlegalconsiderations……民事訴訟的原告通常會向陪審團提出索賠主張，這主要是出于人道的考慮而不是法律的考慮。兒童受傷2022/10/22法律英語14Manycircumsta2022/10/29法律英語15ApermanentdisabilityoflossofalimbCompensationanddamages

補償費和損害賠償金Actualloss實際損害Intangibledamage無形損害Aplaintiffcanplayonthehumanreactionofthejury原告利用陪審團的人性反應(yīng)2022/10/22法律英語15Apermanentdi2022/10/29法律英語16Americanlawpermitstheparticipationoftheattorneyintheplaintiff’srecovery(contingentfee)美國允許律師分享原告所獲得的賠償金（勝訴酬金）Amountto25to33%oftheverdict酬金達到法院判付金額的25-33%。2022/10/22法律英語16Americanlawp2022/10/29法律英語17Atortaction侵權(quán)訴訟Alengthyproceeding訴訟程序時間長Largeexpenses—honorariaforexperts代價大（專家證人的酬金）Averylargeverdict（inexcessof$100000）判決金額非常大（10萬美元以上）2022/10/22法律英語17Atortaction2022/10/29法律英語182.TortlawandthelawofcontractsoverlapAninjurypartyhasthechoicebetweenatortclaimandasuitincontracts.Conversion

非法占有財產(chǎn)Personalinjury

人身傷害Impliedcontract默示合同Personalinjury人身傷害Breachofwarranty

違背保證諾言Recoveryofintangibledamage2022/10/22法律英語182.Tortlawand2022/10/29法律英語193.Everyoneisliableforhistortact,每個人都要對其侵權(quán)行為負責(zé)，inlimitedformalsochildren（however,parentsonlywhentheyactedasthechild’sagentordidnotcomplywiththeirdutytosupervise）,在有限的情況下兒童亦然（但是，父母僅當其作為該兒童的代理人或未能按照其監(jiān)護義務(wù)行事時才負此責(zé)），butnotthestateunlessexpressstatutoryprovisionhasabolishedstateimmunity.但國家不在此列，除非法律明文規(guī)定取消了國家的豁免權(quán)。2022/10/22法律英語193.Everyoneis2022/10/29法律英語20TheFTCApermitsrecoveryofmoneydamagesbecauseofanegligentorwrongfulactoromissionbytheFederalGovernmentoranemployeeoftheFederalGovernmentwhiletheemployeewasactingwithinhis/herscopeofemploymentoroffice.FederalTortclaimsAct（FTCA

）2022/10/22法律英語20TheFTCApermi2022/10/29法律英語214.Everyoneisprotectedagainsttortiousact,includingtheembryo.每個人包括胎兒都受保護，免遭侵權(quán)行為的傷害。Theheirsornextofkinmayhaveadamageclaimfortheintentionalornegligentdeathoftheirrelativeortestator

(wrongfuldeathaction)繼承人或近親屬可以對他們親屬或立遺囑人因故意或疏忽侵權(quán)造成的死亡（非正常死亡之訴）提出損害賠償要求。2022/10/22法律英語214.Everyoneis2022/10/29法律英語22“dram-shopacts”小酒店法令A(yù)partyinjuredasaresultoftheintoxicationofthetortfeasor

hasaclaimagainsthimwhocontributedtothetortfeasor’sintoxication.作為侵權(quán)行為人醉酒之結(jié)果而受到傷害的當事人有權(quán)向造成該侵權(quán)行為人醉酒的人提出索賠請求。2022/10/22法律英語22“dram-shopac2022/10/29法律英語23“dram-shopacts”DramShopacts,enactedinthe19thcentury,usuallyimposeliabilityfornegligenceonthesellersofalcoholicbeveragesforsalesto:personsunderthelegaldrinkingage,orthosewhoareobviouslyintoxicated.Peoplewhoservealcoholicbeveragesmaybeliableunderstatelawsfordamagesresultingfromtheconsumptionofthosebeverages.drunkendriving2022/10/22法律英語23“dram-shopac2022/10/29法律英語24Part2:IntentionalTorts故意侵權(quán)行為Battery毆打Assault侵犯他人身體Conversionofproperty非法侵占財產(chǎn)Falseimprisonment非法拘禁Trespasstopersonalandrealproperty侵占動產(chǎn)、不動產(chǎn)Defamation誹謗Invasionofprivacy侵犯隱私權(quán)Productsliability產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量責(zé)任2022/10/22法律英語24Part2:Intent2022/10/29法律英語25Part3:LiabilityforNegligence過失侵權(quán)的責(zé)任NegligentactInjuryCausality2022/10/22法律英語25Part3:Liabil2022/10/29法律英語26Apersonisnegligentifhehasnotcompliedwithhis“dutyofcare”and,hasnotactedas“areasonableandprudentman”.如果一個人沒有盡到“照看義務(wù)”，沒有象“一個理性且謹慎的人”那樣行事。過失2022/10/22法律英語26Apersonisne2022/10/29法律英語27要考慮到Thespecialprofessionalqualificationforthetortfeasor侵權(quán)者的特別專業(yè)資質(zhì)ArchitectDifferentcriteriaConstructionworker2022/10/22法律英語27要考慮到Thespecia2022/10/29法律英語28DutyofcareRestrictiveinterpretation:Thedutymustbeowedtowardtheparticularplaintiff.必須對特定的原告負有照看義務(wù)Thereisnodutyofcaretothepublicatlarge.不是對廣大公眾負有照看義務(wù)（某人）對侵犯財產(chǎn)者的照看義務(wù)比對被邀請客人的照看義務(wù)小2022/10/22法律英語28DutyofcareRe2022/10/29法律英語29Gueststatutes賓客法規(guī)Somestatesexcludeadutyofcarebythedriverofamotorvehicle–towardpassengerswhomhetransportsgratuitously.

汽車司機對于他免費搭載的乘客不負照看責(zé)任。2022/10/22法律英語29Gueststatutes2022/10/29法律英語30Insomestates,legislationrequiringthataguestpassengermustprovesomethinghigherthanordinarynegligenceinordertorecoverfromthehostdriver.2022/10/22法律英語30Insomestates2022/10/29法律英語31Noclaimforcompensation不能要求賠償Theinjuredpartyhasbeenguiltyofcontributorynegligence共同過失hasassumedtherisk

預(yù)計到有危險2022/10/22法律英語31Noclaimforc2022/10/29法律英語32Contributorynegligence共同過失adoctrineofcommonlawthatifapersonwasinjuredinpartduetohis/herownnegligence(his/hernegligence"contributed"totheaccident),theinjuredpartywouldnotbeentitledtocollectanydamages(money)fromanotherpartywhosupposedlycausedtheaccident./com/2022/10/22法律英語32Contributoryn2022/10/29法律英語33Comparativenegligence比較過失共同過失辯護的嚴格性……已經(jīng)因為一些州采用了“比較過失”原則而得到減弱。Itrequiresthattherespectivedegreeofnegligenceofbothpartiesbedeterminedandcompensationassessedaccordingly.

要求確定當事各方的各自疏忽程度，并由此確定補償金。2022/10/22法律英語33Comparativene2022/10/29法律英語34ComparativenegligenceAruleoflawappliedinaccidentcasestodetermineresponsibilityanddamagesbasedonthenegligenceofeverypartydirectlyinvolvedintheaccident./com/2022/10/22法律英語34Comparativene2022/10/29法律英語35ComparativenegligenceTheruleunderwhichnegligenceismeasuredbypercentage,anddamagesarediminishedinproportiontotheamountofnegligenceattributabletothepersonseekingrecovery./com/2022/10/22法律英語35ComparativeneThedoctrineoflastclearchanceEventhecontributorilynegligentplaintiffwillbecompensatedifhecanprovethatthedefendanthadthe“l(fā)astclearchance”topreventthedamage.有共同過失的原告如果能證明被告“有最后明顯機會”避免傷害，那么該原告就可以獲得賠償。2022/10/29法律英語36ThedoctrineoflastclearchaLastclearchance最后明顯機會Thelastreasonableopportunitytoavoidanaccidentorinjury.Onewhohasthelastclearchancetoavoidaninjuryandfailstodosoisusuallyheldsolelyresponsible,notwithstandingtheinjuredperson'sowncontributorynegligence.2022/10/29法律英語37Lastclearchance最后明顯機會ThelaTheextraordinarilycomplexlawofnegligence2022/10/29法律英語38TodayleadstotwoeffortsofreformStrictLiability

嚴格責(zé)任Nofault

無過錯責(zé)任InconsistentTheextraordinarilycomplexlaPart4:TortlawreformA.StrictLiability

嚴格責(zé)任Strictliability

isalegaldoctrinethatmakessomepersonsresponsiblefordamagestheiractionsorproductscause,

regardlessofany"fault"

ontheirpart.2022/10/29法律英語39Part4:TortlawreformA.StrForinstanceThemaintenanceofdangerousanimals飼養(yǎng)危險的動物Defamation誹謗Arebuttablepresumption可反駁的推定Thedoctrineofresipsaloquitur不言自明原則2022/10/29法律英語40ForinstanceThemaintenanceofStrictliabilityDeduced

faultornegligencefromthenatureofthethingoractitself.從事情或行為本身的特性可以推斷出存在過錯或過失2022/10/29法律英語41Defectiveconstruction

有缺陷的設(shè)計Negligentuse

過失使用StrictliabilityDeducedfaultproductliabilityDangerousproducts危險的產(chǎn)品Theproductionitself產(chǎn)品本身、Itspackage包裝InadefectiveconditionUnreasonabledangeroustotheuserorconsumerortohisproperty.對使用者或消費者及其財產(chǎn)造成過度危險2022/10/29法律英語42productliabilityDangerouspro“defective”Theproductdoesnotmeetthereasonableexpectationsoftheordinaryconsumerconcerningthesafetyoftheproduct.

“缺陷”是指產(chǎn)品未達到一般消費者關(guān)于該產(chǎn)品安全性能的合理期望標準。2022/10/29法律英語43“defective”Theproductdoesnob.“No-fault”Anotherreformendeavorwhichseekstofindmorejustsolutionsforordinaryclaimsbasedonnegligence.另一個改革努力試圖尋求對過失侵權(quán)普通索賠要求的更公正的解決方案。2022/10/29法律英語44automobileaccidentsb.“No-fault”AnotherreformenProfessorsRobertKeetonandJeffreyO'ConnellSeektoabolishthefaultprincipleintortlaw試圖消除侵權(quán)法中的過錯原則；Toawardcompensation

withoutproofoffaultaccordingtoinsuranceprinciples.按照保險原則，在不要過錯證明的情況下給予賠償。2022/10/29法律英語45ProfessorsRobertKeetonandJNo-faultTrafficaccidentProductliabilityMedicalmalpractice2022/10/29法律英語46GrantcompensationforcertaininjurieswithoutproofoffaultForactualloss,notforintangibledamageNo-faultTrafficaccident2022/1No-fault的優(yōu)點Liabilitywillbelimitedforthemanufacturer,制造商的責(zé)任有限Requirearelativelylesserinsurancepremiumtocovertherisk

只要就風(fēng)險承擔(dān)比較少的保險費2022/10/29法律英語47No-fault的優(yōu)點LiabilitywillbeNo-fault的優(yōu)點Theinjuredpersonwillbeinabetterposition

受傷害的人處于比較有利的位置，Hewillbeentitledtoreceiveimmediatecompensationforhisactuallosswithoutlengthylitigationordifficultproofoffault.他無須進行漫長的訴訟或艱難的過失舉證就有權(quán)立即獲得實際損失的補償。2022/10/29法律英語48No-fault的優(yōu)點2022/10/22法律英語48主要詞匯TortLawFederalTortclaimsActIntentionaltortNegligenceornegligenttortStrictliabilityPersonaltortPropertytort2022/10/29法律英語49主要詞匯TortLaw2022/10/22法律英語49civilsuitsdamagesclaimsPlaintiffCompensationDamagesVerdict2022/10/29法律英語502022/10/22法律英語50FalseimprisonmentTrespasstopersonalandrealpropertyDefamationInvasionofprivacyProductsliability2022/10/29法律英語512022/10/22法律英語51LiabilityforNegligenceCausality，Negligentact，InjurydutyofcareGueststatutesContributorynegligenceComparativenegligencelastclearchance2022/10/29法律英語522022/10/22法律英語52StrictLiabilityNofaultThedoctrineofresipsaloquiturfaultprincipleMedicalmalpracticeinsurancepremiumActualloss2022/10/29法律英語532022/10/22法律英語53知識回顧KnowledgeReview祝您成功！知識回顧KnowledgeReview祝您成功！英國微小說大賽獲獎作品Finallyspoketoher,leftflowers.終于跟她搭上話了，留下了一束花（在墳?zāi)骨埃?。Birthcertificate,deathcertificate,onepen.出生證明，死亡證明，一支筆寫完。2022/10/29法律英語55英國微小說大賽獲獎作品FinallyspoketoheSorry,solder,shoessoldinpairs.對不起士兵，我們的鞋子按雙出售。Imetmysoulmate，shedidn’t.我遇見了我的那個她，但她沒有。2022/10/29法律英語56Sorry,solder,shoessoldinpIntroducedmyselftoMomagaintoday.今天我又一次向媽媽介紹了自己。（阿茲海默癥）。Strangers,friends,bestfriends,lovers,strangers.陌生人，朋友，好朋友，愛人，陌生人。2022/10/29法律英語57IntroducedmyselftoMomagain2022/10/29法律英語58LessonTenTortLaw2022/10/22法律英語4LessonTenTortDelict/Tort

Whatisatort?侵權(quán)行為是民事主體違反民事義務(wù)，侵害他人合法權(quán)益，依法應(yīng)當承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任的行為。WhatisTortiousLiability?侵權(quán)責(zé)任是指民事主體因?qū)嵤┣謾?quán)行為而應(yīng)承擔(dān)的民事法律后果。2022/10/29法律英語59Delict/TortWhatisatort?20WhatarecomponentsofTortLiability?(a)illegalbehavior(b)damages(c)causality(d)fault2022/10/29法律英語60WhatarecomponentsofTortLiWhataremethodsofbearingtortliability?(a)

cessation

of

infringement(b)removal

of

obstruction(c)elimination

of

danger(d)

return

of

property(e)restoration

to

the

original

status2022/10/29法律英語61Whataremethodsofbearingto(f)compensation

for

losses(g)apology(h)elimination

of

consequences

and

restoration

of

reputation2022/10/29法律英語62(f)compensation

for

losses20doctrineofliabilityfixationA.DoctrineofLiabilityforWrongsArticle6,Para1----TortLaw“行為人因過錯侵害他人民事權(quán)益，應(yīng)當承擔(dān)侵權(quán)責(zé)任”BurdenofProof?Plantiff----原告（受害人）負舉證責(zé)任證明被告（加害人）主觀上有過錯.2022/10/29法律英語63doctrineofliabilityfixationdoctrineofliabilityfixationB.DoctrineofpresumptionArticle38教育機構(gòu)的~Article58醫(yī)療機構(gòu)的~【conditional】Article75高度危險物非法占有管理的~Article81動物園的過錯推定責(zé)任Article85墜落懸掛物的所管使人~Article88堆放物2022/10/29法律英語64doctrineofliabilityfixationdoctrineofliabilityfixationArticle90折斷林木的所管人的~Article91窨井管理人的~Burdenofproof?Defendant----被告（加害人）負舉證責(zé)任證明自己主觀上無過錯2022/10/29法律英語65doctrineofliabilityfixationdoctrineofliabilityfixationC.DoctrineofStrictLiablity

Article41產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者銷售者的~Article65環(huán)境污染者的~Article69高度危險經(jīng)占使者的~Article78動物的飼養(yǎng)管理者的~BurdenofProof？Defendant——加害人證明行為與損害無因果關(guān)系2022/10/29法律英語66doctrineofliabilityfixation2022/10/29法律英語67Part1:Introductiondamagesclaims

要求賠償mostcivilsuits

大多數(shù)民事訴訟tortlaw

侵權(quán)法1.Automobileaccidents2022/10/22法律英語13Part1:Intro2022/10/29法律英語68ManycircumstancesTheplaintiffinacivilsuitisordinarilyentitledtotryhisclaimbeforeajurywhichwilloftenrelymoreonhumanthanonlegalconsiderations……民事訴訟的原告通常會向陪審團提出索賠主張，這主要是出于人道的考慮而不是法律的考慮。兒童受傷2022/10/22法律英語14Manycircumsta2022/10/29法律英語69ApermanentdisabilityoflossofalimbCompensationanddamages

補償費和損害賠償金Actualloss實際損害Intangibledamage無形損害Aplaintiffcanplayonthehumanreactionofthejury原告利用陪審團的人性反應(yīng)2022/10/22法律英語15Apermanentdi2022/10/29法律英語70Americanlawpermitstheparticipationoftheattorneyintheplaintiff’srecovery(contingentfee)美國允許律師分享原告所獲得的賠償金（勝訴酬金）Amountto25to33%oftheverdict酬金達到法院判付金額的25-33%。2022/10/22法律英語16Americanlawp2022/10/29法律英語71Atortaction侵權(quán)訴訟Alengthyproceeding訴訟程序時間長Largeexpenses—honorariaforexperts代價大（專家證人的酬金）Averylargeverdict（inexcessof$100000）判決金額非常大（10萬美元以上）2022/10/22法律英語17Atortaction2022/10/29法律英語722.TortlawandthelawofcontractsoverlapAninjurypartyhasthechoicebetweenatortclaimandasuitincontracts.Conversion

非法占有財產(chǎn)Personalinjury

人身傷害Impliedcontract默示合同Personalinjury人身傷害Breachofwarranty

違背保證諾言Recoveryofintangibledamage2022/10/22法律英語182.Tortlawand2022/10/29法律英語733.Everyoneisliableforhistortact,每個人都要對其侵權(quán)行為負責(zé)，inlimitedformalsochildren（however,parentsonlywhentheyactedasthechild’sagentordidnotcomplywiththeirdutytosupervise）,在有限的情況下兒童亦然（但是，父母僅當其作為該兒童的代理人或未能按照其監(jiān)護義務(wù)行事時才負此責(zé)），butnotthestateunlessexpressstatutoryprovisionhasabolishedstateimmunity.但國家不在此列，除非法律明文規(guī)定取消了國家的豁免權(quán)。2022/10/22法律英語193.Everyoneis2022/10/29法律英語74TheFTCApermitsrecoveryofmoneydamagesbecauseofanegligentorwrongfulactoromissionbytheFederalGovernmentoranemployeeoftheFederalGovernmentwhiletheemployeewasactingwithinhis/herscopeofemploymentoroffice.FederalTortclaimsAct（FTCA

）2022/10/22法律英語20TheFTCApermi2022/10/29法律英語754.Everyoneisprotectedagainsttortiousact,includingtheembryo.每個人包括胎兒都受保護，免遭侵權(quán)行為的傷害。Theheirsornextofkinmayhaveadamageclaimfortheintentionalornegligentdeathoftheirrelativeortestator

(wrongfuldeathaction)繼承人或近親屬可以對他們親屬或立遺囑人因故意或疏忽侵權(quán)造成的死亡（非正常死亡之訴）提出損害賠償要求。2022/10/22法律英語214.Everyoneis2022/10/29法律英語76“dram-shopacts”小酒店法令A(yù)partyinjuredasaresultoftheintoxicationofthetortfeasor

hasaclaimagainsthimwhocontributedtothetortfeasor’sintoxication.作為侵權(quán)行為人醉酒之結(jié)果而受到傷害的當事人有權(quán)向造成該侵權(quán)行為人醉酒的人提出索賠請求。2022/10/22法律英語22“dram-shopac2022/10/29法律英語77“dram-shopacts”DramShopacts,enactedinthe19thcentury,usuallyimposeliabilityfornegligenceonthesellersofalcoholicbeveragesforsalesto:personsunderthelegaldrinkingage,orthosewhoareobviouslyintoxicated.Peoplewhoservealcoholicbeveragesmaybeliableunderstatelawsfordamagesresultingfromtheconsumptionofthosebeverages.drunkendriving2022/10/22法律英語23“dram-shopac2022/10/29法律英語78Part2:IntentionalTorts故意侵權(quán)行為Battery毆打Assault侵犯他人身體Conversionofproperty非法侵占財產(chǎn)Falseimprisonment非法拘禁Trespasstopersonalandrealproperty侵占動產(chǎn)、不動產(chǎn)Defamation誹謗Invasionofprivacy侵犯隱私權(quán)Productsliability產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量責(zé)任2022/10/22法律英語24Part2:Intent2022/10/29法律英語79Part3:LiabilityforNegligence過失侵權(quán)的責(zé)任NegligentactInjuryCausality2022/10/22法律英語25Part3:Liabil2022/10/29法律英語80Apersonisnegligentifhehasnotcompliedwithhis“dutyofcare”and,hasnotactedas“areasonableandprudentman”.如果一個人沒有盡到“照看義務(wù)”，沒有象“一個理性且謹慎的人”那樣行事。過失2022/10/22法律英語26Apersonisne2022/10/29法律英語81要考慮到Thespecialprofessionalqualificationforthetortfeasor侵權(quán)者的特別專業(yè)資質(zhì)ArchitectDifferentcriteriaConstructionworker2022/10/22法律英語27要考慮到Thespecia2022/10/29法律英語82DutyofcareRestrictiveinterpretation:Thedutymustbeowedtowardtheparticularplaintiff.必須對特定的原告負有照看義務(wù)Thereisnodutyofcaretothepublicatlarge.不是對廣大公眾負有照看義務(wù)（某人）對侵犯財產(chǎn)者的照看義務(wù)比對被邀請客人的照看義務(wù)小2022/10/22法律英語28DutyofcareRe2022/10/29法律英語83Gueststatutes賓客法規(guī)Somestatesexcludeadutyofcarebythedriverofamotorvehicle–towardpassengerswhomhetransportsgratuitously.

汽車司機對于他免費搭載的乘客不負照看責(zé)任。2022/10/22法律英語29Gueststatutes2022/10/29法律英語84Insomestates,legislationrequiringthataguestpassengermustprovesomethinghigherthanordinarynegligenceinordertorecoverfromthehostdriver.2022/10/22法律英語30Insomestates2022/10/29法律英語85Noclaimforcompensation不能要求賠償Theinjuredpartyhasbeenguiltyofcontributorynegligence共同過失hasassumedtherisk

預(yù)計到有危險2022/10/22法律英語31Noclaimforc2022/10/29法律英語86Contributorynegligence共同過失adoctrineofcommonlawthatifapersonwasinjuredinpartduetohis/herownnegligence(his/hernegligence"contributed"totheaccident),theinjuredpartywouldnotbeentitledtocollectanydamages(money)fromanotherpartywhosupposedlycausedtheaccident./com/2022/10/22法律英語32Contributoryn2022/10/29法律英語87Comparativenegligence比較過失共同過失辯護的嚴格性……已經(jīng)因為一些州采用了“比較過失”原則而得到減弱。Itrequiresthattherespectivedegreeofnegligenceofbothpartiesbedeterminedandcompensationassessedaccordingly.

要求確定當事各方的各自疏忽程度，并由此確定補償金。2022/10/22法律英語33Comparativene2022/10/29法律英語88ComparativenegligenceAruleoflawappliedinaccidentcasestodetermineresponsibilityanddamagesbasedonthenegligenceofeverypartydirectlyinvolvedintheaccident./com/2022/10/22法律英語34Comparativene2022/10/29法律英語89ComparativenegligenceTheruleunderwhichnegligenceismeasuredbypercentage,anddamagesarediminishedinproportiontotheamountofnegligenceattributabletothepersonseekingrecovery./com/2022/10/22法律英語35ComparativeneThedoctrineoflastclearchanceEventhecontributorilynegligentplaintiffwillbecompensatedifhecanprovethatthedefendanthadthe“l(fā)astclearchance”topreventthedamage.有共同過失的原告如果能證明被告“有最后明顯機會”避免傷害，那么該原告就可以獲得賠償。2022/10/29法律英語90ThedoctrineoflastclearchaLastclearchance最后明顯機會Thelastreasonableopportunitytoavoidanaccidentorinjury.Onewhohasthelastclearchancetoavoidaninjuryandfailstodosoisusuallyheldsolelyresponsible,notwithstandingtheinjuredperson'sowncontributorynegligence.2022/10/29法律英語91Lastclearchance最后明顯機會ThelaTheextraordinarilycomplexlawofnegligence2022/10/29法律英語92TodayleadstotwoeffortsofreformStrictLiability

嚴格責(zé)任Nofault

無過錯責(zé)任InconsistentTheextraordinarilycomplexlaPart4:TortlawreformA.StrictLiability

嚴格責(zé)任Strictliability

isalegaldoctrinethatmakessomepersonsresponsiblefordamagestheiractionsorproductscause,

regardlessofany"fault"

ontheirpart.2022/10/29法律英語93Part4:TortlawreformA.StrForinstanceThemaintenanceofdangerousanimals飼養(yǎng)危險的動物Defamation誹謗Arebuttablepresumption可反駁的推定Thedoctrineofresipsaloquitur不言自明原則2022/10/29法律英語94ForinstanceThemaintenanceofStrictliabilityDeduced

faultornegligencefromthenatureofthethingoractitself.從事情或行為本身的特性可以推斷出存在過錯或過失2022/10/29法律英語95Defectiveconstruction

有缺陷的設(shè)計Negligentuse

過失使用StrictliabilityDeducedfaultproductliabilityDangerousproducts危險的產(chǎn)品Theproductionitself產(chǎn)品本身、Its